CN110684666A - 一种含硒桡足类的培养方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及水产养殖技术领域,公开了一种含硒桡足类的培养方法,包括如下步骤:在小球藻基础培养基中加入Na2SeO3,制成含硒培养基;将新鲜小球藻液加入基础培养基中,在发酵罐中进行前培养;将前培养后的小球藻用水洗涤后加入含硒培养基中,通风搅拌培养得到含硒小球藻;用含硒小球藻作为饵料,对桡足类进行培养,得到含硒桡足类。本发明用含硒培养基对小球藻进行培养,然后再用含硒小球藻对桡足类进行喂养,可以成功培养出含硒量较高的桡足类,含硒小球藻中的硒元素可以有效被桡足类吸收,并且不会对桡足类产生毒性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水产养殖技术领域,尤其是涉及一种含硒桡足类的培养方法。
背景技术
桡足类俗称水蚤、虾籽,隶属于节肢动物门、甲壳纲、桡足亚纲,是海洋浮游动物的一个重要组成部份;其体内不饱和脂肪酸含量高、并含有鱼虾蟹生长发育的必需氨基酸,是营养全面的海水鱼虾蟹的活饵料。实践证明,海水人工育苗投喂桡足类可提高海水鱼虾蟹幼体的成活率与活力,因而在海水育苗中用桡足类作饵料日益被人们所接受与重视。
硒是鱼类的必需微量元素之一,具有抗氧化、增强机体免疫能力、调节机体代谢、增强繁殖能力、降低某些有毒元素毒性等功能。硒缺乏会造成鱼类的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性降低、机体抗氧化能力减弱、致使机体自由基堆积、防病抗病能力下降。
现有的水产养殖技术中,桡足类等生物饵料中不含硒或硒含量极低,鱼类硒的补充主要依靠在人工饲料中添加硒元素,例如,在中国专利文献上公开的“一种具有提高疾病抵抗力功效的草鱼膨化饲料配方”,其公告号CN109566916A,组分包括:豆粕、面粉、全脂米糠、酒糟、花生粕、豆油、磷酸二氢钙、氯化胆碱、赖氨酸、固体蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、复合预混料、VC、食盐、有机硒、胆汁酸盐、中草药。
但在水产养殖过程中,一般在鱼类生长后期才会投喂人工饲料,仔鱼期和稚鱼期通常只投喂生物饵料。因此如果生物饵料中不含硒,会导致处于摄食这些生物饵料时期的海产仔稚鱼发生硒缺乏症,影响仔稚鱼的存活率和活力。
发明内容
本发明是为了克服现有技术中的桡足类生物饵料中均不含硒或硒含量极低,导致处于摄食这些生物饵料时期的海产仔稚鱼发生硒缺乏症,影响仔稚鱼的存活率和活力的问题,提供一种含硒桡足类的培养方法,通过预先使单细胞微藻类中含有硒,并将该单细胞微藻类作为饵料来培养桡足类,从而成功获得了含硒的桡足类,用含硒桡足类作为生物饵料,可避免仔稚鱼产生硒缺乏症,提高仔稚鱼的存活率和活力。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
一种含硒桡足类的培养方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)制备含硒培养基:在小球藻基础培养基中加入Na2SeO3,制成含硒培养基,Na2SeO3的加入量为5~540μg/L;
(2)小球藻前培养:按接种量15~25wt%将新鲜小球藻液加入基础培养基中,在发酵罐中25~30℃下进行前培养;
(3)含硒小球藻培养:将前培养后的小球藻用水洗涤后按接种量15~25wt%加入含硒培养基中,在pH 6.5~7.5,20~25℃下通风搅拌培养,得到含硒小球藻;
(4)含硒桡足类培养:用含硒小球藻作为饵料,喂食量30~40μg/(个·d)对桡足类进行培养,得到含硒桡足类。
本发明步骤(1)在小球藻的培养基中加入Na2SeO3制得含硒培养基;步骤(2)先用基础培养基对小球藻进行前培养,使小球藻体内的葡萄糖同化;然后通过步骤(3)用含硒培养基对小球藻进行培养,提高小球藻中的硒含量;最后通过步骤(4)用培养出的含硒小球藻对桡足类进行喂食培养,最终使得桡足类中的含硒量得以提高。使得用含硒桡足类作为水产养殖中的生物饵料时,可避免仔稚鱼产生硒缺乏症,提高仔稚鱼的存活率和活力。
