CN110743014A - 用于肿瘤无导管栓塞及热疗的pH响应聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂及其制备 - Google Patents

用于肿瘤无导管栓塞及热疗的pH响应聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂及其制备 Download PDF

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CN110743014A
CN110743014A CN201911084798.1A CN201911084798A CN110743014A CN 110743014 A CN110743014 A CN 110743014A CN 201911084798 A CN201911084798 A CN 201911084798A CN 110743014 A CN110743014 A CN 110743014A
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路德待
于莉莉
陈正鹏
陈铭枢
李芸菲
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Abstract

本发明公开了一类用于肿瘤无导管栓塞及热疗的pH响应聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂及其合成,该栓塞剂由中心功能内核纳米微球接枝pH响应性可调的聚合物链段构成。以天然L‑氨基酸及其衍生物、或烯烃基单体、或交酯环单体、或内脂类单体、或吗啉二酮类单体等作为反应物,制备出pH响应可调聚合物,通过调整pH响应可调聚合物单体单元比例控制其可在肿瘤的微酸性微环境中响应而发生凝胶化转变,再直接或与表面带有双键等功能基团的无机纳米颗粒如Au、Fe3O4、Au@Fe3O4等进行包覆,获得具有热疗和血管栓塞功能的复合材料,实现对肿瘤的无导管靶向栓塞与近距离热疗。

Description

用于肿瘤无导管栓塞及热疗的pH响应聚合物包覆无机纳米颗 粒栓塞剂及其制备
技术领域
本发明属于肿瘤多功能治疗技术领域,涉及一种pH 响应性聚合物包覆纳米颗粒新型肿瘤无导管栓塞与热疗材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
肿瘤是世界上威胁人类健康的重大疾病之一。据世界卫生组织(WHO)统计,每年全世界新增癌症患者上千万人,我国在2018年患癌人数达400余万,约占全球发病人数的20%;因肿瘤死亡人数达250余万,约占世界癌症死亡人数的25%。目前,临床治疗肿瘤的方法如外科手术、放射线疗法、(靶向)化学药物疗法等已非常成熟,同时基因疗法、免疫疗法等新方法也不断出现。经导管动脉栓塞术(transcatheter arterial embolization, TAE)是一种适用于肝癌等不能手术切除的实体肿瘤临床治疗技术,俗称为介入治疗,但存在过程较复杂、对不能超选择性插入导管的肿瘤不适用/栓后存在疼痛等副作用等诸多问题。热疗是一种新兴的近距离治疗技术,包括热灌注、微波热疗、超声波聚焦热疗、远红外辐射、射频热疗、磁热疗等。热疗通常需要复杂的温度控制系统,缺乏肿瘤特异性,容易引起呕吐、腹泻甚至心血管疾病等副作用。为了提高肿瘤治疗的特异性和有效性,减少传统放化疗等疗法的副作用,针对肿瘤特殊微环境提出的靶向精准治疗已成为未来发展趋势。相比于正常组织,肿瘤部位由于需要大量的耗氧量从而使肿瘤微环境呈弱酸性(pH =6.0~6.8),这种肿瘤内部的微环境使得pH响应性栓塞剂可靶向到达肿瘤供给血管部位形成栓塞切断供给以达到消融治疗肿瘤的效果。
近年来,生物医用高分子材料取得了长足发展,涌现出了大量的新型多功能可降解高分子医用新材料,在药物传输、靶向控释、组织工程、医疗器械等领域获得了广泛应用。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供可通过静脉注射实现肿瘤无导管栓塞术的新型栓塞热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂,该栓塞剂是设计合成的一系列具有不同结构的功能化pH响应性高分子栓塞热疗材料。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种上述栓塞剂的制备方法。
为实现上述目的,本发明所采用的技术方案是:一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂,其结构为:
Figure 3397DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
