CN111183851A - Cultivation method of high-calcium edible fungi - Google Patents

Cultivation method of high-calcium edible fungi Download PDF

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Publication number
CN111183851A
CN111183851A CN202010178399.8A CN202010178399A CN111183851A CN 111183851 A CN111183851 A CN 111183851A CN 202010178399 A CN202010178399 A CN 202010178399A CN 111183851 A CN111183851 A CN 111183851A
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calcium
parts
culture medium
edible fungi
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邱成书
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Chengdu Normal University
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G18/00Cultivation of mushrooms
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G18/00Cultivation of mushrooms
    • A01G18/20Culture media, e.g. compost

Abstract

The invention provides a cultivation method of high-calcium edible fungi, which comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps: selecting materials, namely selecting strains of high-resistance varieties, and crushing corncobs, corn stalks and bran for later use; step two: activating strains, namely inoculating the selected strains into a PDA culture medium; step three: preparing a culture medium which comprises 40-60 parts of corn straws, 30-50 parts of corncobs, 5-10 parts of bran and KH (KH)2PO40-1 part of composite calcium salt and 1-4 parts of composite calcium salt; step four: inoculating, namely inoculating the activated strain in a PDA liquid culture medium to propagate for later use; step five: culturing, namely culturing the strain inoculated in the step four in the mixed material, wherein the culturing temperature is controlled at 26 ℃; step six: harvesting, when the pileus edge of fruiting body is slightly rolled inwards, the pileus color becomes relatively light, the hand feeling is tight, the pileus is picked in time before ejecting spores, the composite calcium salt can promote the growth of edible fungi, and can effectively improve the content of calcium element in the edible fungiProvides a method for cultivating edible fungi with high calcium content.

Description

Cultivation method of high-calcium edible fungi
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of edible fungus cultivation, and particularly relates to a cultivation method of high-calcium edible fungi.
Background
The oyster mushroom is named as oyster mushroom, has wide distribution range, strong stress resistance, easy cultivation and high economic benefit, and is one of important edible mushrooms cultivated artificially. The oyster mushroom is a high-grade food with high protein, low fat, rich amino acid, vitamin, mineral substances and various polysaccharides and low calorie, and has obvious food therapy effects of improving human immunity, preventing and resisting cancer, resisting aging and the like. The dry matter contained in the oyster mushroom contains 12.06-393.69% of protein and a plurality of amino acid types, wherein the content of amino acid necessary for human bodies accounts for 34.02-37.22% of the total amount of the amino acid. 3.70% of crude fat in the oyster mushroom and 5.30% of cellulose; the total heat per kilogram of the fresh stipe-free mushrooms is 1105-1150 joules. The oyster mushroom is one of ten kinds of edible mushrooms artificially cultivated in a large area in the world and is also one of four main edible mushrooms with the largest cultivation area in China at present. At present, the cultivation scale of the oyster mushroom is different in provinces and cities in China, and the oyster mushroom is supplied to the market as fresh mushroom, and is also made into a pot and processed into salt water mushroom to be exported abroad.
The oyster mushroom mycelium has a good calcium enrichment effect, and the oyster mushroom can reduce the absorption and transformation of calcium in a fruiting body stage. The addition of calcium salt can affect the growth of oyster mushroom to different degrees, and Ca with different concentrations2+Has obvious promoting or inhibiting effect on the growth length of oyster mushroom mycelium, and the growth speed of the mycelium is Ca2+The growth rate reaches the maximum at a certain concentration, and the growth stops at a certain concentration.
Different calcium salt additives have different effects on the growth of oyster mushrooms. The calcium salt can directly supplement nutrient elements such as sulfur, calcium and the like for the growth of the oyster mushroom, and the calcium sulfate can fix gaseous nitrogen into compound nitrogen, reduce the loss of the nitrogen element in the oyster mushroom culture material, further accelerate the decomposition of organic matters, promote the soluble phosphorus and potassium in the culture material to be rapidly released for the effective absorption and utilization of oyster mushroom hypha, thereby achieving the purpose of improving the weight of fruiting bodies.
Pleurotus ostreatus (Pleurotus ostreatus) is a common gray edible fungus, has many varieties, has the characteristics of delicious taste and rich nutrition, and is a popular food in most countries and regions of the world. Pleurotus ostreatus and most other edible fungi also have certain medical and health care effects, so that various countries have researched and developed the edible and medicinal values to different degrees. Some developed countries have obtained satisfactory results in researches on cultivation and utilization of oyster mushrooms long ago, and development and production of related products are carried out.
