CN110754318B - Three-dimensional ecological planting method for grain, vegetable and mushroom - Google Patents

Three-dimensional ecological planting method for grain, vegetable and mushroom Download PDF

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CN110754318B
CN110754318B CN201911034123.6A CN201911034123A CN110754318B CN 110754318 B CN110754318 B CN 110754318B CN 201911034123 A CN201911034123 A CN 201911034123A CN 110754318 B CN110754318 B CN 110754318B
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months
planting
green vegetables
days
towel gourd
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CN110754318A (en
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冯翠
钱巍
陈娟娟
衣政伟
陈应柳
陈志德
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Taizhou Agricultural Science Institute Jiangsu Academy Of Agricultural Sciences
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/40Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G18/00Cultivation of mushrooms
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/05Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/15Leaf crops, e.g. lettuce or spinach 

Abstract

The invention discloses a three-dimensional ecological planting method of grain-vegetable-mushroom, which comprises crop rotation arrangement, seeding, fertilizing and weeding, pest control and harvesting, wherein the crop rotation arrangement is as follows: planting peanuts in 4 months, planting green vegetables in 7 months, planting towel gourds in 8 months, planting mushrooms and pleurotus eryngii in 10 months. According to the invention, the crop interplanting three-dimensional cultivation is carried out according to the characteristic that vine vegetables and mushrooms like yin, small green vegetables are planted in the early stage of the seedling culture and growth of the loofah, after the loofah is capped and matured, the vines provide natural light-resistant cultivation conditions for the edible fungi, and meanwhile, after the edible fungi are harvested, the fungi materials can be used as organic matters, so that the soil fertility and the looseness are increased. According to the invention, the crops combine the characteristics of the crops, good conditions are provided for the growth of other crops, the layering performance in cultivation improves the land utilization rate and the benefit of the unit area of the land, and the method is an important measure for promoting agricultural efficiency improvement, increasing income of farmers and ensuring the sustainable stable and healthy development of agriculture.

Description

Three-dimensional ecological planting method for grain, vegetable and mushroom
Technical Field
The invention relates to a crop planting method, in particular to a crop three-dimensional ecological planting method.
Background
At present, the cultivation area of the land is less and less, and how to utilize the limited land and improve the land utilization rate and the benefit of the unit area of the land is an important measure for promoting the agricultural efficiency improvement, increasing the income of farmers and ensuring the sustainable stable and healthy development of agriculture.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a three-dimensional ecological planting method for grain-vegetable-mushroom, which can obviously improve the land utilization rate and the benefit of land unit area.
The improved three-dimensional ecological planting method of grain, vegetable and mushroom comprises the following steps: comprises the following steps of crop rotation arrangement, sowing, fertilizing and weeding, pest control and harvesting, wherein the crop rotation arrangement comprises the following steps: planting peanuts in 4 months, planting green vegetables in 7 months, planting towel gourds in 8 months, planting green vegetables, planting mushrooms and pleurotus eryngii in 10 months; the method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) the greenhouse peanut seeding specifically comprises the following steps:
1) preparing soil at the bottom of 3 months, applying 1000Kg of commercial organic fertilizer per mu, wherein the total nutrients of the commercial organic fertilizer are as follows: n + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, and organic matter is more than or equal to 45 percent;
2) ridging, wherein the width of each ridge is 80cm, the height of each ridge is 15-18 cm, the width of each ridge surface is 45-50 cm, and a PPC black biodegradable film is covered; yellow plates of 10cm multiplied by 20cm are hung in the shed according to the ratio of 30-40 blocks/667 m2The density of the greenhouse is hung between rows or plants and is higher than the tops of the plants, and insect-proof nets are arranged on two sides of the greenhouse;
