CN1111468C - 有改进转角维持的氧化铝磨轮 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供一种玻璃化粘合的研磨砂轮,其中磨砂部分包括一种氧化铝磨料,其中砂轮有改进的转角和结构维持特点和机械性质。本发明还包括粘合物的组成,它可使氧化铝磨料有改进的转角和结构维持及机械性质。
Description
相关专利的参照文献
本发明是共同申请专利申请号No.08/278,529(1994年7月20日提交)的部分续展,而后者是美国专利No.5,401,284(1995年3月28日公开)的续展。
本申请与美国专利No.5,053,723(1991年7月30日公开),5,203,886(1993年4月20日公开)有关,整个说明书在这里作引证参照。
发明背景
本发明涉及磨轮,特别是含有改进转角维持性质的氧化铝磨砂的磨轮。本发明还涉及一种有改进的机械强度和转角维持性质的粘合物的组成。
技术领域
精密运动部件被设计成可高产出,高效率及更长久地运行。这些部件是如发动机(内燃机,喷气机和电动机),驱动传动系统(传动装置和差动装置),和轴承表面。为满足这些要求,这些部件必须生产成有改进的质量,其中包括更好/更强的结构并有更严格的几何公差。为实现这些公差,部件必须用有更好质量的材料来生产出最后的形状和大小。
砂轮通常用于整个部件的加工或赋予最终的几何尺寸。陶化的或玻璃化粘合的砂轮在金属部件上用的最多。典型的陶化粘合物在SU-A-116839和SU-A-458427中有所描述。为用砂轮生产出这些精密的部件,部件的反象用金刚钻刀“修整”入轮表面用金刚钻刀磨光。由于生产的部件是用砂轮来靠模加工,因此砂轮尽可能地维持形状就非常重要。那么理想的条件是生产出有精确几何公差的精密部件且没有物料损失。
通常砂轮的转角或轮上的曲线会变形。标准的熔融氧化铝研磨产品可维持对二至三个毛坯进行研磨而不致引起砂轮转角的显著变形。因此,磨床的操作者在每个毛坯研磨后都要修整砂轮以避免缺陷。用由高效溶-胶氧化铝磨砂制成的砂轮的转角形状不会变化直至对四个或五个毛坯进行研磨后,所以操作者可以在研磨三个毛坯后修整砂轮。尽管溶-胶氧化铝砂轮的减少修整频率的特点比通常的砂轮要有所改进,但是减少氧化铝砂轮在修整时的损失以及进一步减少修整的频率是常规氧化铝砂轮所希望实现的目标。
所需的是有更好转角或氧化铝磨轮结构维持以使修整的间隔延长。因此本发明的一个目的是生产一种有改进转角或结构维持的氧化铝磨轮。本发明还有一个目的是生产一种可用于氧化铝磨轮以改进转角或结构维持的粘合物。
发明概要
本发明提供一个陶化粘合的磨轮,其中磨砂部分包括一种熔融的氧化铝(“氧化铝”)磨料,其中轮有改进的转角或结构维持特点和机械性质。本发明还包括一个粘合物组成,该组成可改进陶化粘合的包括氧化铝磨料的轮的转角或结构维持及机械性质。
附图简述
图1是描述了在转角维持测试中砂轮对轧件转角研磨的示意图。
图2是描述在转角维持测试中砂轮转角活动范围与轧件的表面接触的示意图。
发明详细描述
本发明的陶化粘合磨料包括氧化铝磨砂。氧化铝磨砂是该领域所熟知的。这里还可采用并且是熟知的是溶-胶铝土磨砂。
本发明的磨轮包括氧化铝磨砂及一种或多种可任意选择的辅助磨料。磨轮包括磨料,粘合物,孔隙及其它可能的填充剂和添加剂。用于可包括一种辅助磨料的砂轮的磨料的量的范围很广。本发明较佳的磨轮组成包括约34至约56%(体积)的磨料,更佳的包括约40至约54%(体积)的磨料,最佳的包括约44至约52%(体积)的磨料。
较佳的含铝磨料含量占砂轮中总磨料的约5至约100%(体积),更佳的占砂轮中总磨料的约30至约70%(体积)。
辅助磨料较佳的含量为砂轮中总磨料的约0至约95%(体积),更佳的占砂轮中总磨料的约30至约70%(体积)。可用的辅助磨料可包括例如,碳化硅,立方晶形氮化硼,金刚石,燧石,石榴石和气泡氧化铝。然而,这些辅助磨料只是用于说明而无限制性。
磨料的组合物通常有孔隙。本发明的磨料的组合物较佳包括约0至约68%(体积)的孔隙,更佳的应包括约28至约56%(体积)的孔隙,最佳的包括约30至约53%(体积)的孔隙。孔隙可由物质的天然堆积密度提供的天然间隔及由常规的气孔引发介质而形成例如中空玻璃珠粒,核桃壳或有机化合物,泡沫玻璃颗粒和气泡氧化铝。然而,这些气孔引发剂只是用于说明而无限制性。
本发明的磨料可用陶化的粘合物粘合。所用的陶化粘合物对改进本发明的磨料的转角和结构维持特性起很大作用。较佳的粘合物原材料可包括Kentucky BallClay No.6,霞石,硅酸钠粉末,碳酸锂,燧石,硅灰石和钴尖晶石。这些物料中含有下列氧化物:SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3,TiO2,CaO,MgO,Na2O,K2O,Li2O,B2O3和CoO。磨轮的组成较佳应包括约3至约25%(体积)的粘合物,更佳的应包括约4至约20%(体积)的粘合物,最佳的应包括约5至18.5%(体积)的粘合物。
