CN111151880A - Gradient transition connection method for depositing steel/titanium dissimilar metal based on laser synchronous preheating - Google Patents
Gradient transition connection method for depositing steel/titanium dissimilar metal based on laser synchronous preheating Download PDFInfo
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- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/20—Bonding
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- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
- B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
- B22F7/064—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts using an intermediate powder layer
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- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/60—Preliminary treatment
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- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/22—Driving means
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- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/40—Radiation means
- B22F12/41—Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials
- B23K2103/24—Ferrous alloys and titanium or alloys thereof
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of laser processing, in particular to a gradient transition connection method for synchronously preheating and depositing steel/titanium dissimilar metal based on laser, which comprises the following steps: (1) processing and cleaning a substrate: the joint is in butt joint or angle joint; (2) preheating: preheating the section of the deposition position of the titanium alloy base material by adopting laser; (3) powder preparation: weighing stainless steel and titanium alloy, and mixing with nickel-based alloy; (4) laser deposition and synchronous preheating: preheating a deposition layer after laser deposition for a certain time, and then continuously depositing, alternately performing; (5) post-heating: the laser continues to operate to carry out post heat treatment on the deposition layer; (6) welding: and (4) obtaining a titanium/nickel/steel gradient deposition layer and welding. The invention solves the problems of low strength and poor toughness of a welding joint caused by the fact that continuous and high-brittleness intermetallic compounds are easily formed at an interface in the traditional fusion welding, high-energy beam welding and solid-phase connection processes of the titanium alloy and the stainless steel at present.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of laser processing, in particular to a gradient transition connection method for depositing steel/titanium dissimilar metal based on laser synchronous preheating.
Background
Welding of dissimilar materials has potential advantages in saving cost, reducing weight, product design flexibility, and enhancing product functionality, and is constantly receiving attention from the industry. However, dissimilar metal material joining still has some unsolved problems, in particular, mechanical property weakening caused by the formation of brittle intermetallic phases in the weld. The titanium alloy and the stainless steel have wide application prospect in the fields of chemical industry, energy, aerospace and nuclear application in heterogeneous connection. However, the direct welding process of titanium alloys and stainless steels, FeTi and Fe2Brittle intermetallic compounds such as Ti and the like are difficult to avoid, so that the joint is cracked, and the mechanical property of the welded joint is seriously reduced. Conventional fusion welding is often used for joining the same or similar metals, and when used for welding dissimilar metals, whether by introducing an intermediate layer or by high energy beam welding such as laser welding, the weld joint still has problems of cracking or embrittlement. This is due to insufficient solubility of alloying elements, atomic structural mismatch, thermal expansion changes, and brittle intermetallic phases. In order to reduce the formation of intermetallic phases in the welding process of dissimilar metals as much as possible and overcome the differences of physical, chemical and thermal properties among welding materials, the solid phase is mostly adopted for the connection of dissimilar materials at presentJoining such as friction welding or diffusion welding, but still results in the formation of brittle intermetallics, resulting in weak or cracked joints and failure to obtain high strength welded joints. Even if the titanium alloy and the stainless steel can be welded by adopting the solid phase connection technology, the welding process also needs high temperature, the process requirement is strict, a high-quality welding joint is difficult to obtain, and the application of the processes is limited by the specification and the structural form of welding materials. To reduce or eliminate the formation of Fe-Ti intermetallic compounds, it is more efficient to introduce an intermediate element or alloy between the Ti alloy and the stainless steel. Interlayers of Cu, Mg, Ni, Co, etc. are typically added during fusion welding to prevent the interaction of Ti with Fe to some extent, however, if the interlayer is completely melted, intermetallic Ti-Fe compounds in the weld are unavoidable.
Additive Manufacturing (AM) is well suited to the manufacturing process of functionally graded materials. In the direct directional deposition method, powder is fed into a molten pool by using a moving laser, gradient transition is realized by changing the powder composition between layers, which is easily realized by configuring two or more powder feeding cylinders, and the composition of the gradient material can be changed along with the increase of the composition. The difference of the physical and chemical properties between the titanium alloy and the stainless steel is very large, and the obtaining of a good connecting joint is very difficult. Therefore, aiming at the problems that intermetallic phases, cracks and the like are easily generated in the laser welding of Ti and stainless steel, a gradient connection method based on laser additive manufacturing is provided, namely gradient transition is realized on transition metal at a welding seam position through laser deposition, and then laser welding is carried out. Although many cases of connecting titanium-steel dissimilar metals by adopting a transition layer method have appeared at home and abroad, no design principle and method for manufacturing a titanium-steel dissimilar metal connecting intermediate gradient transition layer by adopting an additive manufacturing technology and laser synchronous preheating has been explicitly proposed.