In China, the development and research of edible fungi are much behind in technology and time compared with those in foreign countries. The edible fungus industry in China can not be rapidly developed until the early 80 s, wherein the cultivation of oyster mushrooms is particularly extensive and is one of edible mushrooms with considerable sales volume. However, in the present stage, the research on oyster mushrooms in China mostly takes yield, quality, nutrient content and the like as targets, although oyster mushrooms have satisfactory results in production and development, and some products related to oyster mushrooms, such as pickles, medicines, snacks and the like, appear in the market successively, the problems of oyster mushrooms in some technologies and production are still not solved, so that the research and development of oyster mushrooms have a large space.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a cultivation method of high-calcium edible fungi, and researches show that proper composite calcium salt can promote the growth of the edible fungi and effectively improve the content of calcium elements in the edible fungi, and provides the cultivation method of the edible fungi with high calcium content.
Therefore, the invention provides a cultivation method of high-calcium edible fungi, which comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: selecting materials, namely selecting strains of high-resistance varieties, and crushing corncobs, corn stalks and bran for later use;
step two: activating strains, inoculating the selected strains into a PDA culture medium, culturing in a constant-temperature culture room at 22 +/-2 ℃, controlling the humidity to be 70 +/-5%, and recording the growth condition of hyphae until the hyphae are full;
step three: preparing a culture medium, wherein the culture medium is prepared from corn straws, corncobs, bran and KH2PO4As a bottom material, adding composite calcium salt into the bottom material to form a mixed material, wherein the mixed material comprises 40-60 parts of corn straws, 30-50 parts of corncobs, 5-10 parts of bran and KH (KH)2PO40-1 part of composite calcium salt and 1-4 parts of composite calcium salt; mixing the mixed material with water until the water content in the mixed material is 70 +/-5%;
step four: inoculating, namely inoculating the activated strain in a PDA liquid culture medium to propagate for later use;
step five: culturing, namely culturing the strain inoculated in the step four in a mixed material, controlling the culture temperature to be 26 ℃, the culture time to be 8-12 days, controlling the temperature to be 19 +/-2 ℃ during fruiting, keeping the relative humidity of air to be 90-95%, keeping the illumination time to be 12h/d, and ventilating every day;
step six: harvesting, when the pileus edges of the sporocarps are slightly inward rolled, the pileus colors are relatively light, the hand feeling is tight, timely picking is carried out before ejecting spores, and a small amount of culture medium is removed during picking so as to facilitate the fruiting after the fruiting.
Further, the PDA liquid culture medium is agar-free PDA liquid culture medium.
Further, the compound calcium source is CaSO4And Ca (NO)3)2A mixture of (a).
Further, CaSO in the composite calcium source4And Ca (NO)3)2The contents of the components are respectively as follows according to parts by weight: CaSO41-3 parts of Ca (NO)3)20-1 part.
Further, in the compound calcium source, CaSO according to the weight portion42.5 parts of Ca (NO)3)2Is 0.5 part.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: by adding a proper amount of composite calcium source into the culture medium matrix, the growth of the edible fungi can be promoted, and the content of calcium element in the components of the edible fungi is increased, so that a novel method for cultivating the high-calcium edible fungi is provided.
Detailed Description
It is to be noted that, unless otherwise specified, technical or scientific terms used herein shall have the ordinary meaning as understood by those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.
The cultivation method of the high-calcium edible fungi comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: selecting materials, namely selecting strains of high-resistance varieties, and crushing corncobs, corn stalks and bran for later use;
step two: activating the strains, and inoculating the selected strains into a PDA culture medium, wherein the PDA culture medium comprises: potato dextrose agar solid medium (PDA); culturing in a constant-temperature culture room at 22 +/-2 ℃, controlling the humidity at 70 +/-5%, and recording the growth condition of hyphae until the hyphae are overgrown;
step three: preparing a culture medium, wherein the culture medium is prepared from corn straws, corncobs, bran and KH2PO4As a bottom material, adding a composite calcium salt into the bottom material to form a mixed material, wherein the mixed material comprises 50 parts of corn straws, 40 parts of corncobs, 8 parts of bran and KH2PO40.1 part, composite calcium source: CaSO42.5 parts of Ca (NO)3)20.5 part; mixing the mixed material with water until the water content in the mixed material is 70 +/-5%;
step four: inoculating, namely inoculating the activated strain in an agar-free PDA liquid culture medium to propagate for later use;
step five: culturing, namely culturing the strain inoculated in the step four in a mixed material, controlling the culture temperature to be 26 ℃, controlling the culture time to be about 10 days, controlling the temperature to be 19 +/-2 ℃ during fruiting, keeping the relative humidity of air to be 90-95%, keeping the illumination time to be 12h/d, and ventilating every day;
step six: harvesting, when the pileus edges of the sporocarps are slightly inward rolled, the pileus colors are relatively light, the hand feeling is tight, timely picking is carried out before ejecting spores, and a small amount of culture medium is removed during picking so as to facilitate the fruiting after the fruiting.