该栓塞剂由中心功能内核纳米微球接枝pH响应性可调的聚合物链段构成,pH响应性可调的聚合物链段的结构式可表示为A-B-C (A表示提供纳米微球接枝位点的反应性链段,即纳米微球接枝位点链段;B表示亲水性聚合物链段;C表示pH刺激响应链段),是以引发剂引发天然L-氨基酸及其衍生物的N-羧基环内酸酐单体、或烯烃基单体、或交酯类单体、或内脂类单体、或吗啉二酮类单体等合成的肿瘤微环境响应性栓塞剂。
纳米微球接枝位点链段(A)为:
Figure 964400DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
中的一种或者是其中的几种;
亲水性聚合物链段(B)为:
中的一种或者几种;
pH刺激响应链段(C)为聚酯类、聚乙烯基类、聚氨基酸基类中的一种或几种。具体为:
聚酯类:
Figure 182946DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
聚乙烯基类:
Figure 232942DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
聚氨基酸基类:
Figure 99267DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
通过不同引发剂(如三乙胺、哌嗪、三乙烯四胺等)引发不同单体单元(如L-谷氨酸苄酯NCA、L-酪氨酸NCA、L-半胱氨酸NCA等)制备相应的pH响应线性三嵌段聚合物,其中亲水性聚合物链段为中间嵌段,亲水性聚合物链段对聚合物溶胶-凝胶转变pH值基本没有影响;pH响应性可调的聚合物链段的一端是纳米微球接枝位点链段,该纳米微球接枝位点链段的末端或侧基带有巯基或双键等功能基团;pH响应性可调的聚合物链段的另一端为pH刺激响应链段,pH刺激响应链段由带有羧基、酚羟基等酸性基团的单体单元构成。聚合物的pH响应性主要由pH刺激响应链段基团控制。当聚氨基酸(聚合物)的pH刺激响应链段为L-谷氨酸时,聚合物pH响应值约在4.0左右;当聚氨基酸的pH刺激响应链段为半胱氨酸时,聚合物pH响应值约在8.0左右;而当聚氨基酸的pH刺激响应链段两端为酪氨酸时,聚合物pH响应值约在10.0左右。这说明聚氨基酸的pH刺激响应链段的单体单元酸性越弱,聚合物的pH响应值越高。因此聚氨基酸的溶胶-凝胶转变pH值通过调节pH刺激响应链段带有不同pKa值酸性基团的单体单元的比例来控制。在pH响应三嵌段共聚物的基础上,利用聚合物链段中的巯基或双键等功能基团与纳米颗粒(如Au NPs、Fe3O4NPs、Au@Fe3O4NPs、Fe3O4@Au NPs等)表面反应实现包覆功能化,获得可进行光热、磁热治疗及多模态造影等功能的pH响应高分子复合栓塞剂,从而有效增加栓塞剂的功能,达到更快速、更有效的治疗效果。
本发明所采用的另一个技术方案是:一种上述栓塞剂的合成方法,具体为:以侧链含有羧基和酚羟基的天然L-氨基酸及其衍生物、侧链含有羧基和巯基的天然L-氨基酸及其衍生物、或烯烃基单体、或交酯环单体、或内脂类单体、或吗啉二酮类单体为反应物,用引发剂引发单体聚合,合成pH响应可调聚合物,引发剂与单体的物质的量之比为1︰10~300;该pH响应可调聚合物的pH响应链段中含有羧基单体单元(如L-谷氨酸苄酯NCA)与含有酚羟基(如L-酪氨酸NCA)的比例为1︰1~50;或者,该pH响应可调聚合物的pH响应链段中含有羧基单体单元(如L-谷氨酸苄酯NCA)与含有巯基(如L-半胱氨酸NCA)单体单元的比例为1︰1~50。pH响应可调聚合物中的pH响应链段可由不同单体均聚或者共聚合成,该均聚或者共聚的单体的侧链含有一个羧基和一个巯基;或者,该单体的侧链含有多个羧基和多个巯基;或者,该单体的侧链含有一个羧基和一个酚羟基;或者,该单体的侧链含有多个羧基和多个酚羟基。该pH响应可调聚合物通过各链段单体单元开环聚合形成可随pH不同而发生凝胶-溶胶转化。
在以上合成的pH响应可调聚合物的基础上利用提供接枝位点链段A上的巯基基团通过点击反应形成包覆功能化纳米实心微球(具体见下文实验步骤),如:Au NPs、Fe3O4NPs、Au@Fe3O4NPs、Fe3O4@Au NPs、Fe3O4@Au NPs、γ-Fe2O3NPs、MnFe2O4 NPsand CoFe2O4NPs等中的一种,或者至少两种的混合物,获得可进行光热治疗、磁热治疗的用于肿瘤无导管栓塞及热疗的pH响应聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂。从而有效增加其功能化治疗方法和达到更快、更有效的治疗效果。该聚合物负载功能化纳米实心微球中的一种或者几种的复合物,可实现多种功能的集成,提高治疗效果,加快治疗速度。
pH响应可调聚合物的pH响应在4.5~8.5之间。通过调节pH响应可调聚合物的单体嵌段的比例来实现该材料的pH响应性可调。
