CN110685692B - Frame mining method - Google Patents
Frame mining method Download PDFInfo
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- CN110685692B CN110685692B CN201911077387.XA CN201911077387A CN110685692B CN 110685692 B CN110685692 B CN 110685692B CN 201911077387 A CN201911077387 A CN 201911077387A CN 110685692 B CN110685692 B CN 110685692B
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- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 229910001294 Reinforcing steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21C—MINING OR QUARRYING
- E21C41/00—Methods of underground or surface mining; Layouts therefor
- E21C41/16—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor
- E21C41/22—Methods of underground mining; Layouts therefor for ores, e.g. mining placers
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
- E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
- E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
- E21D11/107—Reinforcing elements therefor; Holders for the reinforcing elements
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D15/00—Props; Chocks, e.g. made of flexible containers filled with backfilling material
- E21D15/005—Props; Chocks, e.g. made of flexible containers filled with backfilling material characterised by the material
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
- E21F13/00—Transport specially adapted to underground conditions
- E21F13/04—Transport of mined material in gravity inclines; in staple or inclined shafts
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D3/00—Particular applications of blasting techniques
- F42D3/04—Particular applications of blasting techniques for rock blasting
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)
Abstract
The disclosure relates to a frame mining method, comprising the following steps: a. arranging a concrete bottom in a bottom roadway below the ore block, and arranging a chute in the concrete bottom; b. blasting layer by layer from the bottom of the ore block; b1. conveying out ores through a chute port after each explosion; b2. after the ore is transported out, arranging a middle concrete roof in a stope space; b3. concrete chutes communicated with the chute openings are arranged between the middle concrete tops and the concrete bottom and between the two adjacent middle concrete tops; c. after each blasting, the surrounding rock is caved from the bottoms of the two sides of the ore block; d. after the ore is completely transported out, arranging an upper concrete roof above the middle concrete roof at the uppermost layer; e. pouring the pedestrian to form a concrete column along the road. Through the technical scheme, the ore blocks are blasted layer by layer, and after the ore is blasted and conveyed out each time, the stope space is supported by the multiple layers of middle concrete tops, so that the operation safety can be improved. After the blasting is finished, the concrete column is arranged, so that the whole stope space is supported by the rectangular frame formed by the concrete column, the concrete bottom and the upper concrete top, and the ground pressure is effectively stabilized.
Description
Technical Field
The disclosure relates to the technical field of mining, in particular to a frame-type mining method.
Background
Depending on the geological conditions in which the vein is located and the nature of the vein itself, different mining methods are used in the prior art. For thin seams, such as gold ores with a width of 0.5 m to 1 m, the mining is usually performed by a cut-wall filling method. In the related art, the cut wall filling method generally collapses ore vein once, recovers the ore, collapses surrounding rock once, fills the stope space where the raw ore is located with the surrounding rock, and circulates the steps until the stope is finished.
However, in the mining process, the ore vein is too narrow, so that the ore falling amount is small, surrounding rocks are easy to mix into an ore heap after the surrounding rocks are collapsed, the loss of high-grade fine ores is large, and the mining cost is increased. Meanwhile, with the increase of the mining amount, the mining depth is gradually increased, the ground pressure at the mining part is gradually increased, the simple filling cannot meet the requirement of a stope after stable filling, and the difficulty is brought to normal stope safety management and effective recovery of ores.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the disclosure is to provide a frame mining method, so as to solve the problems of mineral powder depletion, large loss and large safety risk in mining in the related technology.
In order to achieve the above object, the present disclosure provides a frame mining method, characterized in that the mining method comprises the steps of:
a. arranging a concrete bottom in a bottom roadway below the ore block, arranging a chute in the concrete bottom, forming an ore drawing space below the concrete bottom, and forming a first operation space between the concrete bottom and the ore block;
b. blasting layer by layer from the bottom of the ore block;
b1. conveying out ores through the chute after each explosion;
b2. after the ore is transported out, arranging a middle concrete roof in a stope space for bearing the ore during ore falling, wherein a second operation space is formed between the middle concrete roof and an ore block which is not subjected to ore falling;
b3. concrete chutes communicated with the chute openings are arranged between the middle concrete tops and the concrete bottom and between two adjacent middle concrete tops;
c. after each blasting, caving the surrounding rock from the bottoms of the two sides of the ore block to form a pedestrian direct path;
d. after the ore is completely transported out, arranging an upper concrete roof above the middle concrete roof at the uppermost layer;
e. and pouring the pedestrian to form concrete columns along the road, so that the concrete bottom, the upper concrete top and the two concrete columns form a closed frame in an enclosing manner.
Optionally, in step b, the top of the concrete chute is flush with the top of the middle concrete roof, and the top of the concrete chute is covered by a shed before each ore falling.