在烧成后粘合物包括大于约47%(重量)的SiO2,较佳的为约52至约62%(重量)的SiO2,更佳的为约54至约60%(重量)的SiO2,最佳的为约57%(重量)的SiO2;小于约16%(重量)的Al2O3,较佳的为约12至约16%(重量)的Al2O3,更佳的为约13至约15%(重量)的Al2O3,最佳的为约14.4%(重量)的Al2O3;较佳的为约7至约11%(重量)的Na2O,更佳的为约8至约10%(重量)的Na2O,最佳的为约8.9%(重量)的Na2O;小于约2.5%(重量)的K2O,较佳的为约0.05至约2.5%(重量)的K2O,更佳的为约1至约2%(重量)的K2O,最佳的为约1.6%(重量)的K2O;大于约2.0%(重量)的Li2O,较佳的为约2.0至约10.0%(重量)的Li2O,较佳的为约2.0至约3.4%(重量)的Li2O,更佳的为约2.0至约2.7%(重量)的Li2O,最佳的为约2.2%(重量)的Li2O;小于约18%(重量)的B2O3,较佳的为约9至约16%(重量)的B2O3,更佳的为约11至约14%(重量)的B2O3,最佳的为约12.6%(重量)的B2O3;最好为约0至约2%(重量)的CoO,更佳的为约0.5至约1.3%(重量)的CoO,最佳的为约0.9%(重量)的CoO。氧化钴(CoO)不是本发明所必需的,其被包括在内只是作为着色剂。陶化粘合物中的其它氧化物如Fe2O3,TiO2,CaO和MgO是原材料中的杂质,是制备粘合物非必需的。粘合物也提高了用溶-胶或熔融氧化铝磨料制成的磨轮的机械强度。
磨轮用该领域技术人员所知的方法烧成。烧成条件基本上由实际所用的粘合物和磨料来决定。陶化的粘合物体还可以常规浸渍方式将磨削辅助剂如硫,或用媒介物如环氧树脂将磨削辅助剂携带入砂轮的气孔中。
得到的磨轮出乎意料地有较好的可定量及定性测定的转角或结构维持性质。磨料转角的形状变化被认为是磨轮失效的标准,但不可能定量测定,因为其形状的变化只有在显微镜下才能观察到,或只能通过指甲或铅笔尖来定性测试。因此研究出一种定义及定量测定砂轮失效的测试方法。
该测试方法测试在固定的进刀速度下的“径向磨损”和“磨损面积”。为进一步确定砂轮测试条件及建立可测试其它相同砂轮的标准,测试的条件如下:
磨床:Bryant LectralineO LL3 I.D./O.D.,10马力磨机
湿磨削:5-7%Trim MasterChemicalO VHP E200和水
轧件物质底材:4330V曲柄钢,Rc28至32
轧件尺寸:外直径10.2cm(4英寸)
轧件转角和磨机之间的宽度:0.0229cm(0.009英寸)
砂轮的转角半径:0.279cm(0.110英寸)
部件速度:14.03sMPm(200sfpm)
进入部件的进刀速度:0.0338cm(0.0133英寸)/秒
轮面修整:旋转金刚石辊(RPC 2993),4600rpm以0.0051cm(0.002)英寸/秒修整速度形成0.110英寸半径
砂轮转速:3660sMPm(12000sfpm)
每次测试的磨削次数:最高为12
每次磨削进刀量:0.120cm(0.04英寸)
转角维持测试设计成可测试砂轮在磨削操作中转角维持形状的程度。形状的维持度用两个参数“径向磨损”和“磨损面积”来量度。图1是砂轮10的转角对轧件12例如曲柄径向磨削的示意图。其中21-26代表砂轮经过轧件逐渐推进,21-22代表一次磨削。轧件转角磨削的宽度为0.0229cm(0.009″)。进刀量16为每次磨削0.102cm(0.04英寸)。砂轮10的转角半径18为0.279cm(0.110英寸)。图2描述了在转角维持测试中砂轮10的转角半径30与轧件12的表面接触的部分。图1中研磨宽度14是A和C间的水平间隔距离,是从测试轧件材料磨去的金属厚度。接触高度32,即图2中A和B间的垂直距离,是砂轮部分在一次磨削后与测试的轧件材料接触的高度。为对转角维持度定量,在上述磨削条件下进行两个测试。两个测试内容是“磨损面积”和“径向磨损”。
磨削面积是对砂轮转角曲线在对轧件磨削后的变化的一种量度。图2表明了在确定的接触高度32,转角半径18和磨削宽度14下的磨损面积就是指AEBDA所包的面积。径向磨损是测试点A和B间的转角半径18的最大变化。图2描述了该测试,径向磨损等于DE,其中点E是A和B在接触高度32间的转角半径上最大变化。磨损面积和径向磨损是通过在每次磨削后磨削一个样片(tile coupon)获得轮的曲线来测定。样片用放大倍数为50倍的光学比较器映描。用平面测量仪来测定描图上的磨损面积,用卡尺测量描图上的最大径向磨损。
