CN110506063B - 基于电活性氟化共聚物的可交联组合物 - Google Patents
基于电活性氟化共聚物的可交联组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110506063B CN110506063B CN201880024843.1A CN201880024843A CN110506063B CN 110506063 B CN110506063 B CN 110506063B CN 201880024843 A CN201880024843 A CN 201880024843A CN 110506063 B CN110506063 B CN 110506063B
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Abstract
本发明涉及基于电活性氟化共聚物的可交联组合物,由这种组合物获得的交联膜,以及制备所述膜的方法。本发明还涉及所述膜在各种(光)电子装置(即压电、铁电、热电装置)中作为介电层的用途。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及基于电活性氟化共聚物的可交联组合物,由这种组合物获得的交联膜,以及制备这些膜的方法。本发明还涉及所述膜在以下各种(光)电子装置中作为电活性层的用途:压电、铁电、热电、致动器或触觉装置、传感器、场效应晶体管、铁电存储器或机电微系统。
背景技术
“电活性聚合物”或EAP是能够将机械能或热能转化为电或反之亦然的聚合物。在这些材料中有基于偏二氟乙烯(VDF)和三氟乙烯(TrFE)的氟化共聚物,其可任选地包含第三单体例如氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)或氯氟乙烯(CFE)。
这些聚合物由“油墨”配制物作为膜而被形成,该配制物包含电活性氟化共聚物和任选地其他添加剂在溶剂中的溶液。在制备电活性装置期间,可能有必要按照预定的图案使膜的一部分或全部不溶。这主要是由于电活性氟化共聚物膜仅构成整个装置的一个层这样的事实。因此,可能必须通过溶剂途径将待铺放在电活性氟化共聚物层上的其他层沉积在顶部上,其中如果电活性氟化共聚物没有被交联,则风险是其会被沉积在其顶部上的层中存在的溶剂部分或完全溶解(并且因此降解)。
因此,为了在电活性装置中形成电活性共聚物层,需要交联的含氟聚合物。
文献WO 2015/128337描述了包含电活性含氟聚合物和丙烯酸类交联剂的可交联组合物。所述含氟聚合物(聚合物(FC))由于存在衍生自至少一种包含侧链的官能化的氢化单体(单体H'F)的重复单元而是可交联的,所述侧链包含不饱和醚型端基。此处所描述的可交联组合物凭借存在这些可交联含氟聚合物而是交联的。
文献WO 2013/087500也描述了通过包含叠氮化物(叠氮)基团的单体与VDF和TrFE基础单体的共聚而变得可交联的VDF-TrFE氟化共聚物,由此获得的所述氟化共聚物可通过热或通过UV辐射而交联。
在文献US 6 680 357中提出了另一种解决方案,该文献描述了包含基于VDF和六氟丙烯(HFP)的丙烯酸改性的共聚物的可交联组合物,所述共聚物是通过所述氟化共聚物与丙烯酸类单体的聚合而获得的。
在这些情况下,必须预先对电活性氟化共聚物进行化学改性,这为制备交联聚合物的方法增加了步骤,其中有降低电活性氟化共聚物的初始性能质量的风险。
其他策略提供了通过自由基途径(过氧化物)或通过与二胺反应,或者通过电子束或通过X射线使电活性氟化共聚物直接交联;然而,其缺点是经常对电活性氟化共聚物进行化学上不期望的改性,这可导致其性质的损失。
因此,需要有一种可用的电活性氟化共聚物,在包括其的组合物交联之后,其保持其电活性性质,特别是其介电常数或极化(极性),以及其机械性质,从而在其在(光)电子装置中的使用期间提供最佳性能,这没有这些含氟聚合物自身交联,或通过与可构成对于交联具有反应性的重复单元的共聚单体的共聚而变得可交联,或通过化学改性在聚合物上产生对于交联具有反应性的位点而变得可交联。
发明内容
本发明的第一个目的是提供一种可交联组合物,其包含(或由以下组成):
a)至少一种电活性氟化共聚物,
b)至少一种在反应性双键方面为双官能或多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体,
c)至少一种自由基聚合引发剂,
d)至少一种有机溶剂,和
e)至少一种选自以下列表的添加剂:在反应性双键方面为单官能的其他(甲基)丙烯酸类单体,改变表面张力、流变性、耐老化性、粘附性或颜色的试剂、填料和纳米填料。
根据一个实施方案,所述电活性氟化共聚物是通式P(VDF-TrFE)的共聚物,其中VDF代表衍生自偏二氟乙烯的单元并且TrFE代表衍生自三氟乙烯的单元。