Optionally, in step b, before each blast, a rubber mat for carrying ore is laid at the bottom of the stope space.
Optionally, in step b, the surrounding rock and the roof of the stope are supported after the ore break.
Optionally, at step b1, the surrounding rock is supported while the ore is being hauled out.
Optionally, in step b2, a framework of the middle concrete roof is formed by the steel bars which are staggered transversely and longitudinally, concrete is filled in the framework, and the middle concrete roof is supported in the surrounding rock through anchor rods; and d, forming a framework of the upper concrete top through the transversely and longitudinally staggered reinforcing steel bars, filling concrete, and supporting the upper concrete top to the surrounding rock through an anchor rod.
Optionally, in step c, the caving surrounding rock is recovered through the concrete chute for standby.
Optionally, in step c, the pedestrian is supported layer by layer, and in step e, before the pedestrian is poured to form the concrete column along the road, the support material is recovered for standby.
Through the technical scheme, when mining is carried out on the thin veins, the ore blocks are blasted layer by layer, the ore is caved layer by layer, and after the ore is blasted and transported out at each time, the stope space is supported through the middle concrete top in multiple layers, so that the ground pressure is stabilized, and the operation safety can be improved. After blasting is finished, the concrete columns are arranged, so that the whole stope space is supported by a rectangular frame formed by the concrete columns, the concrete bottom and the upper concrete top, and a plurality of layers of middle concrete tops are arranged in the frame, so that ground pressure is effectively and stably pressed. In addition, when the ore blocks are blasted, the ore falls to the bottom of the concrete or the top of the middle concrete without mixing with surrounding rocks, so that the dilution loss of the ore powder can be reduced.
Additional features and advantages of the disclosure will be set forth in the detailed description which follows.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the disclosure and together with the description serve to explain the disclosure without limiting the disclosure. In the drawings:
fig. 1 is a frame mining method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a stope space prior to mining in a mining method provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a stope space during mining in a mining method provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a stope space after ore is completely removed in a mining method provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 5 is a schematic view of a stope space after mining is completed in a method of mining provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 6 is a schematic view of an intermediate concrete roof in a mining method provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Description of the reference numerals
10-lumps; 21-concrete bottom; 22-loading a concrete roof; 23-central concrete top; 24-concrete column; 201-reinforcing steel bars; 202-concrete; 203-anchor rod; 31-ore drawing space; 32-a first operating space; 33-a second operating space; 41-concrete draw shaft; 42-raise; 50-surrounding rock; 60-the pedestrian is on the way.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of specific embodiments of the present disclosure is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the present disclosure, are given by way of illustration and explanation only, not limitation.
In the present disclosure, when not stated to the contrary, the use of the directional words such as "upper" and "lower" refers to the position above and below the actual position of the stope, and specifically, the direction of the drawing of fig. 2 to 5 can be referred to.
In mining, referring to fig. 2, a vertical raise 42 is firstly opened from the middle of the ore block 10 for ventilation and serving as a transportation channel, and a bottom roadway is opened at the bottom of the ore block 10 for transporting the collapsed ore after mining. The method provided by the disclosure is applied to the open of the patio 42 on the ore block 10, and after a bottom roadway is formed at the bottom of the ore block 10, namely after the preparation work for mining is finished. The stope space described below refers to the entire space in which the ore block 10 before caving and the ore block 11 after caving are located, that is, the area between the concrete bottom 21 and the upper concrete roof 22, and includes a first operating space 32, a second operating space 33, and the like described below.
Referring to fig. 1, the frame mining method provided by the present disclosure includes the steps of:
a. a concrete bottom 21 is arranged in a bottom roadway below the ore block 10, a chute is arranged in the concrete bottom 21, an ore drawing space 31 is formed below the concrete bottom 21, and a first operation space 32 is formed between the concrete bottom 21 and the ore block 10, as shown in figure 2. Wherein, the concrete bottom 21 can be pressed stably, the ore drawing space 31 is used as a channel for transporting ores after mining, and the first operation space 32 is used as an active area of constructors before primary blasting. A plurality of chutes can be arranged at intervals according to the length of the ore block, for example, one chute can be arranged at intervals of 10 meters for the ore block with the length of 100 meters.