本发明栓塞剂是一种可通过静脉注射来实现肿瘤无导管栓塞及热疗的新型pH响应高分子包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂。解决了现有技术中TAE治疗所用栓塞剂存在的诸多缺点及该技术本身需要高精度影像实时引导微导管介入、对不能超选择性插入靶动脉的肿瘤难以运用等问题,同时,融热疗与多模态造影于一体,提高了治疗效率和效果,实现组合诊疗。该栓塞剂所用pH响应高分子的pH响应值通过改变聚合物中不同pKa值酸性基团单体的比例来控制,使其可在由正常体液环境进入肿瘤的微酸性环境时实现溶胶向凝胶的转变;所用无机纳米颗粒为具有刺激热效应的纳米材料,如具有光热效应的金纳米材料(金纳米粒子、金纳米棒等)、具有磁热效应的纳米铁基材料(超顺磁性的Fe3O4、Fe粉、Mn等)。这些纳米材料除了具有刺激热效应以外,还兼具有一定的造影功能,如金纳米材料具有计算机断层扫描成像(CT)造影功能,超顺磁性的Fe3O4可作为磁共振成像(MRI)造影剂等,加之在聚合物上若修饰有机荧光染料、含氟含碘等有机基团等,可同时实现光学、CT、MRI等多模态造影于一体,从而最终结合多模态造影、热疗、栓塞于一体,实现诊疗一体化。本发明栓塞剂可以极大程度地简化现有技术中TAE的操作过程,提高治疗的顺应性和有效性,从而达到无痛、高效、快速的肿瘤造影与治疗。
附图说明
图1是实施例1制备的栓塞剂的pH响应性能测试图。
图2是实施例1制备的栓塞剂的细胞毒性测试图。
图3是实施例1制备的pH响应性聚合物的热成像数据图和小鼠栓塞治疗过程及肿瘤变化图。
图4是实施例1制备的pH响应性聚合物应用于小鼠活体热成像数据图。
图5是实施例1~3中制备的栓塞剂的核磁图。
图6是实施例4制备的栓塞剂的核磁图。
图7是实施例5制备的栓塞剂的核磁图。
图8是实施例6制备的栓塞剂的核磁图。
图9是实施例7制备的栓塞剂的核磁图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明进行详细说明。
实施例1
1)Au NPs的制备:在100mL装有磁力搅拌器、温度计的单颈烧瓶中加入HAuCl4∙3H2O(0.1 mg)以及50mL超纯水,形成无色透明溶液;升温至100~120℃煮沸,回流;快速滴加标定为5%的柠檬酸钠溶液10mL,反应液由无色透明转变为酒红色后继续反应15min,反应结束后在1100r/min转速下离心,得酒红色的Au NPs溶液;
2)聚(L-谷氨酸-L-酪氨酸)-聚(L-苏氨酸)-聚(L-谷氨酸-L-酪氨酸)-聚(L-半胱氨酸)的制备:在装有温度计、恒压滴液漏斗的三颈烧瓶(25 mL)中加入L-谷氨酸-5-苄酯-NCA(2-3 g)、L-酪氨酸-NCA(1.5-2.5 g)和重蒸N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(重蒸DMF)(5mL),以三乙胺(0.5mL)为引发剂,引发单体NCA进行开环聚合,磁力搅拌器搅拌均匀,反应体系在N2保护下常温反应72 h,实现两种单体的共聚,再加入L-苏氨酸-NCA(2-3 g)继续在N2保护下常温搅拌反应72h,最后加入L-半胱氨酸-NCA(0.5-1 g)在N2保护下常温搅拌反应72h后,加超纯水沉出淡黄色絮状固体后,离心得粗产物,然后将该粗产物加入LiOH水溶液(Wt=50%)和甲醇(V:V=1:5)组成的混合溶剂(20~40 mL)中进行碱解,在N2保护和45~50℃温度下搅拌反应24h,冷却至室温,加入少量的水和浓盐酸,调节pH值为2.0~3.0,形成黄色凝胶,7000r/min转速下离心三次得产物,加入NaOH溶液(Wt=50%),调节pH值为10.0~11.0,得黄色透明溶液。如此反复酸沉碱溶3次后再加酸(盐酸或硫酸),沉出白色固体,取部分测溶胶-凝胶的pH响应值,其余部分真空干燥箱烘干,得不同pH响应的聚(L-谷氨酸-L-酪氨酸)-聚(L-苏氨酸)-聚(L-谷氨酸-L-酪氨酸)-聚(L-半胱氨酸)(PGTTCs)。
3)Au@PGTTC:在装有磁力搅拌器、温度计的单颈烧瓶(100 mL)中加入步骤2)制备的不同pH响应的聚(L-谷氨酸-L-酪氨酸)-聚(L-苏氨酸)-聚(L-谷氨酸-L-酪氨酸)-聚(L-半胱氨酸)(PGTTCs)3~5g和步骤1)制备的Au NPs溶液50mL,调节反应体系pH值为10.0~11.0,在N2保护下常温反应3h后变为深紫色溶液,加酸调节该深紫色溶液的pH值为2.0~3.0,析出紫色固体,在7000r/min转速下离心三次,制得一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的不同pH响应性的聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂—Au@PGTTCs。取部分制得的栓塞剂测定凝胶pH。
实施例1制备的Au@PGTTCs的结构为:
Figure 500292DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