如果直接将Na2SeO3直接加入水中对桡足类进行养殖,Na2SeO3会对桡足类产生毒性,提高桡足类的死亡率,不能使桡足类中稳定地含有硒。但本发明先使用含一定浓度Na2SeO3的培养基培养小球藻,在此浓度范围内,Na2SeO3不会对小球藻的生长产生影响,然后再用含硒小球藻对桡足类进行喂养,此时含硒小球藻中的硒元素可以有效被桡足类吸收,并且不会对桡足类产生毒性,可以成功培养出含硒量较高的桡足类。
作为优选,步骤(1)和步骤(2)中的基础培养基的配方包括1450~1550mg/LNaNO3,35~45mg/L K2HPO4·3H2O,70~80mg/L MgSO4·7H2O,30~40mg/L CaCl2·2H2O,5~7mg/L柠檬酸,1~2mg/L EDTA-Na2,15~25mg/L Na2CO3,2.5~3mg/L H3BO3,1.5~2mg/LMnCl2·4H2O,0.2~0.25mg/L ZnSO4·7H2O,0.07~0.08mg/L CuSO4·5H2O,0.35~0.4mg/LNaMoO4·2H2O,0.04~0.05mg/L Co(NO3)2·6H2O。采用此配方的基础培养基有利于小球藻的生产,培养出的小球藻死亡率低且营养充分。
作为优选,步骤(2)中接种前先将基础培养基和发酵罐在120~125℃下灭菌20~30min。在无菌条件下接种可以保证小球藻的生产不受微生物影响。
作为优选,步骤(2)中前培养时间20~30h。在此前培养时间内可以保证小球藻内的葡萄糖充分同化。
作为优选,在步骤(3)的培养过程中添加1.0~2.0g/L的高度不饱和脂肪酸。在培养过程中添加高度不饱和脂肪酸,可以提高培养出的含硒小球藻内的不饱和脂肪酸含量,投喂桡足类后可以增强桡足类的机体免疫力。
作为优选,高度不饱和脂肪酸为含十二碳六烯酸60%的高度不饱和脂肪酸。采用含十二碳六烯酸60%的高度不饱和脂肪酸,对桡足类免疫力的增强效果最佳。
作为优选,步骤(3)中通风量4~6L/min,搅拌速度200~400rpm/min。在此通风量和搅拌速度下,可达到小球藻的最佳生长条件。
作为优选,步骤(4)中对桡足类进行培养时,水温20~25℃,光周期14L:10D,培养时间一周。采用此培养条件,有利于桡足类的生长。
作为优选,步骤(4)中培养前桡足类的个体密度为5~15个/mL。在此密度下,桡足类可以健康生产,降低死亡率。
因此,本发明具有如下有益效果:本发明在小球藻的培养基中加入一定浓度的Na2SeO3制得含硒培养基,在此浓度范围内,Na2SeO3不会对小球藻的生长产生影响,然后再用含硒小球藻对桡足类进行喂养,此时含硒小球藻中的硒元素可以有效被桡足类吸收,并且不会对桡足类产生毒性,可以成功培养出含硒量较高的桡足类。使得用含硒桡足类作为水产养殖中的生物饵料时,可避免仔稚鱼产生硒缺乏症,提高仔稚鱼的存活率和活力。
附图说明
图1是小球藻体内的硒含量与桡足类体内硒含量的关系图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图与具体实施方式对本发明做进一步的描述。
实施例1:
(1)制备含硒培养基:在小球藻基础培养基中加入Na2SeO3,制成含硒培养基,Na2SeO3的加入量为5μg/L,基础培养基的配方包括1500mg/L NaNO3,40mg/L K2HPO4·3H2O,75mg/LMgSO4·7H2O,35mg/L CaCl2·2H2O,6mg/L柠檬酸,1.5mg/L EDTA-Na2,20mg/L Na2CO3,2.8mg/L H3BO3,1.8mg/L MnCl2·4H2O,0.22mg/L ZnSO4·7H2O,0.079mg/L CuSO4·5H2O,0.39mg/L NaMoO4·2H2O,0.049mg/L Co(NO3)2·6H2O。;