实施例中的数据通过新砂轮达到与标准氧化铝和溶-胶氧化铝磨料相近的径向磨削和磨削面积时磨削次数出乎意料的增长定量地表明了氧化铝和溶-胶氧化铝砂轮的提高的转角维持度。
为使该领域技术人员更好的理解本发明的实施,下列实施例提供用于说明,而不是用来作限定的。在这里所引用的其它该领域已知的背景信息在这里作引证参照。
实施例
实施例1
对制备样品进行测试并比较新的粘合物与Norton的用于接种溶-胶磨料(sol-gel abrasives)的标准商品粘合物的强度模量。新的粘合物烧前的组分为30.3%(重量)的粉末化的玻璃态烧结块(烧结块的组分为41.2%(重量)的SiO2,39.9%(重量)的B2O3,5.1%(重量)的Al2O3,10.3%(重量)的Na2O,1.3%(重量)的Li2O,2.1%(重量)的MgO/CaO,和痕量的K2O),27.7%(重量)的霞石正长岩,20%(重量)的Kentucky No.6 Ball Clay,10%(重量)的硅酸钠粉末,4.7%(重量)的燧石(石英),4.3%(重量)的碳酸锂,1%(重量)的硅灰石和2%(重量)的纯钴铝酸盐尖晶石。霞石正长岩,Kentucky No.6 Ball Clay,硅酸钠粉末,燧石,碳酸锂和硅灰石的化学组成列在表I中。
表I
氧化物%(重量) | 霞石正长岩 | Kentucky#6 Ball Clay | 硅酸钠 | 燧石 | 碳酸锂 | 硅灰石 |
SiO2 | 60.2 | 64.0 | 76.2 | 99.6 | 50.9 | |
Al2O3 | 23.2 | 23.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | ||
Na2O | 10.6 | 0.2 | 23.8 | 0.2 | ||
K2O | 5.1 | 0.4 | ||||
Li2O | 40.1 | |||||
MgO | 0.3 | 0.1 | ||||
CaO | 0.3 | 0.1 | 46.9 | |||
杂质 | 0.1 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | |
着火损失 | 0.4 | 8.7 | 0.1 | 59.6 | 0.9 |
粘合物通过将原材料在Sweco Vibratory Mill中干混合3小时制成。粘合物与含有接种的溶-胶氧化铝和高纯度熔融白色铝氧化物磨料1比1的混合物的60粗砂磨料混合。将其再与粉末化的糊精胶粘剂,液体动物胶和0.1%的作为润湿剂的乙二醇在Hobart N-50揉面机(容量为2千克的混合物)上低速混合。混合物用14号筛网筛选以打碎任何团块。然后混合物用三个空腔板模压制成空间尺寸为10.15×2.54×1.27cm(“ 4″×1″×1/2”)的条状。将条状物以每小时变化40℃从室温升至1000℃并在该温度下维持8小时,然后在室温下在间歇窖内冷却。样片条也可用前面举出的步骤用Norton的标准商品粘合物来制备。
无凹槽的条在Instron Model 4204机械测试机上进行,机上4点弯曲卡座维持翼展为7.62cm(3英寸),负载翼展为2.54cm(1英寸),载荷速率为0.127cm(0.050英寸)/分钟冲头速度。样片中烧成的粘合物含量为10%(重量)至30%(重量)。结果列在图2和下表2中。
表II
强度结果
强度模量(psi)对烧成的粘合物含量
烧成的粘合物含量 | 强度模量kg/cm2(psi) | ||
%(重量) | 标准粘合物 | 新粘合物 | |
0.100 | 9.1 | 427(6070) | 445(6336) |
0.150 | 13.0 | 479(6813) | 484(6881) |
0.200 | 16.7 | 474(6737) | 513(7298) |
0.250 | 20.0 | 195(2776) | 473(6723) |
0.300 | 23.1 | ---- | 511(7262) |
实施例2
制备熔融铝氧化物磨轮,在工业操作条件下测试比较新粘合物和Norton的用于结构维持生产的标准粘合物。新粘合物的组分与实施例1中的相同,只是其不含钴铝酸盐尖晶石陶瓷颜料(即粘合物是透明的玻璃)。粘合物通过用标准生产方法将原材料在Norton生产设备中干混合制成。磨料混合物是由85.8%(重量)的100粗砂磨料(由50%(重量)的商品褐色熔融三氧化二铝和50%(重量)熔融白色三氧化二铝的混合物组成),10.5%(重量)粘合物,1.41%(重量)糊精,1.70%(重量)液体动物胶,0.47%(重量)水,和0.13%(重量)的乙二醇组成。混合物模制成20-1/4×1×11-3/4″的轮,其未烧结密度为2.182g/cm3。轮以20℃/小时速度从室温升至1000℃烧成并维持8小时,然后在室温下在间歇窖内冷却。