该结构中的圆球表示Au纳米颗粒,其中 x︰y =1︰1~100,m︰n︰p=1~100︰1~100︰1,该结构式的分子量是10000~1000000。(无导管栓塞聚合物,需要调节x︰y的比例值,使其pH响应合适,都有效果)。
实施例1制得的栓塞剂的pH响应性能测试图,如图1所示,从图中可以看出Au@PGTTC-4.5在pH值为4.5时透光率达50%,说明Au@PGTTC-4.5的凝胶-溶胶转变值为4.5;Au@PGTTC-5.8在pH值为5.8时透光率达50%,说明Au@PGTTC-5.8的凝胶-溶胶转变值为5.8;Au@PGTTC-6.0在pH值为6.0时透光率达50%,说明Au@PGTTC-6.0的凝胶-溶胶转变值为6.0;Au@PGTTC-6.4在pH值为6.4时透光率达50%,说明Au@PGTTC-6.4的凝胶-溶胶转变值为6.4。由于肿瘤微环境的pH值在6.0~6.8之间,所以栓塞剂Au@PGTTC-6.4的pH响应值最理想,可以应用于后续活体治疗。
用前述的栓塞剂Au@PGTTC-6.4进行细胞毒性测试,这项测试将Au@PGTTC-6.4溶于NaOH水溶液中(pH为7~8)配成不同浓度澄清透明溶液(1.25mg/mL、2.5mg/mL、5mg/mL、10mg/mL、20mg/mL),用CCK-8法检验栓塞剂Au@PGTTC-6.4的细胞毒性,得到图2所示细胞毒性测试条形图,图中显示,用了不同浓度栓塞剂Au@PGTTC-6.4的细胞培养皿中在72 h后细胞存活率均能达80%以上,说明栓塞剂Au@PGTTC-6.4没有细胞毒性。
图3是实施例1制备的pH响应性聚合物的热成像数据图和小鼠栓塞治疗过程及肿瘤变化图。从图中可以看出不同浓度的栓塞剂Au@PGTTC-6.4(5mg/mL、10mg/mL、15mg/mL、30mg/mL)与PBS对照组相比都具有一定的热效应,其中浓度为30 mg/mL的Au@PGTTC-6.4在5 min后温度可达45℃,说明浓度为30 mg/mL的Au@PGTTC-6.4的热性能最好,可应用于活体光热治疗。将浓度为30mg/mL的Au@PGTTC-6.4溶液应用于H22荷瘤小鼠中,治疗组与对照组相比20 d后,治疗组的肿瘤明显萎缩、消融、坏死。说明浓度为30 mg/mL的Au@PGTTC-6.4对肿瘤治疗具有良好的效果。
图4是实施例1制备的pH响应性聚合物应用于小鼠活体热成像数据图。图中显示了Au@PGTTC-6.4治疗组与PBS对照组相比H22荷瘤小鼠皮下肿瘤部位在808nm激光照射下5min后温度可达52℃,说明了Au@PGTTC-6.4具有良好的光热治疗效果。
实施例2
1)Fe3O4@OLA的制备:在100mL装有N2保护、磁力搅拌器、温度计和恒压滴液漏斗的三颈烧瓶中加入0.71g(2mmol)Fe(acac)3、2.4g(10mmol)十六醇、2mL(6mmol)OA、2mL(6mmol)OLA以及20mL二基醚,以20℃/min的升温速率升温反应至200℃,继续反应1h后升温至275℃,回流30min,冷却至室温,用醇淋洗多次,得Fe3O4@OLA;
2)将步骤1)制备的Fe3O4@OLA分散于20~50 mL甲苯中,得Fe3O4@OLA的甲苯溶液,将Fe3O4@OLA的甲苯溶液2~3 mL和三乙胺0.2~0.5 mL加入4~5 mL的 CHCl3中,在室温快速搅拌的反应条件下滴加0.2~0.5 mL丙烯酰氯,搅拌反应30min,用磁分离法分离酰化后的产物,得粗产物物,无水乙醇淋洗至少三次以除去多余溶剂(CHCl3);然后在装有磁力搅拌器和温度计的100mL单颈烧瓶中加入3~5g该粗产物和质量分数为1%的Fe3O4@Au 水溶液,调节反应体系pH值为10.0~11.0,在N2保护下常温反应3h后变为紫黑色溶液,加酸调节该紫黑色溶液pH值为5.0~6.0,析出灰黑色固体,在7000 r/min转速下离心三次,得一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂—Fe3O4@OLA@pH响应聚合物。取部分测定凝胶pH。
实施例2制备的Fe3O4@OLA@pH响应聚合物的结构为:
Figure 985631DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
该结构中的圆球表示Fe3O4纳米颗粒,其中 x︰y =1︰1~100,m︰n︰p=1~100︰1~100︰1,该结构式的分子量是10000~1000000。(无导管栓塞聚合物,需要调节x︰y的比例值,使其pH响应合适,都有效果)。
实施例3
1)Fe3O4@Au的制备:在250mL装有N2保护、磁力搅拌器、温度计和恒压滴液漏斗的三颈烧瓶中加入1.25mL的Fe3O4磁流体以及20mL经过无水处理的甲苯,升温反应至90~110℃,打开恒压滴液漏斗旋塞在搅拌下缓慢加入0.1956 g 的HAuCl4∙3H2O、4.89 mL油酸胺以及20mL甲苯,保持反应温度继续反应1h,得到黑紫色胶体,用醇淋洗多次,磁分离,得Fe3O4@Au,将Fe3O4@Au分散至20~50 mL无水甲苯中,得Fe3O4@Au甲苯溶液;