At present, researchers have tried various connection methods for titanium and steel connections, but it is difficult to obtain a high strength joint. For example, in the case of patents CN102632324A, CN101722356A, and CN101284336A, stainless steel and titanium alloy are welded by arc welding, electron beam welding, and brazing, respectively, and the tensile strength of the obtained joints is only about 50% of the strength of the base material titanium, and thus the present invention cannot be applied to the case where high strength is required. The invention patent with the publication number of CN107127454A discloses a titanium alloy-stainless steel dissimilar metal laser welding method adopting a composite middle layer, wherein a Ta/V/Fe composite layer is used as a middle layer material, although the brittleness of a joint is reduced, and the strength of the joint is improved, the adopted process is complex, the requirement on the control of a welding process is high, and no advantage is brought to the welding of a thick plate. The invention patent with the publication number of CN105436707A discloses an electromagnetic induction synchronous preheating auxiliary connecting method based on laser additive manufacturing, and the connecting method has the advantages that welding seams are directly deposited and formed, gradient transition is not considered, and therefore, the connection of dissimilar materials is difficult. Summarizing, how to solve the generation of intermetallic phases and large internal stress generation in the dissimilar material connection process is the key for obtaining high-quality dissimilar material joints, and the gradient transition connection of dissimilar materials by the additive manufacturing technology has a wide application prospect.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to make up the defects of the prior art, provides a gradient transition connection method for synchronously preheating and depositing steel/titanium dissimilar metal based on laser, and solves the problems of low strength and poor toughness of a welded joint caused by the fact that continuous and high-brittleness intermetallic compounds are easily formed at an interface in the traditional fusion welding, high-energy beam welding and solid-phase connection processes of titanium alloy and stainless steel.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following scheme:
the invention provides a gradient transition connection method for synchronously preheating and depositing steel/titanium dissimilar metal based on laser, which comprises the following steps:
(1) processing and cleaning of the substrate for deposition and welding: the joint is in a butt joint or lap joint mode, and acetone or alcohol is adopted for cleaning after the cross section of the substrate for deposition and welding is processed;
(2) preheating before deposition: preheating the section of the deposition position of the titanium alloy base material by adopting laser;
(3) powder preparation: weighing stainless steel and titanium alloy, respectively and uniformly mixing with Inconel625 alloy in a mechanical stirring manner, and keeping the temperature in an oven at 100 ℃ for 1h for drying for later use;
(4) laser deposition and synchronous preheating: laser deposition is carried out by adopting an automatic powder feeding mode of a double-cylinder powder feeder, alloy powder with one component ratio is deposited, the other powder feeding cylinder starts to work, simultaneously, the deposited alloy powder is replaced, coaxial powder feeding or paraxial powder feeding can be selected according to the size and the form of a welding part, and a laser synchronous preheating deposition area is carried out in the powder replacement process;
(5) post-heating: after the laser deposition is finished, powder feeding is stopped, and the laser continues to operate to carry out post heat treatment on the deposition layer, so that the deposition layer is prevented from being cooled too fast to cause large internal stress;
(6) welding: and machining the upper surface of the deposited layer of the nickel-based alloy to meet the requirement of a welding surface, and performing single-side welding and double-side forming by adopting high-power optical fiber laser to obtain the laser welding joint.
Preferably, the substrate is synchronously preheated by laser in the step (2), the preheating time is 5min, the laser power is 650W, the scanning speed is 0.008m/s, the offset is 0.62mm, and the negative defocusing amount is 5 mm.
Preferably, in the step (4), the interval gradient change of the different alloy component contents is 30%, stainless steel and titanium alloy are used as base materials, mixed powder is respectively deposited on the cross section of the base materials, the deposition area comprises 4 component change intervals, 8 layers are deposited in each component area, the deposition part comprises three areas, namely a titanium alloy matrix, a titanium alloy/nickel base alloy gradient component area and a nickel base alloy/stainless steel composition gradient area, and the uppermost layer of the deposition area is a single stainless steel deposition layer.