3) at the beginning of 4 months, mixing uniformly seeds with 600g/L imidacloprid suspension seed coating agent 30-40 ml, Liangdong 30ml and 200g/L (20%) chlorantraniliprole suspension agent 20-30 ml with water 250-300 ml, airing and sowing peanut seeds; sowing 2 rows in each ridge, wherein the hole distance is 18cm, 2 seeds are sowed in each hole, and each mu is 9000-9500 holes; watering in the flowering and pod bearing periods when drought occurs;
(2) sowing the small green vegetables and harvesting the peanuts, and specifically comprises the following steps:
1) harvesting in the middle and last ten days of 7 months when the peanuts are full;
2) after 500Kg of commercial organic fertilizer is applied in combination with ploughing and turning over per mu, small green vegetables are sown, wherein the total nutrients of the commercial organic fertilizer are as follows: n + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, and organic matter is more than or equal to 45 percent; sowing small green vegetables; during the period of sowing small green vegetables, cabbage caterpillars and aphids are controlled, 1000-time liquid of bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) wettable powder is sprayed for 6-7 days and is sprayed for 2 times continuously during the full-term incubation period of eggs;
(3) the sowing of the towel gourd and the small green vegetables comprises the following steps:
1) in the early 8 months, soaking seeds of the towel gourd in warm soup for germination acceleration, wherein the soaking seeds of the towel gourd in warm water at 55 ℃ is carried out for 15min, the seeds of the towel gourd are fished out and cleaned after being soaked in warm water at 30-32 ℃ for 6h, and then the seeds are sown, and a plug tray with 50 holes is adopted;
2) harvesting the first green vegetables in late 8 months, continuously sowing the second green vegetables after ploughing, and dressing 8-10 kg/667m of Jianli after 12 days2
3) Before field planting of the luffa, fertilizing materials in open holes at positions 60cm away from the inner side of the greenhouse on two sides, wherein the plant distance of the luffa is 30cm, and applying compound fertilizers in the open holes in the middle of every two luffa plants, wherein 5.8-6.2 Kg of compound fertilizers are applied per mu;
4) planting towel gourd in 10-20 days after 8 months, and taking sun-shading and water-replenishing measures; when the length of the towel gourd reaches 15-20 cm, supporting the towel gourd by using a bamboo pole, and installing a 40 cm-40 cm plastic grid as a climbing frame support on the inner side of the greenhouse; at the initial fruit stage, cutting off all lateral vines, and binding the vines with grass ropes for 2-3 times;
5) the main vines are put on the shed roof and grow; the towel gourd is hung on the shed roof vertically; applying fertilizer for 1 time by combining with watering at intervals of 10-20 days, wherein each time is 667m25-8 kg of fertilizer healthy elements are applied by flushing, and 10-15 kg of ternary compound fertilizer is applied at intervals; and (5) harvesting 8-12 days after fruit setting.
(4) The mushroom planting method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) harvesting the small green vegetables at the end of 9-10 months, digging a 1.8 m-1.8 m pool with the depth of 50cm, and spreading a layer of quicklime on the pool; in 10-month middle ten days, planting shiitake mushrooms and pleurotus eryngii in a shed below a shed roof where luffa vines climb; placing mushroom and pleurotus eryngii strains in a pool; before placement, cutting off the fungus bags, horizontally placing the fungus bags, wherein the row spacing is 4cm, the bag spacing is 2cm, the gap part is filled with soil, and the opening of the bag is covered with 1-2 cm of fine soil; covering a black sunshade net, and removing the sunshade net when fruiting is started; before fruiting, the temperature is controlled to be 16-25 ℃, the temperature difference is controlled to be 5-10 ℃, the relative humidity is controlled to be 80-90%, and water spraying and ventilation measures are adopted in the period; the humidity of the fruiting period is controlled to be 85-95%, and the highest temperature is guaranteed not to exceed 30 ℃; fruiting pleurotus eryngii for 8-9 days, and fruiting shiitake mushrooms for 10-12 days; after the mushrooms and the pleurotus eryngii are planted and collected, the waste materials are smashed and ploughed into the field.
Further, the sowing of the small green vegetables in the step (2) adopts broadcasting.
Further, in the step (3), the watering times and water amount are controlled in the later stage of the melon bearing; in the whole growth period of the towel gourd, combining the tendrils management and the harvest of the towel gourd, detasseling and removing tendrils according to the growth condition of the towel gourd, and cutting off old leaves, diseased leaves and weak leaves.