2)在装有磁力搅拌器和温度计的100 mL单颈烧瓶中加入3~5 mL步骤1)制备的Fe3O4@Au甲苯溶液和50 mL超纯水,调节反应体系pH值为10.0~11.0,在N2保护下常温反应3 h后变为深黑色溶液,加酸调节该深黑色溶液pH值为5.0~6.0,析出灰黑色固体,在7000r/min转速下离心三次,得一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂—Fe3O4@Au@pH响应聚合物,取部分测定凝胶pH。
实施例3合成的Fe3O4@Au@pH响应聚合物的结构为:
Figure 716565DEST_PATH_IMAGE010
该结构中的大圆球表示Fe3O4纳米颗粒,小圆球表示Au纳米颗粒,复合圆球表示Fe3O4@Au纳米颗粒。其中 x︰y =1︰1~100,m︰n︰p=1~100︰1~100︰1,该结构式的分子量是10000~1000000。(无导管栓塞聚合物,需要调节x︰y的比例值,使其pH响应合适,都有效果)。
实施例1~3制得的栓塞剂的核磁图,如图5所示。图中显示的巯基为纳米粒子接枝位点。
实施例4
1mL尖底离心管中加入 40mg无水 CuBr2、400μL五甲基二乙烯三胺和1mL二甲基甲基酰胺,充分震荡溶解,得催化剂。在N2保护下,将0.3g的PE-Br 聚合物 110℃溶于10mL二苯醚中,冷却至室温后注射 0.3mL的S-烯丙基O-苄基硫代碳酸酯和0.3mL的3-丁烯酸单体,放入装有液氮的杜瓦瓶中使溶液完全冷冻,抽换气三次后,在抽真空状态下自然解冻,冷冻-抽换气-解冻循环三次;将反应瓶移至手套箱中加入 200μL配好的催化剂和 1mL 的二异辛醇锡(Sn(EH)2)再拿出,70℃油浴搅拌反应 7h,得反应后混合物;将该反应后混合物滴加到冰甲醇中析出,经过滤、洗涤后,得粗产物;将该粗产物用滤纸包住放于索氏提取器中,用丙酮作溶剂在 80℃温度下回流72h,充分提取粗产物中的均聚物,然后在 60℃温度下真空干燥24h,得产物;在50mL单口烧瓶中加入1g该产物,用1.5mL重蒸DMF溶解,加入30mL蒸馏水,使产物分散到混合溶液中,再加入10mL酸溶液,该酸溶液按体积比6︰3︰1,由氢溴酸、醋酸和三氟乙酸混合而成;室温下反应12 h,脱保护,反应完成之后有大量白色沉淀析出,离心分离,将沉淀物加入到pH值为8的NaOH溶液中,完全溶解,得聚合产物;
然后,在制得的聚合产物中加入无机纳米粒子Au NPs,调节反应体系pH值为10.0~11.0,在N2保护下常温反应3h后变为深紫色溶液,加酸调节该深紫色溶液的pH值为2.0~3.0,析出紫色固体,在7000r/min转速下离心三次,制得一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂。
或者,在制得的聚合产物中加入无机纳米粒子Fe3O4 NPs,调节反应体系pH值为10.0~11.0,在N2保护下常温反应3h,加酸调节pH值为5.0~6.0,析出固体,在7000 r/min转速下离心三次,得一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂
或者,在制得的聚合产物中加入无机纳米粒子Fe3O4@Au NPs,调节反应体系pH值为10.0~11.0,在N2保护下常温反应3h,加酸调节pH值为5.0~6.0,析出固体,在7000 r/min转速下离心三次,得一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂等。
实施例4合成的栓塞剂的结构为:
Figure 160315DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
该结构中的颜色较浅的圆球表示Au纳米颗粒,深色圆球表示Fe3O4纳米颗粒,复合圆球表示Fe3O4@Au纳米颗粒,该结构式中的x︰y=1︰1~100;该结构式的分子量是10000~1000000。
实施例4制备的栓塞剂的核磁图,见图6,图中显示的巯基为纳米粒子接枝位点。
实施例5
在50mL三口烧瓶中加入L-苏氨酸 NCA(0.8 g),用3mL重蒸 1,4-二氧六环溶解,在N2保护条件下加入 1,4 环己二胺的 1,4-二氧六环溶液(0.42 mL,5.4 mg/mL),室温反应 48h,然后,加入乙醇,得白色沉淀,离心,用乙醇、乙醚洗涤 2~3 次,40℃温度下真空干燥 24 h,得到聚(L-苏氨酸);