磨轮也用Norton的标准商品粘合物来制备,该粘合物是通过用标准生产方法在Norton生产设备中对原材料干混合而制得。粘合物与一种磨料混合物混合。磨料混合物是由85.5%(重量)与新粘合物轮中所用的相同的100粗砂磨料磨料,10.83%(重量)粘合物,1.84%(重量)糊精,1.73%(重量)的水,和0.09%(重量)的乙二醇组成。标准砂轮含有较多的烧成粘合物玻璃(11.15%(重量)),而试验砂轮则含有10.46%(重量)。
轮用一个生产周期,烧成保温温度为1225℃进行烧成。
磨轮在商品座圈磨床内作湿式外园研磨测试。座圈用硬化成Rc58-60的52100轴承钢。
每个座圈的磨削深度粗削为0.127cm(0.005英寸),抛光为0.0051(0.002英寸)。研磨条件包括轮速为3660sMPm(12000sfpm),工业5%浓度的合成冷却油和水,及商品反向折叠(reverse plated)60/80筛目金刚石转动修整器。制成的机件的尺寸和表面光洁度(4至6PMS)都符合公差的要求。结果如下:
表III
粘合物 | 修整深度或校正cm(英寸) | 每次修整周期内的机件数 |
标准 | 0.0051(0.002″) | 10 |
试验 | 0.0025(0.001″) | 30 |
因此,修整补偿减少一半及每次修整间隔内的机件数量增加至3倍导致试验粘合物在和氧化铝磨料合用时的性能提高了六倍(即轮寿命2倍×机件3倍)。
实施例5
制备磨轮进行测试并比较新的粘合物和Norton用于接种的溶-胶磨料的标准粘合物的磨损面积和径向磨损。新粘合物组成与实施例1中的新粘合物的组成相同。粘合物通过将原材料在Norton工业生产粘合物混合物设备中干混合制成。粘合物混入磨料混合物中。磨料混合物是由83.53%(重量)的磨料(由75%(重量)的70粗砂和25%(重量)80粗砂高纯度单晶熔融铝氧化物的混合物组成),12.61%(重量)粘合物,0.84%(重量)糊精,2.25%(重量)液体动物胶,和0.65%(重量)的水和0.13%(重量)乙二醇组成。混合物模制成10-0.159×1.471×12.76cm(3/16″×0.580″×5.025″)的轮,其未烧结密度为2.333grams/cc。将处于未烧结状态的轮以40℃/小时从室温升至1000℃烧成并维持8小时,然后在间歇窖内冷却至室温。
磨轮也用Norton的标准商品粘合物来制备,该粘合物是通过用标准生产方法在Norton生产设备中对原材料干混合而制得。粘合物与一种磨料混合物混合。磨料混合物是由87.05%(重量)磨料(是由50%(重量)的70粗砂和50%(重量)80粗砂高纯度单晶熔融铝氧化物的混合物组成),14.28%(重量)粘合物,0.52%(重量)糊精,1.71%(重量)的混合物(混合物是由40%(重量)液体动物胶,30%(重量)粉末化苹果酸,和30%(重量)的水组成)组成。该混合物模制成10-0.159×1.471×12.76cm(3/16″×0.580″×5.025″)的轮,其未烧结密度为2.323grams/cc。该标准砂轮被设计成与试验砂轮一样是87.5%(重量)磨料和12.5%(重量)玻璃态的组合。该轮用一个生产周期,烧成保温温度为900℃进行烧成。磨轮在Bryant Lectraline LL3 I.D./O.D.(10马力)磨床上根据说明书的条件作湿式外园研磨进行测试。结果显示了转角维持的改进并列在下面的表IV和V中:
表IV
径向进刀对磨损面积cm2(平方英寸)
径向进刀cm(英寸) | 磨损面积cm2(平方英寸) | |
标准粘合物 | 新粘合物 | |
0.31(0.12) | 0.00041(0.000063) | 0.00021(0.000033) |
0.41(0.16) | 0.00054(0.000084) | ------ |
0.51(0.20) | 0.00056(0.000088) | 0.00030(0.000047) |
0.61(0.24) | 0.00057(0.000089) | 0.00035(0.000054) |
0.71(0.28) | 0.00071(0.000110) | 0.00057(0.000088) |
0.82(0.32) | 0.00074(0.000115) | 0.00058(0.000090) |
表V
径向进刀对径向磨削cm(英寸)
径向进刀cm(英寸) | 径向磨削cm(英寸) | |
标准粘合物 | 新粘合物 | |
0.31(0.12) | 0.005(0.0020) | 0.0031(0.0012) |