Experimental group
The experimental group was set up with a total of 8 different concentrations of calcium salt formulations, the detailed parameters of which are shown in table 1.
Control group
Control group added CaSO 2% only4
Calcium salt formula with different proportions
Figure BDA0002411610250000041
TABLE 1
In table 1, the numbers 1-8 in the first column represent 8 different experimental groups and Ck represents the control group.
The specific addition amounts of the components in the compost are shown in table 2.
Culture material formula
Figure BDA0002411610250000042
Figure BDA0002411610250000051
TABLE 2
Corn stover, corn cobs, bran and KH in the experimental and control groups in Table 22PO4The amounts of the additives (D) were the same and were 6000g, 4800g, 980g and 12g, respectively.
A material mixing and inoculating stage: the dry material weight of each formula is 12Kg, the water content is 70%, the stirred materials are quantitatively put into each material bag (after average weighing, the materials are bagged), the dry material weight of one formula is 200g, each formula is put into 60 bags on average, and the materials are sterilized in an autoclave for 120min/121 ℃. The sterilized material bag is placed in an inoculation room to be cooled while the material bag is hot, 75% alcohol is used for spraying and sterilizing, and when the temperature of the material bag is reduced to normal temperature (28 ℃), the solid cultivated species are quantitatively inoculated into the material bag.
Hyphae growing under calcium salts with different concentrations have different expressions in growth speed and growth form, and as can be seen from table 3, the influence difference of the calcium salts with different concentrations on the growth of the oyster mushroom hyphae is not large: the average growth rate in the early days is between 5.87 and 6.7mm/d, and the average growth rate in the later days is between 4.78 and 5.43mm/d, so that the difference is obvious. In the early stage of hypha growth, except for treatment 4 and treatment 8, the average growth rate of the other treatment days is higher than that of a control group, wherein the average growth rate of 5 days is 6.643mm/d at the fastest speed, and the average growth rate of 2 times of treatment is 5.36 mm/d; in the later stage of hypha growth, the hypha growth rate of each treated day is higher than that of the control group, wherein the treatment 6 is the fastest growth, and the daily average growth rate is 5.43 mm/d; therefore, the effect of adding the compound calcium on the early stage of the growth stage of the oyster mushroom hyphae is not obvious, and the influence of the compound calcium with different concentrations on the late stage of the growth stage of the hyphae is larger.
The compound calcium with different proportions also has great influence on the growth form of oyster mushroom hypha: the hyphae of treatment 5 was more vigorous and the hyphae were more dense and white than those of treatment 6, and the hyphae of treatment 4 was less vigorous and the hyphae were less dense than those of the control.
Influence of different formulations on growth of oyster mushroom hyphae
Figure BDA0002411610250000052
Figure BDA0002411610250000061
TABLE 3
Different formulas also have great influence on the bag filling time of oyster mushroom mycelia, the bag filling time of the processed 6 mycelia is shortest, and the bag filling time is 24.6 days; after 5 times of treatment, the time for filling the bags is 25.1 days; the longest full bag time is treatment 8, and the full bag time of the bags is 26.7 d; the treatment 8, the bag-full time of each of the remaining fungi bags was shorter than that of the control group. The bag filling time, the growth speed and the growth potential of the hyphae are integrated, and the growth speed is the fastest in 6 times of treatment and the treatment is performed for 5 times.
The influence of different formulations on the fruiting body properties of Pleurotus ostreatus is shown in Table 4. As can be seen from Table 4, the days of fruiting were the shortest for treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 5, treatment 6 and treatment 7, and all were 6 days; the fruiting time of the control group and the rest treatment is the longest, and is 7 days; the transverse-longitudinal ratio of the diameters of the pileus shows that the pileus of the high-resistance variety is scallop-shaped or circular, and the transverse diameters of the pileus are all larger than the longitudinal diameter of the pileus; except for treatment 1, the mushroom qualities of the other treatments were strong. Referring to table 3, in each of the treatments, the weight of the treated 5, treated 6 and treated 8 sacked fresh mushrooms was higher than 67.372g of the control group, the maximum weight of the treated 6 sacked fresh mushrooms was 69.24g, and the weight of the treated 8 sacked fresh mushrooms was 68.395 g; the weight average of the bag-average fresh mushrooms of the treatment 1, the treatment 2, the treatment 3, the treatment 4 and the treatment 7 is lower than that of the control group, and the lowest weight average is 60.032g of the treatment 1; the fresh weight of each bag body of the same treatment is greatly different from that of the treatment 1 and the treatment 6, and the weight of each bag body of the same treatment is the control group with the minimum difference. The best property of the oyster mushroom fruiting body processed by 6 is obtained by integrating the fruiting days, the shape of the mushroom cap, the mushroom quality and the weight of the bagged fresh mushroom.