(2)小球藻前培养:将基础培养基和1L发酵罐容器于121℃加温加压灭菌20min,在无菌操作台上按接种量20wt%将新鲜小球藻液加入基础培养基中,在发酵罐中29℃下前培养24h;
(3)含硒小球藻培养:将前培养后的小球藻用纯水洗涤3次后按接种量20wt%加入含硒培养基中,在培养基液量10L、温度20℃、通风5L/min、pH 7.0、搅拌速度300rpm/min的条件下培养3d,得到含硒小球藻;
(4)含硒桡足类培养:用含硒小球藻作为饵料,喂食量35μg/(个·d)(按藻体干燥物换算)对桡足类(太平洋纺锤水蚤)培养一周,得到含硒桡足类。培养条件:水温20℃、光周期:14L:10D,培养前个体密度10个/ml。
实施例2:
(1)制备含硒培养基:在小球藻基础培养基中加入Na2SeO3,制成含硒培养基,Na2SeO3的加入量为18μg/L,基础培养基的配方包括1450mg/L NaNO3,35mg/L K2HPO4·3H2O,70mg/LMgSO4·7H2O,30mg/L CaCl2·2H2O,5mg/L柠檬酸,1mg/L EDTA-Na2,15mg/L Na2CO3,2.5mg/LH3BO3,1.5mg/L MnCl2·4H2O,0.2mg/L ZnSO4·7H2O,0.07mg/L CuSO4·5H2O,0.35mg/LNaMoO4·2H2O,0.04mg/L Co(NO3)2·6H2O。;
(2)小球藻前培养:将基础培养基和1L发酵罐容器于120℃加温加压灭菌30min,在无菌操作台上按接种量15wt%将新鲜小球藻液加入基础培养基中,在发酵罐中25℃下前培养30h;
(3)含硒小球藻培养:将前培养后的小球藻用纯水洗涤3次后按接种量15wt%加入含硒培养基中,在培养基液量10L、温度22℃、通风4L/min、pH 6.5、搅拌速度200rpm/min的条件下培养3d,得到含硒小球藻;
(4)含硒桡足类培养:用含硒小球藻作为饵料,喂食量30μg/(个·d)(按藻体干燥物换算)对桡足类(太平洋纺锤水蚤)培养一周,得到含硒桡足类。培养条件:水温22℃、光周期:14L:10D,培养前个体密度5个/ml。
实施例3:
(1)制备含硒培养基:在小球藻基础培养基中加入Na2SeO3,制成含硒培养基,Na2SeO3的加入量为54μg/L,基础培养基的配方包括1550mg/L NaNO3,45mg/L K2HPO4·3H2O,80mg/LMgSO4·7H2O,40mg/L CaCl2·2H2O,7mg/L柠檬酸,2mg/L EDTA-Na2,25mg/L Na2CO3,3mg/LH3BO3,2mg/L MnCl2·4H2O,0.25mg/L ZnSO4·7H2O,0.08mg/L CuSO4·5H2O,0.4mg/LNaMoO4·2H2O,0.05mg/L Co(NO3)2·6H2O。;
(2)小球藻前培养:将基础培养基和1L发酵罐容器于125℃加温加压灭菌20min,在无菌操作台上按接种量25wt%将新鲜小球藻液加入基础培养基中,在发酵罐中30℃下前培养20h;
(3)含硒小球藻培养:将前培养后的小球藻用纯水洗涤3次后按接种量15wt%加入含硒培养基中,在培养基液量10L、温度25℃、通风6L/min、pH 7.5、搅拌速度400rpm/min的条件下培养3d,得到含硒小球藻;
(4)含硒桡足类培养:用含硒小球藻作为饵料,喂食量40μg/(个·d)(按藻体干燥物换算)对桡足类(太平洋纺锤水蚤)培养一周,得到含硒桡足类。培养条件:水温25℃、光周期:14L:10D,培养前个体密度15个/ml。
实施例4:
(1)制备含硒培养基:在小球藻基础培养基中加入Na2SeO3,制成含硒培养基,Na2SeO3的加入量为180μg/L,基础培养基的配方包括1500mg/L NaNO3,40mg/L K2HPO4·3H2O,75mg/LMgSO4·7H2O,35mg/L CaCl2·2H2O,6mg/L柠檬酸,1.5mg/L EDTA-Na2,20mg/L Na2CO3,2.8mg/L H3BO3,1.8mg/L MnCl2·4H2O,0.22mg/L ZnSO4·7H2O,0.079mg/L CuSO4·5H2O,0.39mg/L NaMoO4·2H2O,0.049mg/L Co(NO3)2·6H2O。;