0.41(0.16) | 0.006(0.0027) | ------ |
0.51(0.20) | 0.008(0.0032) | 0.0051(0.0020) |
0.61(0.24) | 0.007(0.0030) | 0.0061(0.0024) |
0.71(0.28) | 0.009(0.0036) | 0.0071(0.0027) |
0.82(0.32) | 0.009(0.0038) | 0.0082(0.0033) |
应当理解该领域技术人员在不脱离本发明范围和精神内所作的其它各种改进是明显的,容易做到的。因此,这里附加的权利要求范围并不局限于上面的描述,而是应被理解为包括所有本发明提出的有可申请专利的新颖性的特征,包括所有被该领域技术人员视作本发明等效的特征。
Claims (4)
1.一种研磨砂轮,包括34至56%体积的氧化铝磨料粗砂和一种玻璃化粘合物,其中玻璃化粘合物在烧成后包括大于47%重量的SiO2,小于16%重量的Al2O3,从0.05至2.5%重量的K2O,从2.0至10.0%重量的Li2O和从9至16%重量的B2O3,其中氧化铝磨料粗砂含有5-100%体积的熔融氧化铝磨料粗砂,且不含溶-胶氧化铝磨料粗砂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的砂轮,其中氧化铝是褐色熔融铝氧化物和白色熔融铝氧化物的混合物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的砂轮,其中研磨砂轮包括约3至25%体积的玻璃化粘合物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的砂轮,其中玻璃化粘合物在烧成后包括52至约62%重量的SiO2,和12至16%重量的Al2O3。
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US08/448,927 US5536283A (en) | 1993-07-30 | 1995-05-25 | Alumina abrasive wheel with improved corner holding |
US08/448,927 | 1995-05-25 |
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EP (1) | EP0828583B1 (zh) |
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- 1996-04-25 BR BR9609226A patent/BR9609226A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-04-25 WO PCT/US1996/005874 patent/WO1996037342A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-04-25 DK DK96913223T patent/DK0828583T3/da active
- 1996-04-25 CA CA002221822A patent/CA2221822C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-04-25 CZ CZ19973708A patent/CZ295464B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-04-25 EP EP96913223A patent/EP0828583B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-04-25 AT AT96913223T patent/ATE347464T1/de active
- 1996-04-25 ES ES96913223T patent/ES2278384T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-04-25 DE DE69636750T patent/DE69636750T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-04-25 KR KR1019970708512A patent/KR19990022033A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-04-25 JP JP08535666A patent/JP3099965B2/ja not_active Ceased