b. Blasting layer by layer from the bottom of the block 10 until the blasting of the entire block 10 is complete, see fig. 3. In step b, the following substeps are also included: b1. conveying out ores through a chute port after each explosion; c2. after the ores are conveyed out, the middle concrete roof 23 is arranged in the stope space and used for bearing the ores during ore falling, a second operation space 33 is formed between the middle concrete roof 23 and the ore blocks 10 which are not subjected to ore falling, the second operation space 33 is used as an activity area of constructors before blasting each time, and the middle concrete roof 23 can ensure the safety of the constructors while stabilizing the ground pressure; b3. a concrete chute 41 is provided. In the sub-step b3, specifically, after the first blasting, a concrete chute 41 communicated with the chute is arranged between the middle concrete roof 23 and the concrete bottom 21, after the subsequent blasting, a concrete chute 41 is arranged between two adjacent middle concrete roofs 23, and the concrete chutes 41 of each layer are communicated with each other and the chute of the concrete bottom 21. The concrete chute 41 can ensure ventilation of the stope space on one hand, and on the other hand, can be used as a channel for transporting out ores and can also be used as a material for transporting in concrete, reinforcing steel bars and the like for constructing the middle concrete roof 23. In addition, the concrete chute 41 is supported between the concrete bottom 21 and the middle concrete roof 23 or between two layers of middle concrete roofs 23, so that the ground pressure can be further stabilized, and the safety of constructors can be ensured particularly when the concrete chute is applied to a deeper mining depth.
c. After each blast, the surrounding rock 50 is broken down from the bottom on either side of the block 10 to form a pedestrian walkway 60, see fig. 4. As the mining height increases from layer to layer, the constructor needs to support the pedestrian crosswalk 60 layer by layer upwards until the mining is finished. It should be noted here that the sequence of steps c and b2, b3 may be adapted to the actual production, for example, according to one embodiment, the construction may be performed in the sequence of b2-c-b3, that is, after the ore is transported out, the surrounding rock 50 is firstly collapsed, and then the concrete chute 41 is arranged. Furthermore, according to one embodiment, in step c, the caving surrounding rock 50 may be recovered through the concrete chute 41 for use, for example, as backfill material for other stopes, and this portion of surrounding rock 50 may be carried out through the same path as the ore. According to another embodiment, the caving surrounding rock 50 can be retained between the concrete bottom 21 and the middle concrete top 23 or between two adjacent middle concrete tops 23.
d. After the ore has been completely removed, an upper concrete roof 22 is arranged above the uppermost intermediate concrete roof 23, see fig. 4. The upper concrete roof 22 is located at the uppermost part of the stope space and is used as a protective cover of the stope space, so that the safety of constructors is ensured while the ground pressure is stabilized.
e. And pouring the pedestrian along the road 60 to form the concrete columns 24, so that the concrete bottom 21, the upper concrete top 22 and the two concrete columns 24 form a closed frame, which is shown in figure 5.
Through the technical scheme, when mining is carried out on a thin ore vein, the ore blocks 10 are blasted layer by layer, the ore is collapsed layer by layer, after the ore is blasted and transported out each time, the stope space is supported through the multiple layers of middle concrete roofs 23, the earth pressure is stabilized, and the operation safety can be improved. After blasting is finished, the concrete column 24 is arranged, so that the whole stope space is supported by a rectangular frame formed by the concrete column 24, the concrete bottom 21 and the upper concrete top 22, and a plurality of layers of middle concrete tops 23 and concrete chutes 41 are further arranged in the frame, so that ground pressure is effectively stabilized. In addition, when the ore block 10 is blasted, the ore falls to the concrete bottom 21 or the middle concrete top 23 and is not mixed with the surrounding rock, so that the dilution loss of the ore powder can be reduced.
According to some embodiments, in step b, the top of the concrete chute 41 may be flush with the top of the middle concrete roof 23 and the top of the shed concrete chute 41 is open before each ore drop. Therefore, the ore can not directly impact the concrete chute 41 during each ore caving, and the ore is prevented from directly falling into the concrete chute 41 during the ore caving. Specifically, a rubber mat can be covered on the top of the concrete chute 41, that is, the rubber mat blocks the chute mouth, so that an effective buffering effect is achieved. Similarly, a shed may be placed above the concrete bottom 21 prior to the first blast.
According to some embodiments, at step b, before each blast, a rubber mat for carrying ore may be laid at the bottom of the stope space. Specifically, before the first blasting of the block 10, a rubber mat is laid on the concrete bottom 21, and during the subsequent blasting, a rubber mat is laid on the corresponding middle concrete top 23. The cushion can be provided with the polylith, the overlap joint between the adjacent cushion, and cushion edge hem is in order to form and accomodate the effect. By arranging the rubber mat, on one hand, the buffer effect can be realized during ore falling, and the loss of ore powder is reduced; on the other hand, when the ore is transported out, the rubber mat can be extracted to transport the whole ore out, and the efficiency is improved.
According to some embodiments, at step b, the surrounding rock 50 and the stope roof may be supported after each ore break. Here, the stope roof refers to the lower surface of the unblasted lump 10, for example, the portion indicated by the line a in fig. 3. Because the surrounding rocks around can be influenced by the impact generated during blasting, the stope roof is also loose, and after each blasting, the surrounding rocks 50 beside and the stope roof can be supported to stabilize the surrounding rocks 50 and the ore blocks 10 and ensure the safety of the stope. The supporting mode can be any appropriate mode such as a cross brace supporting mode, a column supporting mode, a concrete supporting mode and the like.