在 50mL三颈烧瓶中加入7-氧代氧杂环庚烷-4-羧酸苄基酯(1.24 g),用5mL甲苯溶解,在 N2保护条件下加入2~5 mL异辛酸亚锡(Sn(Oct)2)的甲苯溶液(50mmol/mL),110℃反应48h,然后加入蒸馏水离心分离用乙醇、乙醚洗涤 2~3 次,40℃温度下真空干燥 24 h,得poly(G1c-alt-Asp);
在 50mL三颈烧瓶中加入新制的 L-半胱氨酸 NCA(0.8 g),用重蒸 1,4-二氧六环(3mL)溶解,在 N2保护条件下加入1,4 环己二胺的 1,4-二氧六环溶液(0.42 mL,5.4 mg/mL),室温反应 48 h,然后,加入乙醇,得白色沉淀,离心,用乙醇、乙醚洗涤 2~3 次,40℃温度下真空干燥 24h,得到聚(L-半胱氨酸)(PLCys);
在 50mL单口圆底烧瓶中依次加入聚(L-苏氨酸)、poly(G1c-alt-Asp)和PLCys各1g,用5mL DMF溶解,用摩尔体积浓度0.1 mol/mL的盐酸调节至pH=4,80℃反应24h,将反应液用蒸馏水洗涤 2~3 次,离心分离,所得固体用NaOH溶液溶解,用pH=2的盐酸调节pH至有沉淀产生,过滤,将沉淀物加入装有30mL混合溶液的圆底烧瓶中,该混合溶液按体积比10︰1,由甲醇和蒸馏水配制而成,再加入0.25g 的LiOH,50℃温度下水解反应 24 h,旋转蒸发仪旋除甲醇,完成之后有大量白色沉淀析出,过滤,得产物;
在50mL单口烧瓶中加入1g新制的产物,用1.5mL重蒸DMF溶解,加入30mL蒸馏水,使产物分散到混合溶液中,再加入NaOH溶液调节pH值为8,使产物完全溶解;然后加入1~3 mL巯基乙酸;在封闭体系中通入O2鼓泡12h,得到无色透明溶液,用摩尔体积浓度为0.1mol/mL的HCl调节pH至聚合物成凝胶,离心分离,得淡黄色固体,用乙醇、乙醚洗2~3次,40℃温度下真空干燥24h,得聚合产物;
然后,在制得的聚合产物中加入无机纳米粒子Au NPs,调节反应体系pH值为10.0~11.0,在N2保护下常温反应3h后变为深紫色溶液,加酸调节该深紫色溶液的pH值为2.0~3.0,析出紫色固体,在7000r/min转速下离心三次,制得一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂。
或者,在制得的聚合物中加入无机纳米粒子Fe3O4 NPs,调节反应体系pH值为10.0~11.0,在N2保护下常温反应3h,加酸调节pH值为5.0~6.0,析出固体,在7000 r/min转速下离心三次,得一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂
或者,在制得的聚合物中加入无机纳米粒子Fe3O4@Au NPs,调节反应体系pH值为10.0~11.0,在N2保护下常温反应3h,加酸调节pH值为5.0~6.0,析出固体,在7000 r/min转速下离心三次,得一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂等。
实施例5合成的栓塞剂的结构为:
Figure 517479DEST_PATH_IMAGE012
该结构中的浅色圆球表示Au纳米颗粒,深色圆球表示Fe3O4纳米颗粒,复合圆球表示Fe3O4@Au纳米颗粒,该结构式中的x︰y︰z=1︰1~100︰1~50;该结构式的分子量是10000~1000000。(无导管栓塞聚合物,需要调节x︰y︰z的比例值,使其pH响应合适,都有效果)。
实施例5制备的栓塞剂的核磁图,如图7所示。图中显示的巯基为纳米粒子接枝位点。
实施例6
在装有搅拌器和温度计的250mL三口瓶中,加入80mL(2mol)重蒸甲醇,在-5~0℃冰盐浴条件下,滴加8.00mL 的SOCl2,并使两者混合均匀,滴加完毕后,使温度稳定在-5~0℃,搅拌4h;然后,加入13.3g 的L-天冬氨酸,随着反应的进行,L-天冬氨酸逐渐溶解,待体系澄清后,升温至25~30℃反应1h,立即在40℃温度下,减压蒸除多余甲醇,之后,在剧烈搅拌下滴加150mL乙醚,滴加过程中有白色的针状晶体析出,滴加完毕后继续搅拌两小时,转移至温度为0~4℃的冰箱中放置12h,使结晶完全;过滤,乙醚洗涤多次,干燥得白色针状晶体,即β-天冬氨酸甲酯盐酸盐;
将200mL乙醇加入500mL三口瓶中,加入18.36g制得的β-天冬氨酸甲酯盐酸盐,在搅拌加热的条件使β-天冬氨酸甲酯盐酸盐完全溶解,当反应体系澄清后,加入20~30 mL三乙胺,立刻出现大量的白色沉淀;60℃温度下继续反应2h,抽滤得白色固体,乙醇洗涤,真空干燥得产物;将10mmol的β-天冬氨酸甲酯分别加入到20mL悬浊液中,该悬浊液按体积比1︰1,由二氧六环和水配制而成;冷却到0~5℃,然后加入5mL的2M氢氧化钠溶液,得第一溶液;