根据一个实施方案,聚合物中的VDF单元与TrFE单元的摩尔比为50:50至85:15。
根据一个实施方案,所述电活性氟化共聚物是通式P(VDF-TrFE-X)的三元共聚物,其中VDF代表衍生自偏二氟乙烯的单元,TrFE代表衍生自三氟乙烯的单元,并且X代表衍生自带有至少一个氟原子的第三单体的单元,其可特别地选自四氟乙烯(TFE)、氯氟乙烯(CFE)、氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)、六氟丙烯(HFP)、3,3,3-三氟丙烯、1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(或1234ze)、2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(或1234yf)、3-氯-2,3,3-三氟丙烯(或1233yf)、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯(或1233xd)、六氟异丁烯、全氟丁基乙烯、五氟丙烯以及其混合物。优选地,当存在时,所述第三单体选自CFE和CTFE。
根据一个实施方案,聚合物中的X单元的摩尔比例为0.1%至15%,优选0.5%至13%,并且更特别优选1%至12%。
在反应性双键方面为双官能或多官能的所述(甲基)丙烯酸类单体可为双官能或多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体或低聚物。关于本发明中使用的单体,可提及含有至少两个(甲基)丙烯酸类型的反应性双键的单体和低聚物。
本发明的另一个主题涉及包含电活性氟化共聚物和交联的(甲基)丙烯酸类共聚物的交联膜(或由电活性氟化共聚物和交联的(甲基)丙烯酸类共聚物组成的交联膜),所述膜由根据本发明的可交联组合物获得。特征在于,所述氟化共聚物没有交联,因此保持在化学方面既没有通过与可构成对于交联具有反应性的重复单元的共聚单体共聚而被改性,也没有通过化学改性在聚合物上产生对于交联具有反应性的位点而被改性。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种制备所述交联膜的方法,所述方法包括:
-提供根据本发明的可交联组合物,如上所述,其中将所述组分(a)、(b)和(c)以及(e)溶解在所述溶剂(d)中以获得油墨,
-将所述油墨沉积在(光)电子装置上、装置的一部分上、或支撑体上以形成膜,
-通过部分或全部蒸发溶剂来干燥所述膜,和
-根据预定图案,通过(甲基)丙烯酸类单体的聚合来使所述膜的全部或部分交联,
-在期望地形成预定图案的情况下,使所述膜显影以除去未交联的部分。
本发明还涉及(光)电子装置,其包括至少一层根据上述方法制备的膜作为电活性层。
本发明使得可克服现有技术的缺点。特别地,本发明使得可获得其中电活性聚合物保持未改性的交联膜,因为形成交联网络的是在自由基引发剂活化之后聚合并交联的(甲基)丙烯酸部分。结果,并且在这不构成本发明的限制的情况下,可认为根据本发明的膜包括两种聚合物(氟化的和(甲基)丙烯酸类的)的网络,称为半互穿网络或半IPN,其中氟化组分是没有交联的,因此从电性质的角度来看,氟化组分保持相对不受影响。(甲基)丙烯酸网络本身是交联的,并且提供组合体的耐溶剂性。换句话说,本发明提供了一种交联膜,其在非交联的含氟聚合物体系内包含丙烯酸类的交联网络,这两个体系在化学上是独立的。出人意料地,这种混合的非交联的含氟聚合物/交联的丙烯酸类聚合物体系使得可获得耐溶剂性能。该策略允许将(光)电子装置的层堆叠在包含电活性氟化共聚物的层的顶部上,而这些新层的溶剂不溶解或降解电活性氟化共聚物的层。该策略还使得可产生用于制备复杂的(光)电子装置的电活性氟化共聚物层的预定图案。
由VDF、TrFE和任选的带有氟原子的第三单体组成的电活性氟化共聚物的使用可优化共聚物的电活性性质。具体地,这些电活性性质来自存在大量的强极化的碳-氟(C-F)键,也就是说,电子密度在氟原子上显著地偏移。使用不带有氟原子的单体,例如(甲基)丙烯酸类单体,例如(甲基)丙烯酸来合成电活性氟化共聚物,减少了沿着聚合物链存在的C-F键的数目。因此,预期电活性性质降低。
此外,使用UV光引发交联在产生图案(图案化)方面具有相当大的优势,因为可选择性地辐照某些区域以使其交联并且使其不溶,而其他区域则不然。随后用显影溶剂处理(溶剂蚀刻)使得可溶解未辐照的部分,从而产生图案。
此外,与叠氮化物化学相比,如在申请WO 2013/087500中,为获得交联所需的UV剂量低于双叠氮化物所需的UV剂量。这使得可避免含有光敏层的多层装置的性质降低。
附图说明