(2)小球藻前培养:将基础培养基和1L发酵罐容器于121℃加温加压灭菌20min,在无菌操作台上按接种量20wt%将新鲜小球藻液加入基础培养基中,在发酵罐中29℃下前培养24h;
(3)含硒小球藻培养:将前培养后的小球藻用纯水洗涤3次后按接种量20wt%加入含硒培养基中,在培养基液量10L、温度20℃、通风5L/min、pH 7.0、搅拌速度300rpm/min的条件下培养3d,得到含硒小球藻;
(4)含硒桡足类培养:用含硒小球藻作为饵料,喂食量35μg/(个·d)(按藻体干燥物换算)对桡足类(太平洋纺锤水蚤)培养一周,得到含硒桡足类。培养条件:水温20℃、光周期:14L:10D,培养前个体密度10个/ml。
实施例5:
(1)制备含硒培养基:在小球藻基础培养基中加入Na2SeO3,制成含硒培养基,Na2SeO3的加入量为540μg/L,基础培养基的配方包括1500mg/L NaNO3,40mg/L K2HPO4·3H2O,75mg/LMgSO4·7H2O,35mg/L CaCl2·2H2O,6mg/L柠檬酸,1.5mg/L EDTA-Na2,20mg/L Na2CO3,2.8mg/L H3BO3,1.8mg/L MnCl2·4H2O,0.22mg/L ZnSO4·7H2O,0.079mg/L CuSO4·5H2O,0.39mg/L NaMoO4·2H2O,0.049mg/L Co(NO3)2·6H2O。;
(2)小球藻前培养:将基础培养基和1L发酵罐容器于121℃加温加压灭菌20min,在无菌操作台上按接种量20wt%将新鲜小球藻液加入基础培养基中,在发酵罐中29℃下前培养24h;
(3)含硒小球藻培养:将前培养后的小球藻用纯水洗涤3次后按接种量20wt%加入含硒培养基中,在培养基液量10L、温度20℃、通风5L/min、pH 7.0、搅拌速度300rpm/min的条件下培养3d,得到含硒小球藻;
(4)含硒桡足类培养:用含硒小球藻作为饵料,喂食量35μg/(个·d)(按藻体干燥物换算)对桡足类(太平洋纺锤水蚤)培养一周,得到含硒桡足类。培养条件:水温20℃、光周期:14L:10D,培养前个体密度10个/ml。
对比例1:
(1)制备基础培养基:基础培养基的配方包括1500mg/L NaNO3,40mg/L K2HPO4·3H2O,75mg/L MgSO4·7H2O,35mg/L CaCl2·2H2O,6mg/L柠檬酸,1.5mg/L EDTA-Na2,20mg/LNa2CO3,2.8mg/L H3BO3,1.8mg/L MnCl2·4H2O,0.22mg/L ZnSO4·7H2O,0.079mg/L CuSO4·5H2O,0.39mg/L NaMoO4·2H2O,0.049mg/L Co(NO3)2·6H2O。;
(2)小球藻前培养:将基础培养基和1L发酵罐容器于121℃加温加压灭菌20min,在无菌操作台上按接种量20wt%将新鲜小球藻液加入基础培养基中,在发酵罐中29℃下前培养24h;
(3)小球藻培养:将前培养后的小球藻用纯水洗涤3次后按接种量20wt%加入基础培养基中,在培养基液量10L、温度20℃、通风5L/min、pH 7.0、搅拌速度300rpm/min的条件下培养3d,得到普通小球藻;
(4)桡足类培养:用普通小球藻作为饵料,喂食量35μg/(个·d)(按藻体干燥物换算)对桡足类(太平洋纺锤水蚤)培养一周,得到桡足类。培养条件:水温20℃、光周期:14L:10D,培养前个体密度10个/ml。
对比例2:
对比例2与对比例1的区别在于,培养桡足类时,在水中加入Na2SeO3,使Na2SeO3的浓度为540μg/L,其余均与对比例1中相同。
对上述实施例和对比例中桡足类(太平洋纺锤水蚤)的死亡率和最终体内的含硒量进行测定,结果如表1和图1所示(硒含量检测方法:借助于硝酸-高氯酸将检测物加水分解之后利用二氨基萘荧光分析法来测定所有的硒含量)。