在一个恒压滴液漏斗中加入2mL (0.116 mol) 2-溴-2-巯基乙酰溴和10mL二氧六环,得第二溶液;在另一个恒压滴液漏斗中加入6mL氢氧化钠溶液; 在0~1℃温度下,将第二溶液和氢氧化钠溶液同时滴加到第一溶液中,保持溶液呈碱性,氮气保护。滴加完毕后,室温下反应30min,然后冷却到0℃以下,用盐酸调节pH值为2~3,乙酸乙酯萃取,然后用饱和食盐水洗涤有机层三次,无水硫酸镁干燥24h;滤除干燥剂,减压蒸馏蒸除溶剂,残余物冷冻至析出结晶。用100mL DMF 溶解 1g的2-(2-溴丙酰胺基)-4-甲氧基-4-氧代丁酸,加入4~6mL三乙胺,溶解澄清后移入第三个恒压滴液漏斗中;于500 mL三口瓶中加入150 mL DMF,氮气保护和温度80℃的条件下,将第三个恒压滴液漏斗中的液体滴加到三口瓶中,4~5 h滴完;滴加完毕后,继续反应3h,减压蒸馏除去DMF,饱和食盐水洗涤有机相数次;有机相用无水硫酸镁干燥12h,滤除干燥剂后减压蒸除溶剂;乙酸乙酯重结晶残余物,得2-(6-甲基-2,5-二氧代吗啉-3-基)乙酸甲酯。
然后,在制得的2-(6-甲基-2,5-二氧代吗啉-3-基)乙酸甲酯中加入无机纳米粒子Au NPs,调节反应体系pH值为10.0~11.0,在N2保护下常温反应3h后变为深紫色溶液,加酸调节该深紫色溶液的pH值为2.0~3.0,析出紫色固体,在7000r/min转速下离心三次,制得一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂。
或者,在制得的2-(6-甲基-2,5-二氧代吗啉-3-基)乙酸甲酯中加入无机纳米粒子Fe3O4 NPs,调节反应体系pH值为10.0~11.0,在N2保护下常温反应3h,加酸调节pH值为5.0~6.0,析出固体,在7000 r/min转速下离心三次,得一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂
或者,在制得的2-(6-甲基-2,5-二氧代吗啉-3-基)乙酸甲酯中加入无机纳米粒子Fe3O4@Au NPs,调节反应体系pH值为10.0~11.0,在N2保护下常温反应3h,加酸调节pH值为5.0~6.0,析出固体,在7000 r/min转速下离心三次,得一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂等。
实施例6合成的栓塞剂的结构为:
Figure 931142DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
该结构中的浅色圆球表示Au纳米颗粒,深色圆球表示Fe3O4纳米颗粒,复合圆球表示Fe3O4@Au纳米颗粒,该结构式中的m︰n=1︰1~100;该类聚合物的分子量是10000~1000000。(无导管栓塞聚合物,只要调节m︰n的比例值,使其pH响应合适,都有效果)。
实施例6制备的栓塞剂的核磁图,如图8,其中的巯基为纳米粒子接枝位点。
实施例7
在 50mL三颈烧瓶中加入1g新制的 L-苏氨酸 NCA,用3mL重蒸 1,4-二氧六环溶解,在N2保护条件下加入适量引发剂,进行聚合,反应结束后,加入乙醇,产生白色沉淀,收集沉淀物,用乙醇、乙醚洗涤 2~3 次,40℃温度下真空干燥 24h,得白色的聚(L-苏氨酸)(PLGThr);
50mL三颈烧瓶中加入0.4 g 的PLGThr,使其悬浮在 1,4-二氧六环(2mL)中,在N2保护条件下加入新制的 L-谷氨酸-5-苄酯-NCA(BLG-NCA)(1~1.2 g)和L-半胱氨酸 NCA(LCys-NCA) (1.2~1.5 g),20~30℃温度下反应6~8 h后,用无水乙醇沉淀,过滤,得到白色固体,该白色固体为聚(L-谷氨酸-5-苄酯-L-半胱氨酸)-聚(L-苏氨酸)-聚(L-谷氨酸-5-苄酯-L-半胱氨酸)(P(BLG-LCys)-PLGThr-P(BLG-LCys)),然后将该白色固体加入装有30mL用甲醇和蒸馏水(V︰V=10︰1)配制而成的混合溶液的圆底烧瓶中,再加入LiOH(0.25 g),50℃温度下水解反应 24 h,旋转蒸发仪旋除甲醇,完成之后有大量白色沉淀析出,过滤,得到聚(L-谷氨酸-L半胱氨酸)-聚(L-苏氨酸)-聚(L-谷氨酸-L半胱氨酸)(PGCTGC);
在50mL单口烧瓶中加入1g新制的PGCTGC,用1.5mL重蒸DMF溶解,然后,加入30mL蒸馏水,使PGCTGC分散到溶液中,再加入NaOH溶液调节pH值为8,使PGCTGC完全溶解。然后加入与所用PGCTGC等质量的巯基乙酸、巯基乙磺酸钠或半胱氨酸。在此封闭体系中通入O2鼓泡12h,得到无色透明溶液,用摩尔体积浓度为0.1 mol/mL的 HCl调节pH至产物成凝胶,离心分离,得淡黄色固体,用乙醇、乙醚洗2~3次,40℃温度下真空干燥24h,得聚合物。
然后,在制得的聚合物中加入无机纳米粒子Au NPs,调节反应体系pH值为10.0~11.0,在N2保护下常温反应3h后变为深紫色溶液,加酸调节该深紫色溶液的pH值为2.0~3.0,析出紫色固体,在7000r/min转速下离心三次,制得一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂。