Oyster mushroom fruiting body characters of different formulas
Figure BDA0002411610250000062
Figure BDA0002411610250000071
TABLE 4
The effect of each treatment on pileus diameter at different tide times on the fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus is shown in Table 5. The largest pileus diameters were treatment 3, treatment 5 and treatment 1, which were 7.512, 7.252 and 7.184, respectively; the pileus diameters for treatments 4, 6, 7, and 8 were all smaller than the pileus diameter for the control group, with the smallest pileus diameter being 6.605cm for treatment 8. The diameters of the pileus of the treated oyster mushroom fruiting bodies tend to be increased along with the increase of fruiting tide. The color of the cap of the oyster mushroom growing under each treatment is white and has no difference.
Cap diameter of oyster mushroom fruiting body
Figure BDA0002411610250000072
TABLE 5
The effect of different treatments on yield of Pleurotus ostreatus is shown in Table 6. Experiments show that different treatments have great influence on the yield of the oyster mushrooms, the total yield of the oyster mushrooms treated by 6 is the highest, and the total yield of the oyster mushrooms treated by 5 times is 2208.51g and 2159.95 g; the total yield of Pleurotus Ostreatus in treatments 1, 4 and 8 was lower than that of control (1945.87g), with the lowest total yield being treatment 8(1682.86 g); the yield of the same treatment has obvious yield reduction trend along with the increase of the fruiting tide.
Yield of oyster mushrooms from different treatments
Figure BDA0002411610250000081
TABLE 6
Microelement analysis meter
Figure BDA0002411610250000082
TABLE 7
As can be seen from Table 7, 8 formulas of Pleurotus Ostreatus have abundant trace elements, wherein Ca element content is higher when CaSO4.2H2When the concentration of O is 2.0%, the content of Ca is dependent on Ca (NO)3)2The concentration is increased and the content is more than 4000mg/kg, especially the highest content of formula 4 when the CaSO content is high4At 2.5%, the Ca content of formulation 5 was higher than 6, 7, 8. The highest Fe content was found in formulation 3, and the change in Fe content of each formulation indicated that Ca (NO) was contained3)2The concentration increase has no obvious effect on the Fe content of the oyster mushroom. The highest mg content of formulation 8 was 29.3481 mg/kg. When CaSO4At a concentration of 2.0%, mg is associated with Ca (NO)3)2The concentration increases in direct proportion. When CaSO4At a concentration of 2.5%, the mg content shows a tendency of rising-falling-rising-falling, and Ca (NO)3)2Concentration changes were uncorrelated. The contents of Mn and As elements in the oyster mushroom are irregularly changed, and the content of Mn and As elements is not influenced by the compound calcium. In conclusion, the concentration of the compound calcium has no great influence on the content of trace elements in the oyster mushroom, but the content is relatively high.
In the experiment, the nutrition content of oyster mushroom fruiting bodies of 8 composite calcium formulas with different concentrations is measured, so that the difference of the nutrition content of oyster mushrooms with different composite calcium formulas is obvious, and the composite calcium formula is presumed to have great influence on the nutrition accumulation of oyster mushrooms. Of these 8 formulations, 3, 4, 6, 7 had relatively high vitamin C content, the highest of which was 7, at a level of 0.078mg/g, possibly Ca (NO)3)2When the content reaches 1%, the accumulation effect of vitamin C in the oyster mushroom can reach the best. The protein contents of formulations 3 and 4 were higher, with a maximum of formulation 4 at 194.967mg/g, presumably CaSO4At a content of 2.0%, Ca (NO) is added3)2The content is controlled to be more than 1 percent, which is beneficial to the accumulation of the protein. The ash content of each formula is relatively high and almost accounts for 1/3 of dry products, which shows that the compound calcium formula has a good promotion effect on the accumulation of nutrition of the oyster mushrooms. The difference between the soluble sugar contents of the formulas is not large, wherein the contents of the formulas 3, 4, 5 and 6 are relatively higher, and the addition of the sugar is presumed to be a little bit higherThe content of soluble sugar is not greatly influenced by adding calcium. The fat content of each group of oyster mushrooms is small in proportion of the total nutrient content, the fat content of each formula is below 4.0%, and the oyster mushrooms belong to low-fat food. In the determination of microelements of oyster mushroom, the content of As in oyster mushroom in each formula is lower than the national standard for heavy metal content in food [23 ]]Belongs to food with low heavy metal content. The content of Ca is the highest content of the measured trace elements, which probably has a great relationship with the addition of calcium to the cultivation material. The contents of Fe, Mn and Mg in the formulas are also higher, the content of As in the formula 4 is the lowest, and the contents of Ca, Fe, Mn and Mg are high, so that CaSO is presumed to be high42.0% of Ca (NO)3)2When the content is 1%, the accumulation of various trace elements of the oyster mushroom is large.