表1:太平洋纺锤水蚤的死亡率和硒含量测试结果。
编号 | 死亡率(%) | 硒含量(ug/100ug) |
实施例1 | 0.5 | 5.2 |
实施例2 | 0.3 | 22.6 |
实施例3 | 0.7 | 47.8 |
实施例4 | 0.2 | 90.4 |
实施例5 | 0.6 | 182.2 |
对比例1 | 0.3 | 0 |
对比例2 | 66.7% | 103.4 |
从表1和图1中可以看出,实施例1-5中采用含硒小球藻培养的太平洋纺锤水蚤中的硒含量随着含硒小球藻中硒浓度的增加而增加,而对比例1中采用普通小球藻培养的太平洋纺锤水蚤中硒含量在检出限值以下,检测不出。而对比例2中,直接在水中加入Na2SeO3,虽然也可以提高太平洋纺锤水蚤中的硒含量,但太平洋纺锤水蚤的死亡率高,因此难以使其稳定地含有硒。
Claims (9)
1.一种含硒桡足类的培养方法,其特征是,包括如下步骤:
(1)制备含硒培养基:在小球藻基础培养基中加入Na2SeO3,制成含硒培养基,Na2SeO3的加入量为5~540μg/L;
(2)小球藻前培养:按接种量15~25wt%将新鲜小球藻液加入基础培养基中,在发酵罐中25~30℃下进行前培养;
(3)含硒小球藻培养:将前培养后的小球藻用水洗涤后按接种量15~25wt%加入含硒培养基中,在pH 6.5~7.5,20~25℃下通风搅拌培养,得到含硒小球藻;
(4)含硒桡足类培养:用含硒小球藻作为饵料,喂食量30~40μg/(个·d)对桡足类进行培养,得到含硒桡足类。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种含硒桡足类的培养方法,其特征是,步骤(1)和步骤(2)中的基础培养基的配方包括1450~1550mg/L NaNO3,35~45mg/L K2HPO4·3H2O,70~80mg/LMgSO4·7H2O,30~40mg/L CaCl2·2H2O,5~7mg/L 柠檬酸,1~2mg/L EDTA-Na2,15~25mg/L Na2CO3,2.5~3mg/L H3BO3,1.5~2mg/L MnCl2·4H2O,0.2~0.25mg/L ZnSO4·7H2O,0.07~0.08mg/L CuSO4·5H2O,0.35~0.4mg/L NaMoO4·2H2O,0.04~0.05mg/L Co(NO3)2·6H2O。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种含硒桡足类的培养方法,其特征是,步骤(2)中接种前先将基础培养基和发酵罐在120~125℃下灭菌20~30min。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种含硒桡足类的培养方法,其特征是,步骤(2)中前培养时间20~30h。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种含硒桡足类的培养方法,其特征是,在步骤(3)的培养过程中添加1.0~2.0g/L的高度不饱和脂肪酸。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种含硒桡足类的培养方法,其特征是,所述高度不饱和脂肪酸为含十二碳六烯酸60%的高度不饱和脂肪酸。
7.根据权利要求1或5或6所述的一种含硒桡足类的培养方法,其特征是,步骤(3)中通风量4~6L/min,搅拌速度200~400rpm/min。
8.根据权利要求1所述的一种含硒桡足类的培养方法,其特征是,步骤(4)中对桡足类进行培养时,水温20~25℃,光周期14L:10D,培养时间一周。
9.根据权利要求1所述的一种含硒桡足类的培养方法,其特征是,步骤(4)中培养前桡足类的个体密度为5~15个/mL。
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