And further, collecting the planted mushrooms and the pleurotus eryngii in the step (4) when the weather is clear and the relative humidity of the air is low, and not spraying water in 4 hours before collection.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following positive effects:
1. according to the characteristic that vine vegetables and mushrooms like yin, crops are interplanted and cultivated in a three-dimensional mode, wherein the crops comprise peanuts, small green vegetables, towel gourds, mushrooms and pleurotus eryngii. Peanuts are traditional economic crops and oil crops in Taizhou city, have high nutritional value and are favored to sandy soil environment; the fragrant towel gourd is a special vegetable variety in Thai city, has light fragrance, has the functions of clearing heat and quenching thirst, is deeply favored by people, has the tendrils of towel gourd, has the life habit of climbing depending on a bracket, and is very suitable for three-dimensional cultivation of melon vegetables in facilities; the small green vegetables are deeply loved by people in summer, but because the temperature is high, the diseases and the pests are more, the small green vegetables are in short supply in summer in production, and the insect-proof net is arranged in the greenhouse, so that the occurrence of the diseases and the pests is favorably reduced; the environment in which the edible fungi are fond of shade is an ideal choice for three-dimensional planting. According to the invention, small green vegetables are planted in the early stage of seedling raising and growth of the loofah, the tendrils provide natural light-resistant cultivation conditions for the edible fungi after the loofah is capped and matured, and meanwhile, the fungus materials can be used as organic matters after the edible fungi are harvested, so that the soil fertility and the soil looseness are increased. In the invention, the crops combine the characteristics of the crops, good conditions are provided for the growth of other crops, and the layering on the cultivation obviously improves the land utilization rate.
2. The invention can obviously improve the land utilization rate and the benefit of the land unit area, and is an important measure for promoting the agricultural efficiency improvement, increasing the income of farmers and ensuring the sustainable stable healthy development of agriculture.
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples.
A three-dimensional ecological planting method for grain, vegetable and mushroom comprises crop rotation arrangement, seeding, fertilizing and weeding, pest control and harvesting.
Example 1
The arrangement of the crop rotation is as follows: planting peanuts in 4 months, planting green vegetables in 7 months, planting towel gourds in 8 months, planting green vegetables, planting mushrooms and pleurotus eryngii in 10 months; the method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) the greenhouse peanut seeding specifically comprises the following steps:
1) preparing soil at the bottom of 3 months, applying 1000Kg of commercial organic fertilizer per mu, wherein the total nutrients of the commercial organic fertilizer are as follows: n + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, and organic matter is more than or equal to 45 percent;
2) ridging, wherein the width of each ridge is 80cm, the height of each ridge is 15-18 cm, the width of each ridge surface is 45-50 cm, and a PPC black biodegradable film is covered; yellow plates of 10cm multiplied by 20cm are hung in the shed according to the ratio of 30-40 blocks/667 m2The density of the greenhouse is hung between rows or plants and is higher than the tops of the plants, and insect-proof nets are arranged on two sides of the greenhouse;
3) at the beginning of 4 months, mixing uniformly seeds with 600g/L imidacloprid suspension seed coating agent 30-40 ml, Liangdong 30ml and 200g/L (20%) chlorantraniliprole suspension agent 20-30 ml with water 250-300 ml, airing and sowing peanut seeds; sowing 2 rows in each ridge, wherein the hole distance is 18cm, 2 seeds are sowed in each hole, and each mu is 9000-9500 holes; watering in the flowering and pod bearing periods when drought occurs;
(2) sowing the small green vegetables and harvesting the peanuts, and specifically comprises the following steps:
1) harvesting in the middle and last ten days of 7 months when the peanuts are full;
2) applying 500Kg of commercial organic fertilizer in combination with ploughing and turning over per mu, and sowing small green vegetables, wherein the total nutrients of the commercial organic fertilizer are as follows: n + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the organic matter is more than or equal to 45 percent, in the embodiment, the sowed small green vegetables are sowed; during the period of sowing small green vegetables, cabbage caterpillars and aphids are controlled, 1000-time liquid of bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) wettable powder is sprayed for 6-7 days and is sprayed for 2 times continuously during the full-term incubation period of eggs;
(3) the sowing of the towel gourd and the small green vegetables comprises the following steps:
1) in the early 8 months, soaking seeds of the towel gourd in warm soup for germination acceleration, wherein the soaking seeds of the towel gourd in warm water at 55 ℃ is carried out for 15min, the seeds of the towel gourd are fished out and cleaned after being soaked in warm water at 30-32 ℃ for 6h, and then the seeds are sown, and a plug tray with 50 holes is adopted;