图1表示使用2-丁酮作为溶剂并且使用P(VDF-TrFE)共聚物作为电活性氟化共聚物,由配制物0(底部,实线)和7(顶部,虚线)形成的膜的红外光谱图。
图2表示使用2-丁酮作为溶剂并且使用P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)共聚物作为电活性氟化共聚物,由配置物0(底部,实线)和7(顶部,虚线)形成的膜的红外光谱图。
具体实施方式
现在将在以下的描述中更详细地描述本发明,而没有限制。
本发明解决的技术问题包括,在将其放置在支撑体或装置上之后,必须使电活性氟化共聚物层(膜)(其用于制备某些(光)电子装置)对某些溶剂的侵蚀不敏感,以防止其在通过溶剂途径沉积其他有机或无机层期间溶解或降解,所述有机或无机层是装置的一部分并且在沉积电活性氟化共聚物层之后被沉积。本发明解决的另一个技术问题是在支撑体或装置上的电活性氟化共聚物膜的表面上沉积之后产生图案。这些问题通过下文所述的可交联组合物解决。
根据第一方面,本发明涉及一种可交联组合物,其包含:
a)至少一种电活性氟化共聚物,
b)至少一种在反应性双键方面为双官能或多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体,
c)至少一种自由基聚合引发剂,
d)至少一种有机溶剂,和
e)至少一种选自以下列表的添加剂:在反应性双键方面为单官能的其他(甲基)丙烯酸类单体,改变表面张力、流变性、耐老化性、粘附性或颜色的试剂、填料和纳米填料。
根据一个实施方案,所述电活性氟化共聚物是通式P(VDF-TrFE)的共聚物,其中VDF代表衍生自偏二氟乙烯的单元并且TrFE代表衍生自三氟乙烯的单元。
根据一个实施方案,聚合物中的VDF单元与TrFE单元的摩尔比为50:50至85:15。
根据一个实施方案,所述电活性氟化共聚物是通式P(VDF-TrFE-X)的三元共聚物,其中VDF代表衍生自偏二氟乙烯的单元,TrFE代表衍生自三氟乙烯的单元,并且X代表衍生自带有至少一个氟原子的第三单体的单元,其可特别地选自:四氟乙烯(TFE)、氯氟乙烯(CFE)、氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)、六氟丙烯(HFP)、3,3,3-三氟丙烯、1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(或1234ze)、2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(或1234yf)、3-氯-2,3,3-三氟丙烯(或1233yf)、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯(或1233xd)、六氟异丁烯、全氟丁基乙烯、五氟丙烯以及其混合物。优选地,当存在时,所述第三单体选自CFE和CTFE。
根据一个实施方案,聚合物中的X单元的摩尔比例为0.1%至15%,优选0.5%至13%,并且更特别优选1%至12%。
电活性氟化共聚物(a)可为均质或非均质的,或均质和非均质共聚物的混合物。均质聚合物具有均匀的链结构,共聚单体的统计分布在聚合物链之间没有变化。在非均质共聚物中,聚合物链具有多峰型或散布型的平均共聚单体含量分布:因此,其包含富含共聚单体的聚合物链和缺乏所述共聚单体的聚合物链。非均质PVDF的实例可见于文献WO 2007/080338。
尽管可使用任何已知的方法,例如乳液聚合、悬浮聚合和溶液聚合来制备P(VDF-TrFE)和P(VDF-TrFE-X)聚合物,但是优选使用WO 2010/116105中描述的方法。该方法使得可获得高分子量和适当结构化的聚合物。
简而言之,制备P(VDF-TrFE-X)聚合物的优选的方法包括以下步骤:
–将VDF和TrFE的初始混合物(无X)装入到含有水的搅拌的高压釜中;
–将高压釜加热到接近聚合温度的预定温度;
–将与水混合的自由基聚合引发剂注入到高压釜中,以使高压釜中的压力达到优选至少80bar,以形成VDF和TrFE单体在水中的悬浮液;
–将VDF、TrFE和X的第二混合物注入到高压釜中;
–聚合反应一开始,就将所述第二混合物连续注入到高压釜反应器中,以将压力保持在基本恒定的水平,优选为至少80bar。
自由基聚合引发剂可为有机过氧化物,例如过氧二碳酸酯。其通常以每千克总单体装料计,0.1至10g的量使用。用量优选为0.5至5g/kg。
初始混合物有利地仅包含VDF和TrFE,其比例等于期望的最终聚合物的比例。
第二混合物有利地具有经调节的组成,该组成使得引入到高压釜中的单体的总组成(包括初始混合物和第二混合物)等于或近似等于期望的最终聚合物的组成。
第二混合物与初始混合物的重量比优选为0.5至2,更优选0.8至1.6。