Preferably, the deposition process in the step (4) adopts laser to synchronously preheat, the preheating time is 2min, the laser power is 850W, the scanning speed is 0.008m/s, the offset is 0.62mm, and the negative defocusing amount is 5 mm.
Preferably, the laser post-heating process selected in step (5) is as follows: the laser power is 850W, the scanning speed is 0.008m/s, the powder feeding amount is 16.0g/min, the offset is 0.62mm, the lifting amount is 0.3mm, the negative defocusing amount is 5mm, and the post-heating time is 5 min.
Preferably, in the step (6), the welding speed of laser welding is 0.8-1.2 m/min, single-side welding and double-side forming of the nickel-based alloy deposition layer is realized through one-time welding, and welding defects such as unfused and undercut are prevented through optimizing welding parameters.
Preferably, the laser welding joint comprises a stainless steel substrate, a titanium alloy substrate, a stainless steel/nickel-based alloy gradient area, a titanium alloy/nickel-based alloy gradient area and a nickel-based alloy area, and by adding the nickel-based alloy intermediate transition area, on one hand, stress concentration and crack generation caused by component mutation can be prevented, and on the other hand, mixing and mutual diffusion of Ti and Fe elements can be prevented, so that a brittle Ti-Fe intermetallic compound is prevented from being formed.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention provides a gradient transition design method for welding seam components and tissue structures by adopting an additive manufacturing technology for the first time based on solving the problem of cracking caused by brittle intermetallic compounds generated in the titanium/steel connection process, and provides a transition intermediate layer for connecting different types of titanium-steel dissimilar metals by using nickel-based alloy powder, stainless steel and titanium alloy powder in different proportions.
2. The invention adopts the component gradual change, laser synchronous preheating and post-heating method to manufacture the intermediate gradient layer, can effectively prevent the problems of brittle phase cracking and the like caused by thermal stress and phase change stress caused by component sudden change and large difference of expansion coefficients when titanium and steel are directly connected, thereby solving the problems of poor connectivity of titanium alloy and stainless steel, low joint strength, low thermal fatigue life, large welding process difficulty, poor joint reliability and the like;
3. the invention adopts additive manufacturing to manufacture the intermediate gradient layer, is basically not limited by the structural form of a weldment and the thickness of a plate, and has more advantages particularly for the dissimilar welding of the thick plate, so the titanium-steel connection by adopting the technology combines the advantages of high-energy beam welding and additive manufacturing, thereby not only avoiding the combination of titanium and iron under the fusion welding condition, but also realizing the thick plate welding by the high-energy beam welding, reducing the welding heat input as much as possible, having good operability and higher quality stability of the joint.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic process diagram of a gradient connection method for manufacturing steel/titanium dissimilar metals based on laser synchronous preheating deposition according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a macro-topography of a laser welded joint of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a comparison of the macro-topography of an un-preheated and preheated sample according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a plot of a laser welded joint of the present invention after dye penetrant inspection;
FIG. 5 is a microstructure of areas of different compositions of a laser welded joint of the present invention.
In the figure:
the welding method comprises the following steps of 1-titanium alloy base material, 2-titanium alloy-nickel alloy transition region, 3-nickel base alloy and stainless steel deposition layer, 4-stainless steel deposition layer, 5-stainless steel deposition layer section, 6-laser for powder deposition, 7-stainless steel base material, 8-stainless steel plate section, 9-welding line and 10-laser beam for welding.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the following embodiments of the present invention, and it should be understood that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The deposited powder materials selected for this example were spherical 316L stainless steel, Inconel625 nickel-based alloy, and Ti6Al4V alloy powder. Taking a 316L and Ti6Al4V plate with the thickness of 10mm as a substrate, polishing the substrate, and deoiling and dewatering the substrate by using acetone or ethanol for later use.
In the embodiment, an optical fiber laser processing system is selected for deposition and welding, an IPG10kW optical fiber laser with the focal length of 300mm and the wavelength of 1064nm is divided into two paths of optical gates for metal deposition and welding respectively, a laser welding head and a deposition head are integrated with a KUKA robot, a powder system is provided with two powder cylinders, and the deposition head is used for feeding powder coaxially.