- 1996-04-25 RU RU97120555A patent/RU2135344C1/ru active
- 1996-04-25 CN CN96194153A patent/CN1111468C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-04-25 HU HU9802084A patent/HU225795B1/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-04-25 MX MX9709110A patent/MX9709110A/es unknown
- 1996-04-25 AU AU56303/96A patent/AU5630396A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-05-01 TW TW085105222A patent/TW397735B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-05-16 IL IL11829096A patent/IL118290A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-05-23 AR ARP960102688A patent/AR002086A1/es active IP Right Grant
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS53149203A (en) * | 1977-05-31 | 1978-12-26 | Nippon Kenmazai Kougiyou Kk | Molten alumina base grinding material |
US5401284A (en) * | 1993-07-30 | 1995-03-28 | Sheldon; David A. | Sol-gel alumina abrasive wheel with improved corner holding |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
RU2135344C1 (ru) | 1999-08-27 |
ATE347464T1 (de) | 2006-12-15 |
ZA963282B (en) | 1996-11-27 |
JPH10512816A (ja) | 1998-12-08 |
EP0828583B1 (en) | 2006-12-06 |
ES2278384T3 (es) | 2007-08-01 |
HUP9802084A3 (en) | 2003-06-30 |
DK0828583T3 (da) | 2007-04-02 |
DE69636750T2 (de) | 2007-12-13 |
DE69636750D1 (de) | 2007-01-18 |
TW397735B (en) | 2000-07-11 |
CZ295464B6 (cs) | 2005-08-17 |
WO1996037342A1 (en) | 1996-11-28 |
AR002086A1 (es) | 1998-01-07 |
KR19990022033A (ko) | 1999-03-25 |
CN1185128A (zh) | 1998-06-17 |
AU5630396A (en) | 1996-12-11 |
HUP9802084A2 (hu) | 1998-12-28 |
CA2221822C (en) | 2001-02-27 |
EP0828583A1 (en) | 1998-03-18 |
IL118290A0 (en) | 1996-09-12 |
CZ370897A3 (cs) | 1998-04-15 |
HU225795B1 (en) | 2007-09-28 |
US5536283A (en) | 1996-07-16 |
IL118290A (en) | 2000-08-13 |
BR9609226A (pt) | 1999-05-11 |
JP3099965B2 (ja) | 2000-10-16 |
CA2221822A1 (en) | 1996-11-28 |
MX9709110A (es) | 1998-02-28 |
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