用初始混合物和第二混合物实施该方法使得该方法独立于反应引发阶段,其通常是不可预测的。由此获得的聚合物为粉末的形式,没有结痂或结皮。
高压釜反应器中的压力优选为80至110bar,并且温度优选保持在40℃至60℃的水平。
将第二混合物连续注入到高压釜中。在注入到高压釜中之前,其可被压缩,例如使用一个压缩机或两个连续的压缩机,通常压力大于高压釜中的压力。
尽管根据某些实施方案,可将另外的单体用作起始材料(少量,例如小于5%或小于2%或小于1%)并且尽管本发明的所得聚合物可因此包含少量(例如小于5%或小于2%或小于1%)的除以上提及的那些以外的结构单元,但优选仅将VDF、TrFE和X用作起始材料,使得聚合物仅由VDF和TrFE或VDF、TrFE和X组成。
然而,根据一个优选的实施方案,使用单一类型的单体X,因此本发明的聚合物优选为仅包含VDF单元、TrFE单元和单一类型的X单元的三元共聚物。
合成之后,将聚合物洗涤并干燥。
电活性氟化共聚物(a)的重均摩尔质量Mw优选为至少100 000,优选至少200 000,并且更优选至少300 000或至少400 000。其可通过改变某些工艺参数(例如反应器中的温度)或通过添加转移剂来调节。
摩尔质量分布可通过SEC(尺寸排阻色谱法)在作为洗脱剂的二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中来估计,使用一组具有递增的孔隙度的3个柱子。固定相是苯乙烯-DVB凝胶。检测方法基于测量折射率,并且用聚苯乙烯标准物进行校准。将样品以0.5g/l溶解在DMF中,并且通过0.45μm的尼龙过滤器过滤。
摩尔质量还可根据ASTM D1238(ISO 1133)通过在5或10kg的载荷下在230℃下测量熔体流动指数来估计。
此外,摩尔质量还可根据ISO 1628通过溶液粘度测量来表征。甲基乙基酮(MEK)是用于测定粘度指数的共聚物和三元共聚物的优选溶剂。
更一般地,本发明的三元共聚物的摩尔组成可通过各种方式确定。碳、氟、氯或溴元素的元素分析的常规方法得到具有两个独立的未知数(%VF2和%TrFE,其中%X=100–(%VF2+%TrFE))的两个或三个独立方程的体系,这使得可明确地计算出聚合物的重量组成,从中可推导出摩尔组成。
通过分析聚合物在适当的氘代溶剂中的溶液,还可使用多核(在这种情况下为质子(1H)和氟(19F))NMR技术。NMR光谱在配有多核探针的FT-NMR光谱仪上记录。然后在根据一种或另一种核产生的光谱中来定位由不同单体给出的特定信号。因此,TrFE(CFH=CF2)单元在质子NMR中给出CFH基团的H的特定信号特征(在大约5ppm处)。对于VF2的CH2基团的H也是如此(未解析的峰,中心在3ppm处)。两个信号的相对积分给出了两种单体的相对丰度,即VDF/TrFE摩尔比。
根据本发明的共聚物是无规和线性的。
有利地,电活性氟化共聚物(组分(a))是几乎没有或完全没有弹性的热塑性聚合物(与含氟弹性体相反)。含有高比例的衍生自VDF共聚单体的单元的含氟聚合物具有热塑性和非弹性的趋势。
根据本发明使用的共聚物还优选满足至少一个将其描述为电活性聚合物的标准,特别是其居里温度为0至150℃,优选10至140℃。
其融化温度通常为90至180℃,更特别为100至170℃。
根据本发明使用的电活性氟化共聚物在25℃和1kHz下的介电常数大于10,优选大于12。
根据本发明的可交联组合物的第二组分(b)是在反应性双键方面为双官能或多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体。可交联组合物可含有一种或多种这种类型的单体。
在反应性双键方面为双官能或多官能的所述(甲基)丙烯酸类单体可为双官能或多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体或低聚物。关于本发明中使用的单体,可提及含有至少两个(甲基)丙烯酸类型的反应性双键的单体和低聚物。正是这些反应性双键借助自由基聚合引发剂将会允许[电活性氟化共聚物-(甲基)丙烯酸交联网络]结构内的(甲基)丙烯酸网络聚合和交联。结果,在本发明中使用任何纯的(甲基)丙烯酸类双官能或多官能单体,例如十二烷二甲基丙烯酸酯。