According to some embodiments, referring to fig. 6, in step b2, a framework of the middle concrete roof 22 may be formed by the reinforcing bars 201 staggered in the horizontal and vertical directions, concrete 202 is filled in, and the middle concrete roof 23 is supported into the surrounding rock 50 by the anchor rods 203; in step d, a framework of the upper concrete roof 22 can be formed by the reinforcing steel bars 201 which are staggered transversely and longitudinally, the concrete 202 is filled, and the upper concrete roof 22 is supported in the surrounding rock 50 through the anchor rods 203, so that the upper concrete roof 22 and the middle concrete roof 23 which can be stably supported are formed.
According to some embodiments, at step b2, the surrounding rock 50 is supported while the ore is being hauled out, i.e., run out while supporting. Thus, the surrounding rock 50 is supported after each construction to stabilize the surrounding rock 50.
According to some embodiments, at step e, the shoring material may first be recovered to be kept ready for use before pouring the pedestrian walkway 60 to form the concrete column 24.
The preferred embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, however, the present disclosure is not limited to the specific details of the above embodiments, and various simple modifications may be made to the technical solution of the present disclosure within the technical idea of the present disclosure, and these simple modifications all belong to the protection scope of the present disclosure.
It should be noted that, in the foregoing embodiments, various features described in the above embodiments may be combined in any suitable manner, and in order to avoid unnecessary repetition, various combinations that are possible in the present disclosure are not described again.
In addition, any combination of various embodiments of the present disclosure may be made, and the same should be considered as the disclosure of the present disclosure, as long as it does not depart from the spirit of the present disclosure.
Claims (8)
1. A frame mining method, characterized in that the mining method comprises the steps of:
a. arranging a concrete bottom (21) in a bottom roadway below the ore block (10), arranging a chute in the concrete bottom (21), forming an ore drawing space (31) below the concrete bottom (21), and forming a first operation space (32) between the concrete bottom (21) and the ore block (10);
b. blasting layer by layer from the bottom of the ore block (10);
b1. conveying out ores through the chute after each explosion;
b2. after the ore is conveyed out, arranging an intermediate concrete roof (23) in the stope space for bearing the ore during ore falling, wherein a second operation space (33) is formed between the intermediate concrete roof (23) and the ore block (10) without ore falling;
b3. concrete chutes (41) communicated with the chute openings are arranged between the middle concrete tops (23) and the concrete bottom (21) and between two adjacent middle concrete tops (23);
c. after each blasting, the surrounding rocks (50) are caved from the bottoms of the two sides of the ore block (10) to form a pedestrian direct path (60);
d. after the ore is completely transported out, an upper concrete roof (22) is arranged above a middle concrete roof (23) at the uppermost layer;
e. and pouring the pedestrian along the road (60) to form concrete columns (24), so that the concrete bottom (21), the upper concrete top (22) and the two concrete columns (24) enclose a closed frame.
2. Mining method according to claim 1, characterised in that in step b the top of the concrete shaft (41) is flush with the top of the intermediate concrete roof (23) and the canopy protects the top opening of the concrete shaft (41) before each ore drop.
3. A mining method according to claim 1, characterised in that in step b, before each blast, a rubber mat for carrying ore is laid at the bottom of the stope space.
4. A mining method according to claim 1, characterised in that in step b the surrounding rock (50) and the roof of the stope are supported after the ore has been dropped.
5. A mining method according to claim 1, characterised in that in step b1 the surrounding rock (50) is supported while the ore is being hauled out.
6. Mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that in step b2 the skeleton of the middle concrete roof (22) is formed by cross and longitudinal staggered steel bars (201), filled with concrete (202) and the middle concrete roof (23) is braced into the surrounding rock (50) by anchor rods (203); in the step d, a framework of the upper concrete roof (22) is formed through the steel bars (201) which are staggered transversely and longitudinally, concrete (202) is filled, and the upper concrete roof (22) is supported into the surrounding rock (50) through anchor rods (203).
7. Mining method according to claim 1, characterized in that in step c, the caving surrounding rock (50) is recovered through the concrete chute (41) for standby.
8. Mining method according to claim 1, characterised in that at step c the pedestrian walkway (60) is braced layer by layer and at step e the bracing material is recovered for use before the pedestrian walkway (60) is poured to form the concrete column (24).
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| CN201911077387.XA CN110685692B (en) | 2019-11-06 | 2019-11-06 | Frame mining method |
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| CN201911077387.XA CN110685692B (en) | 2019-11-06 | 2019-11-06 | Frame mining method |
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| CN112065402B (en) * | 2020-08-28 | 2023-03-31 | 内蒙古金陶股份有限公司 | Construction method of pedestrian conveying channel in mining stope |
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