The 316L transition to Inconel625 was divided into 3 distinct gradient zones, varying in a 30% Inconel625 gradient, increasing by 10% for each 4 layer deposition zone, and depositing 8 layers of the Inconel625 alloy after the gradient deposition was completed. The same compositional gradient was used for the transition of Ti6Al4V to Inconel 625. Meanwhile, in the laser deposition process, laser is adopted to preheat the base material and heat the deposited layer, and welding is carried out after deposition is finished. The gradient connection method for manufacturing steel/titanium dissimilar metal based on laser synchronous preheating deposition is shown in figure 1.
A gradient transition connection method based on laser synchronous preheating deposition 316L/Ti6Al4V dissimilar metals comprises the following steps:
(1) processing and cleaning of the substrate for deposition and welding: the joint is in an I-shaped groove butt joint mode, the welding section of the substrate is cleaned by acetone or alcohol after being processed, and the thickness of the middle transition layer is determined by the number of deposited layers;
(2) preheating before deposition: the cross section of the deposition position of the 316L and Ti6Al4V base materials is preheated by laser, cracks caused by overlarge temperature gradient between a gradient layer close to the base materials and the base materials are prevented, the preheating time is 5min, the laser power is 650W, the scanning speed is 0.008m/s, the deviation is 0.62mm, and the negative defocusing amount is 5 mm;
(3) powder preparation: 316L, Inconel625 and Ti6Al4V alloy powder are respectively weighed, then stirred in a mechanical stirrer for 30 minutes according to the weight percentage required by different alloys, uniformly stirred, kept in an oven at 100 ℃ for 1 hour, and dried for later use;
(4) laser deposition and synchronous preheating: the alloy powder is subjected to laser deposition by adopting the same technological parameters, the powder feeder is a double-barrel automatic powder feeding mode, the deposition of the alloy powder with one component ratio is finished, the other powder feeding barrel starts to work, the alloy powder after the deposition is finished is replaced at the same time, coaxial powder feeding or paraxial powder feeding is selected according to the size and the form of a welding part, argon is used as a raw material gas, argon with the flow of 5L/min is used as a protective gas, in the laser deposition process, the deposition layer is synchronously preheated by adopting optical fiber laser, the preheating time is 2min, the laser power is 850W, the scanning speed is 0.008m/s, the deviation is 0.62mm, and the negative defocusing amount is 5 mm;
(5) post-heating: after the laser deposition is finished, stopping powder feeding, continuously operating the laser to carry out post heat treatment on the deposition layer, and preventing the deposition layer from being too fast in cooling speed to cause large internal stress, wherein the laser power is 850W, the scanning speed is 0.008m/s, the powder feeding amount is 16.0g/min, the offset is 0.62mm, the lifting amount is 0.3mm, the negative defocusing amount is 5mm, and the post heat time is 5 min;
(6) welding: the upper surface of the deposited layer of the nickel-based alloy is machined to meet the requirement of a welding surface, and the welding adopts high-power optical fiber laser to perform single-side welding and double-side forming to obtain a laser welding joint, wherein the laser power is 8kW, the welding speed is 18m/min, and the defocusing amount is 0.
Performance testing
Fig. 2 shows the macroscopic morphology of the laser welded joint, and it can be seen that the obtained welded joint includes a base material of stainless steel and titanium alloy, a stainless steel/nickel-based alloy gradient region, a titanium alloy/nickel-based alloy gradient region, and a nickel-based alloy region, and by adding a nickel-based alloy intermediate transition region, on one hand, stress concentration and crack generation caused by abrupt change of components can be prevented, and on the other hand, mixing and mutual diffusion of Ti and Fe elements can be prevented, thereby avoiding formation of brittle Ti-Fe intermetallic compounds.
FIG. 3 is a view showing the appearance of a laser welded joint after dye penetrant inspection, showing that no cracks appear in the gradient zone of the joint.
FIG. 4 shows the microstructure of the laser welded joint in different gradient regions, showing that the gradient region and the weld region are relatively uniform in composition and dense in structure.
In the description herein, references to the description of "one embodiment," "an example," "a specific example" or the like are intended to mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.