然而,通常,(甲基)丙烯酸类单体或低聚物具有衍生自除纯烷烃化学以外的官能团的化学结构,例如二醇、三醇或多元醇、聚酯、醚、聚醚、聚氨基甲酸酯、环氧化物、氰尿酸酯(氰脲酸酯)或异氰脲酸酯(异氰尿酸酯)。只要在其化学结构(其是混合的结果(不是纯粹基于烃的性质:烷烃类型))中,这些单体包含至少两个在自由基聚合中具有反应性的(甲基)丙烯酸类官能团,其就变为用于本发明。因此可提及例如1,3-丁二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、丁二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、1,6-己二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、烷氧基化己二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、烷氧基化新戊二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、十二烷基二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、环己烷二甲醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二丙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、直链烷烃二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化双酚A二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三环癸烷二甲醇二丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、四乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三丙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二三羟甲基丙烷四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化季戊四醇四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇五(甲基)丙烯酸酯、五(甲基)丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化三羟甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、烷氧基化三羟甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、丙氧基化三羟甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、十二烷二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、十二烷二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇五/六(甲基)丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二三羟甲基丙烷四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、丙氧基化甘油基三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、丙氧基化甘油基三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三(2-羟乙基)异氰脲酸酯三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚醚(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚丙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚氨基甲酸酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯、环氧基(甲基)丙烯酸酯以及其组合。
优选地,双官能或多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体或低聚物可选自:三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯(例如由Sartomer公司以参考号SR351销售的),乙氧基化三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯(例如由Sartomer公司以参考号SR454销售的),聚丙烯酸酯改性的脂族氨基甲酸酯(例如由Sartomer公司以参考号CN927销售的)。