2) harvesting the first green vegetables in late 8 months, continuously sowing the second green vegetables after ploughing, and dressing 8-10 kg/667m of Jianli after 12 days2
3) Before field planting of the luffa, fertilizing materials in open holes at positions 60cm away from the inner side of the greenhouse on two sides, wherein the plant distance of the luffa is 30cm, and applying compound fertilizers in the open holes in the middle of every two luffa plants, wherein 5.8-6.2 Kg of compound fertilizers are applied per mu;
4) planting towel gourd in 10-20 days after 8 months, and taking sun-shading and water-replenishing measures; when the length of the towel gourd reaches 15-20 cm, supporting the towel gourd by using a bamboo pole, and installing a 40 cm-40 cm plastic grid as a climbing frame support on the inner side of the greenhouse; in the initial fruit stage, in order to ensure the growth and fruit bearing of main vines and improve the early-stage yield, all side vines are cut off and tied with grass ropes for 2-3 times;
5) the main vines are put on the shed roof and grow. The loofah is hung vertically on the shed roof to prevent the loofah from transversely growing in eyes, so that the loofah strips are ensured to be tidy; at the moment, the loofah needs more fertilizer water, and the fertilizer is generally applied by combining watering at intervals of 10-20 days for 1 time, wherein each 667m of the fertilizer water is applied25-8 kg of fertilizer fortifying element can be applied by flushing, and 10-15 kg of ternary compound fertilizer can be applied at intervals. And controlling watering times and water quantity in the late stage of the melon bearing. In the whole growth period of the towel gourd, tendrils of the towel gourd are required to be removed and harvested, tendrils are usually removed by emasculation, and old leaves, diseased leaves and weak leaves are cut off; harvesting about 10 days after fruit setting;
(4) the mushroom planting method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) harvesting the small green vegetables at the end of 9-10 months, digging a 1.8 m-1.8 m pool with the depth of 50cm, and spreading a layer of quicklime on the pool; in 10-month middle ten days, planting shiitake mushrooms and pleurotus eryngii in a shed below a shed roof where luffa vines climb; placing mushroom and pleurotus eryngii strains in a pool; before placement, cutting off the fungus bags, horizontally placing the fungus bags, wherein the row spacing is 4cm, the bag spacing is 2cm, the gap part is filled with soil, and the opening of the bag is covered with 1-2 cm of fine soil; covering a black sunshade net, and removing the sunshade net when fruiting is started; before fruiting, the temperature is controlled to be 16-25 ℃, the temperature difference is controlled to be 5-10 ℃, the relative humidity is controlled to be 80-90%, and water spraying and ventilation measures are adopted in the period; the humidity of the fruiting period is controlled to be 85-95%, and the highest temperature is guaranteed not to exceed 30 ℃; fruiting pleurotus eryngii for 8-9 days, and fruiting shiitake mushrooms for 10-12 days; harvesting in sunny weather and with low relative humidity of air as much as possible, and spraying water for 4 hours before harvesting to reduce water content of mushroom body and prolong fresh-keeping time. After the mushrooms are all harvested, the waste materials are smashed and ploughed into the field.
The mu benefit of the embodiment is about 1.42 ten thousand yuan, and the specific economic benefit is shown in table 1:
TABLE 1 three-dimensional ecological planting of grain, vegetable and mushroom mu output value and benefit analysis table
Figure GDA0002984927650000071
Note: the investment cost mainly comprises the cost of seeds, pesticides, fertilizers, labor, greenhouse depreciation and the like.

Claims (4)

1. A three-dimensional ecological planting method for grain, vegetable and mushroom is characterized in that: comprises the following steps of crop rotation arrangement, sowing, fertilizing and weeding, pest control and harvesting, wherein the crop rotation arrangement comprises the following steps: planting peanuts in 4 months, planting green vegetables in 7 months, planting towel gourds in 8 months, planting green vegetables, planting mushrooms and pleurotus eryngii in 10 months; the method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) the greenhouse peanut seeding specifically comprises the following steps:
1) preparing soil at the bottom of 3 months, applying 1000Kg of commercial organic fertilizer per mu, wherein the total nutrients of the commercial organic fertilizer are as follows: n + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, and organic matter is more than or equal to 45 percent;
2) ridging, wherein the width of each ridge is 80cm, the height of each ridge is 15-18 cm, the width of each ridge surface is 45-50 cm, and a PPC black biodegradable film is covered; yellow plates of 10cm multiplied by 20cm are hung in the shed according to the ratio of 30-40 blocks/667 m2The density of the greenhouse is hung between rows or plants and is higher than the tops of the plants, and insect-proof nets are arranged on two sides of the greenhouse;