或者,在制得的聚合物加入无机纳米粒子Fe3O4 NPs,调节反应体系pH值为10.0~11.0,在N2保护下常温反应3h,加酸调节pH值为5.0~6.0,析出固体,在7000 r/min转速下离心三次,得一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂
或者,在制得的聚合物中加入无机纳米粒子Fe3O4@Au NPs,调节反应体系pH值为10.0~11.0,在N2保护下常温反应3h,加酸调节pH值为5.0~6.0,析出固体,在7000 r/min转速下离心三次,得一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞和热疗的pH响应性聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂等。
实施例7制备的栓塞剂的结构为:
Figure 690151DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
该结构中的浅色圆球表示Au纳米颗粒,深色圆球表示Fe3O4纳米颗粒,复合圆球表示Fe3O4@Au纳米颗粒,该结构式中的m︰n=1︰1~100;该类聚合物的分子量是10000~1000000。
实施例7制备的栓塞剂的核磁图,如图9所示,其中的巯基为纳米粒子接枝位点。

Claims (5)

1.一种用于肿瘤无导管栓塞及热疗的pH响应聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂,其特征在于,该栓塞剂由中心功能内核纳米微球接枝pH响应性可调聚合物链段构成,pH响应性可调聚合物链段的结构式为A-B-C,A表示纳米微球接枝位点链段,B表示亲水性聚合物链段,C表示pH刺激响应链段;该栓塞剂以引发剂引发天然L-氨基酸及其衍生物的N-羧基环内酸酐单体、或烯烃基单体、或交酯类单体、或内脂类单体、或吗啉二酮类单体合成。
2.如权利要求1所述的用于肿瘤无导管栓塞及热疗的pH响应聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂,其特征在于,所述的纳米微球接枝位点链段为:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
中的一种或者是其中的几种;
亲水性聚合物链段为:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
中的一种或几种;;
pH刺激响应链段为聚酯类、聚乙烯基类、聚氨基酸基类中的一种或几种。
3.如权利要求2所述的用于肿瘤无导管栓塞及热疗的pH响应聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂,其特征在于,所述的pH刺激响应链段中:
聚酯类:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
聚乙烯基类:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
聚氨基酸基类:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
4.一种权利要求1所述用于肿瘤无导管栓塞及热疗的pH响应聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂的合成方法,其特征在于,该合成方法具体为:以侧链含有羧基和酚羟基、羧基和巯基的一种或多种天然L-氨基酸及其衍生物、或烯烃基单体、或交酯环单体、或内脂类单体、或吗啉二酮类单体为反应物,引发剂引发单体聚合,合成pH响应可调聚合物,引发剂与单体的物质的量之比为1︰10~300;该pH响应可调聚合物的pH响应链段中含有羧基单体单元与含有酚羟基的比例为1︰1~50;或者,该pH响应可调聚合物的pH响应链段中含有羧基单体单元与含有巯基单体单元的比例为1︰1~50;该pH响应可调聚合物通过各链段单体单元开环聚合形成可随pH不同而发生凝胶-溶胶转化;在以上合成的pH响应可调聚合物的基础上利用提供接枝位点链段A上的巯基基团通过点击反应形成包覆功能化纳米实心微球,或者至少两种的混合物,获得可进行光热治疗、磁热治疗的用于肿瘤无导管栓塞及热疗的pH响应聚合物包覆无机纳米颗粒栓塞剂。
5.如权利要求4所述一种新型栓塞剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中,负载功能化纳米实心微球如:Au NPs、Fe3O4NPs、Au@Fe3O4NPs、获得可进行光热治疗、磁热治疗的pH响应的聚氨基酸栓塞剂,从而有效增加其功能化治疗方法和达到更快、更有效的治疗效果。
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