根据本发明的可交联组合物还含有至少一种自由基聚合引发剂(组分(c))。交联引发剂选自2-羟基-2-甲基-1-苯基丙-1-酮、2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基-二苯基氧化膦、2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基苯基次膦酸酯、1-羟基环己基苯基酮、双(2,6-二甲氧基苯甲酰基)-2,4,4-三甲基戊基氧化膦、1-[4-(2-羟基乙氧基)苯基]-2-羟基-2-甲基-1-丙-1-酮、2,2-二甲氧基-1,2-二苯基乙-1-酮和2-甲基-1-[4-(甲硫基)苯基]-2-吗啉代丙-1-酮、2,4-二乙基噻吨酮、其衍生物以及其混合物。
作为用于制备溶液的溶剂(d),使用选自能够使电活性氟化共聚物、(甲基)丙烯酸类单体(b)和聚合引发剂溶解,优选均质地溶解,从而优选形成透明溶液的溶剂或溶剂的混合物。特别地可提及:酮,例如丙酮,甲基乙基酮,甲基异丁基酮,环戊酮;呋喃,例如四氢呋喃;酯,例如乙酸甲酯,乙酸乙酯,乙酸丙酯,乙酸丁酯或丙二醇甲基醚乙酸酯(PGMEA);碳酸酯,例如碳酸二甲酯;酰胺,例如二甲基甲酰胺和二甲基乙酰胺;以及亚砜溶剂,例如二甲基亚砜。
根据本发明的可交联组合物的第五和最后的组分由选自以下列表的添加剂(组分(e))表示:在反应性双键方面为单官能的其他(甲基)丙烯酸类单体,用于改变表面张力、流变性、耐老化性(例如有机类型的抗UV添加剂,例如羟基二苯甲酮或羟基苯基苯并三唑,或无机类型的抗UV添加剂,例如TiO2)、粘附性(例如带有缔合基团的分子或低聚物或聚合物,所述缔合基团可为弱酸例如羧酸,-COOH,或膦酸,-P(O)(OH)2)或颜色(例如有机类型的颜料,例如酞菁或蒽醌,或无机类型的颜料,例如铁、铜、锰或铬络合物)的试剂,填料(例如TiO2、CaCO3、微米尺寸的粘土和沸石)和纳米填料(纳米尺寸的粘土和沸石,碳纳米管)。这些添加剂旨在改进作为油墨的组合物或由该油墨形成的膜的性质。优选的添加剂特别是改变油墨的表面张力和/或流变性的助溶剂。特别地,在溶液的情况下,化合物可为可与所使用的溶剂混溶的无机化合物。油墨组合物还可含有一种或多种被添加的添加剂,来改进油墨的性质,例如其润湿电子装置的表面的能力,或例如其对该表面的粘附性。
有利地,根据本发明的溶液不含有带有叠氮官能团(N3)的化合物。根据H.C.Kolb等的文章;Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.,2001,40,2004–2021,带有叠氮官能团的化合物通常具有爆炸性和毒性。
根据一个实施方案,在根据本发明的可交联的对立物(opposition)中:
i.电活性氟化共聚物(a)构成组分(a)和(b)的重量所组成的和的60重量%至99.99重量%,并且优选70重量%至99重量%,
ii.自由基引发剂(c)构成组分(a)、(b)和(c)的重量所组成的和的0.1重量%至10重量%,并且优选0.2重量%至5重量%,
iii.添加剂(e)构成组合物重量的0.01重量%至小于20重量%。
根据本发明的可交联组合物包含0.5重量%至60重量%的非挥发性固体物,且优选1重量%至30重量%的非挥发性固体物。
根据第二方面,本发明涉及包含电活性氟化共聚物和交联的(甲基)丙烯酸类共聚物的交联膜。特征在于,所述氟化共聚物没有交联,因此保持在化学方面既没有通过与可构成对于交联具有反应性的重复单元的共聚单体共聚而被改性,也没有通过化学改性在聚合物上产生对于交联具有反应性的位点而被改性。在这种方法中,将多(官能)丙烯酸类单体与电活性含氟聚合物(通过进行油墨(溶液)方法获得)紧密混合,随后使所述单体聚合并彼此交联。与现有技术不同,在根据本发明的交联膜中,含氟聚合物成分没有被化学改性以在含氟聚合物本身上产生交联位点。
根据第三方面,本发明涉及一种用于制备所述交联膜的方法,所述方法包括以下相继步骤:
-提供根据本发明的可交联组合物,如上所述,其中将所述组分(a)、(b)、(c)和(e)溶解在所述溶剂(d)中以获得油墨,
-将所述油墨沉积在(光)电子装置上、装置的一部分上、或支撑体上以形成膜,
-通过部分或全部蒸发溶剂来干燥所述膜,和
-通过(甲基)丙烯酸类单体的聚合来使所述膜的全部或部分交联,
-在期望地形成预定图案的情况下,使所述膜显影以除去未交联的部分。
根据一个实施方案,自由基引发剂是一种光引发剂,其能够通过部分或完全由落在紫外范围内的光谱横截面组成的光(也就是说通过全部或部分在波长150至410nm的光谱范围内的光)经过辐照经沉积和“干燥”的油墨层(溶剂的部分或全部蒸发)来活化自由基引发。优选地,引发剂的活化通过包含在UVA范围内(在315至410nm的光谱范围内)的波长的辐射来获得。优选地,用包含在365nm和/或385nm和/或405nm处的波长的辐射来获得引发剂的活化。还优选地,用于引起交联的辐照剂量小于20J/cm2,并且更优选小于10J/cm2。该剂量低于双叠氮化物所需的剂量。这使得可避免含有光敏层的多层装置的性质降低。