3) at the beginning of 4 months, mixing uniformly seeds with 600g/L imidacloprid suspension seed coating agent 30-40 ml, Liangdong 30ml and 200g/L (20%) chlorantraniliprole suspension agent 20-30 ml with water 250-300 ml, airing and sowing peanut seeds; sowing 2 rows in each ridge, wherein the hole distance is 18cm, 2 seeds are sowed in each hole, and each mu is 9000-9500 holes; watering in the flowering and pod bearing periods when drought occurs;
(2) sowing the small green vegetables and harvesting the peanuts, and specifically comprises the following steps:
1) harvesting in the middle and last ten days of 7 months when the peanuts are full;
2) after 500Kg of commercial organic fertilizer is applied in combination with ploughing and turning over per mu, small green vegetables are sown, wherein the total nutrients of the commercial organic fertilizer are as follows: n + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, and organic matter is more than or equal to 45 percent; during the period of sowing small green vegetables, cabbage caterpillars and aphids are controlled, 1000-time liquid of bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) wettable powder is sprayed for 6-7 days and is sprayed for 2 times continuously during the full-term incubation period of eggs;
(3) the sowing of the towel gourd and the small green vegetables comprises the following steps:
1) in the early 8 months, soaking seeds of the towel gourd in warm soup for germination acceleration, wherein the soaking seeds of the towel gourd in warm water at 55 ℃ is carried out for 15min, the seeds of the towel gourd are fished out and cleaned after being soaked in warm water at 30-32 ℃ for 6h, and then the seeds are sown, and a plug tray with 50 holes is adopted;
2) harvesting the first green vegetables in late 8 months, continuously sowing the second green vegetables after ploughing, and dressing 8-10 kg/667m of Jianli after 12 days2
3) Before field planting of the luffa, fertilizing materials in open holes at positions 60cm away from the inner side of the greenhouse on two sides, wherein the plant distance of the luffa is 30cm, and applying compound fertilizers in the open holes in the middle of every two luffa plants, wherein 5.8-6.2 Kg of compound fertilizers are applied per mu;
4) planting towel gourd in 10-20 days after 8 months, and taking sun-shading and water-replenishing measures; when the length of the towel gourd reaches 15-20 cm, supporting the towel gourd by using a bamboo pole, and installing a 40 cm-40 cm plastic grid as a climbing frame support on the inner side of the greenhouse; at the initial fruit stage, cutting off all lateral vines, and binding the vines with grass ropes for 2-3 times;
5) the main vines are put on the shed roof and grow; the towel gourd is hung on the shed roof vertically; applying fertilizer for 1 time by combining with watering at intervals of 10-20 days, wherein each time is 667m25-8 kg of fertilizer healthy elements are applied by flushing, and 10-15 kg of ternary compound fertilizer is applied at intervals; harvesting 8-12 days after fruit setting;
(4) the mushroom planting method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) harvesting the small green vegetables at the end of 9-10 months, digging a 1.8 m-1.8 m pool with the depth of 50cm, and spreading a layer of quicklime on the pool; in 10-month middle ten days, planting shiitake mushrooms and pleurotus eryngii in a shed below a shed roof where luffa vines climb; placing mushroom and pleurotus eryngii strains in a pool; before placement, cutting off the fungus bags, horizontally placing the fungus bags, wherein the row spacing is 4cm, the bag spacing is 2cm, the gap part is filled with soil, and the opening of the bag is covered with 1-2 cm of fine soil; covering a black sunshade net, and removing the sunshade net when fruiting is started; before fruiting, the temperature is controlled to be 16-25 ℃, the temperature difference is controlled to be 5-10 ℃, the relative humidity is controlled to be 80-90%, and water spraying and ventilation measures are adopted in the period; the humidity of the fruiting period is controlled to be 85-95%, and the highest temperature is guaranteed not to exceed 30 ℃; fruiting pleurotus eryngii for 8-9 days, and fruiting shiitake mushrooms for 10-12 days; after the mushrooms and the pleurotus eryngii are planted and collected, the waste materials are smashed and ploughed into the field.
2. The stereoscopic ecological planting method for the food-vegetable-mushroom according to claim 1, characterized in that: and (3) sowing the small green vegetables in the step (2).
3. The stereoscopic ecological planting method for the grain-vegetable-mushroom according to the claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: in the step (3), the watering times and water amount are controlled in the later period of the melon bearing of the towel gourd; in the whole growth period of the towel gourd, combining the tendrils management and the harvest of the towel gourd, detasseling and removing tendrils according to the growth condition of the towel gourd, and cutting off old leaves, diseased leaves and weak leaves.
4. The stereoscopic ecological planting method for the food-vegetable-mushroom according to the claim 3, characterized in that: and (4) collecting the planted mushrooms and the pleurotus eryngii in sunny weather when the relative humidity of the air is low, and not spraying water 4 hours before collection.
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