When CaSO is contained in the formula of compound calcium4At a content of 2.0%, all nutrients except fat content are Ca (NO)3)2The content increases. In the fat content measurement, the content of formula 3, 4 was slightly lower than the content of 1, 2, comparing 4 formulas of 1, 2, 3, 4 (CaSO)42.0%、Ca(NO3) 21.5%) was an experimental group with low fat content of Pleurotus ostreatus and rich in nutrients. When CaSO4When the content is 2.5%, the content of vitamin C is dependent on Ca (NO)3)2Increases with the content of Ca (NO) and the other nutrient contents increase with the content of Ca (NO)3)2The concentration increases and decreases. Therefore, among 5, 6, 7, and 8, formulation 5 is a formulation with relatively high nutrient accumulation in Pleurotus Ostreatus. Therefore, CaSO4At a content of 2.0%, by increasing Ca (NO)3)2The content is favorable for oyster mushroom nutrition accumulation, and CaSO4At a content of 2.5%, by increasing Ca (NO)3)2The content is not favorable for nutrition accumulation of oyster mushroom.
Therefore, the vegetative growth of the oyster mushroom has a close relationship with the concentration of the added compound calcium, and the optimal compound calcium cultivation formula of the oyster mushroom is evaluated by researching the relationship between the cultivation substrate of the oyster mushroom and the concentration of the compound calcium, so that referable theoretical data can be provided for the production practice of the oyster mushroom.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; such modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and they should be construed as being included in the following claims and description.

Claims (5)

1. A cultivation method of high-calcium edible fungi is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: selecting materials, namely selecting strains of high-resistance varieties, and crushing corncobs, corn stalks and bran for later use;
step two: activating strains, inoculating the selected strains into a PDA culture medium, culturing in a constant-temperature culture room at 22 +/-2 ℃, controlling the humidity to be 70 +/-5%, and recording the growth condition of hyphae until the hyphae are full;
step three: preparing a culture medium, wherein the culture medium is prepared from corn straws, corncobs, bran and KH2PO4As a bottom material, adding composite calcium salt into the bottom material to form a mixed material, wherein the mixed material comprises 40-60 parts of corn straws, 30-50 parts of corncobs, 5-10 parts of bran and KH (KH)2PO40-1 part of composite calcium salt and 1-4 parts of composite calcium salt; mixing the mixed material with water until the water content in the mixed material is 70 +/-5%;
step four: inoculating, namely inoculating the activated strain in a PDA liquid culture medium to propagate for later use;
step five: culturing, namely culturing the strain inoculated in the step four in a mixed material, controlling the culture temperature to be 26 ℃, the culture time to be 8-12 days, controlling the temperature to be 19 +/-2 ℃ during fruiting, keeping the relative humidity of air to be 90-95%, keeping the illumination time to be 12h/d, and ventilating every day;
step six: harvesting, when the pileus edges of the sporocarps are slightly inward rolled, the pileus colors are relatively light, the hand feeling is tight, timely picking is carried out before ejecting spores, and a small amount of culture medium is removed during picking so as to facilitate the fruiting after the fruiting.
2. The method for cultivating high-calcium edible fungi according to claim 1, wherein the PDA liquid culture medium is agar-free PDA liquid culture medium.
3. The method for cultivating high-calcium edible fungi according to claim 2, wherein the compound calcium source is CaSO4And Ca (NO)3)2A mixture of (a).
4. The method for cultivating high-calcium edible fungi according to claim 3, wherein CaSO in the composite calcium source4And Ca (NO)3)2The contents of the components are respectively as follows according to parts by weight: CaSO41-3 parts of Ca (NO)3)20-1 part.
5. The method for cultivating high-calcium edible fungi according to claim 4, wherein the CaSO is contained in the composite calcium source according to the weight part42.5 parts of Ca (NO)3)2Is 0.5 part.
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