The preferred embodiments of the invention disclosed above are intended to be illustrative only. The preferred embodiments are not exhaustive or limiting of the specific embodiments of the invention. Obviously, many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention. The invention is limited only by the claims and their full scope and equivalents.
Claims (8)
1. A gradient transition connection method for synchronously preheating and depositing steel/titanium dissimilar metal based on laser is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) processing and cleaning of the substrate for deposition and welding: the joint is in a butt joint or lap joint mode, and acetone or alcohol is adopted for cleaning after the cross section of the substrate for deposition and welding is processed;
(2) preheating before deposition: preheating the section of the deposition position of the titanium alloy base material by adopting laser;
(3) powder preparation: weighing stainless steel and titanium alloy, respectively and uniformly mixing with Inconel625 alloy in a mechanical stirring manner, and keeping the temperature in an oven at 100 ℃ for 1h for drying for later use;
(4) laser deposition and synchronous preheating: laser deposition is carried out by adopting an automatic powder feeding mode of a double-cylinder powder feeder, alloy powder with one component ratio is deposited, the other powder feeding cylinder starts to work, simultaneously, the deposited alloy powder is replaced, coaxial powder feeding or paraxial powder feeding can be selected according to the size and the form of a welding part, and a laser synchronous preheating deposition area is carried out in the powder replacement process;
(5) post-heating: after the laser deposition is finished, stopping powder feeding, and continuously operating the laser to perform post heat treatment on the deposition layer;
(6) welding: and machining the upper surface of the deposited layer of the nickel-based alloy to meet the requirement of a welding surface, and performing single-side welding and double-side forming by adopting high-power optical fiber laser to obtain the laser welding joint.
2. The gradient transition connection method for synchronously preheating and depositing steel/titanium dissimilar metal based on laser according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step (2), the base material is synchronously preheated by laser, the preheating time is 5min, the laser power is 650W, the scanning speed is 0.008m/s, the deviation is 0.62mm, and the negative defocusing amount is 5 mm.
3. The gradient transition connection method based on laser synchronous preheating deposition of steel/titanium dissimilar metal according to claim 1, wherein the interval gradient change of different alloy component contents in the step (4) is 30%, stainless steel and titanium alloy are used as base materials, mixed powder is deposited on the cross section of the base materials respectively, the deposition area comprises 4 component change areas, 8 layers are deposited in each component area, the deposition part comprises three areas, namely a titanium alloy base body, a titanium alloy/nickel base alloy gradient component area and a nickel base alloy/stainless steel gradient component area, and the uppermost layer of the deposition area is a single stainless steel deposition layer.
4. The gradient transition connection method for synchronously preheating and depositing steel/titanium dissimilar metal based on laser according to claim 1, wherein the deposition process in the step (4) adopts laser for synchronous preheating, the preheating time is 2min, the laser power is 850W, the scanning speed is 0.008m/s, the deviation is 0.62mm, and the negative defocusing amount is 5 mm.
5. The gradient transition connection method for synchronously preheating and depositing steel/titanium dissimilar metal based on laser according to claim 1, wherein the deposition process in the step (4) adopts laser for synchronous preheating, the preheating time is 2min, the laser power is 850W, the scanning speed is 0.008m/s, the deviation is 0.62mm, and the defocusing amount is-5.
6. The gradient transition connection method based on laser synchronous preheating deposition of steel/titanium dissimilar metals according to claim 1, characterized in that the laser post-heating process selected in the step (5) is as follows: the laser power is 850W, the scanning speed is 0.008m/s, the powder feeding amount is 16.0g/min, the offset is 0.62mm, the lifting amount is 0.3mm, the negative defocusing amount is 5mm, and the post-heating time is 5 min.
7. The gradient transition connection method based on the laser synchronous preheating deposition of the steel/titanium dissimilar metal as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (6), the welding speed of laser welding is 0.8-1.2 m/min, single-side welding and double-side forming of the nickel-based alloy deposition layer are realized through one-time welding, and the welding defects such as unfused and undercut are prevented through optimizing welding parameters.
8. The gradient transition connection method based on laser synchronous preheating deposition of steel/titanium dissimilar metal as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the laser welding joint comprises a stainless steel substrate, a titanium alloy substrate, a stainless steel/nickel base alloy gradient region, a titanium alloy/nickel base alloy gradient region and a nickel base alloy region.
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