最后,本发明还包括电活性共聚物层(膜)在(光)电子装置内作为介电层的用途,例如具有高电容率(介电常数)、允许制造场效应晶体管,或铁电存储器的小厚度的介电层,特别是在印刷的有机电子产品领域。具有低或高电容率的交联的电活性氟化共聚物层还可用于存储器、电容器、传感器、致动器、机电微系统、触觉装置和电容器(冷凝器,condenser)的制备领域。
术语“电子装置”旨在意指单个电子组件或一组电子组件,其能够在电子电路中执行一个或多个功能。
优选地,在本发明的上下文中,电子装置更特别为光电子装置,也就是说能够发射、检测或控制电磁辐射。
本发明涉及的电子装置或如果合适的话光电子装置的实例是晶体管、芯片、电池、光伏电池、发光二极管(LED)、有机发光二极管(OLED)、传感器、致动器、变压器和检测器。
电子和光电子装置用于并集成到众多电子子组装件、设备或仪器器件中,以及用于众多物体和应用,例如电视、移动电话、刚性或柔性屏幕、薄膜光伏模块、光源、能量转换器和传感器等。
在根据本发明的装置中,膜的所述层的厚度小于100μm,优选小于80μm。在根据本发明的某些装置中,例如存储器或晶体管,膜的所述层的厚度可小于1μm。
含氟聚合物层的表面粗糙度(用轮廓仪测量)优选小于或等于20nm(以Ra,二次平均数表示),并且更特别地小于或等于10nm,并且甚至更优选小于或等于7nm。该表面粗糙度可通过用α-阶IQ型轮廓仪测量表面形貌来测定。
实施例
以下实施例说明了本发明而不是对其进行限制。它们描述了在溶剂中的基于VDF和TrFE的电活性含氟聚合物与一种或多种光引发剂和允许交联的双官能或多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体以及添加剂例如单官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体的配制物。通过研究在UV辐照之后在用于膜的配置物的溶剂中的溶解度,来评估所提供技术方案的效率。当膜不溶于溶剂时,其被认为是交联的。还进行介电常数测量。
实施例:
配制物的制备
将电活性含氟聚合物的粉末溶解在2-丁酮(MEK)中以形成14重量%的溶液。将光引发剂、双官能或多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体和其他单官能单体(添加剂)添加至该溶液。通过在环境温度下机械搅拌10分钟来使配制物均质化。
膜的制备
通过将先前制备的溶液施加至玻璃板上来制备聚合物膜。将膜在环境温度下干燥1h,然后在通风炉中在60℃下干燥30分钟。
膜的交联
用LED UV灯辐照厚度为11-12μm的膜15秒。
图1和2显示了膜的红外光谱。对于由配制物7交联的膜,在1750cm-1处观察到以丙烯酸酯的羰基部分为特征的价态振动带。此外,始终在1250和850cm-1处观察到以与聚合物的电活性性质相关的tttg+tttg-和全反式构象为特征的带。
以下表1说明了在2-丁酮中的配制物的组成的影响。
a电活性含氟聚合物可为:聚(VDF-co-TrFE)共聚物、聚(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-CTFE)三元共聚物或聚(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-CFE)三元共聚物,其各自的摩尔组成70/30、62/30/8和61/31/8。
b对由聚(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-CTFE)三元共聚物制备的膜进行测量。
表1
0:仅含有电活性含氟聚合物的参考配制物。UV辐射没有降解聚合物。
1:光引发剂的影响。对膜的溶解度和性质没有影响。
2:单官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体(添加剂)的影响。其不允许交联。
3-8:具有至少一种双官能或多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸酯的各种配制物的影响。膜是交联的。介电常数保持为高,因此对于预期应用是令人满意的。
实施例2:
配制物的制备
将电活性含氟聚合物(摩尔组成62/30/8的聚(VDF-ter-TrFE-ter-CTFE)三元共聚物)的粉末溶解在丙二醇甲基醚乙酸酯(PGMEA)中以形成7重量%的溶液。将光引发剂(Irgacure TPO-L 1%+SpeedCure DETX 0.5%)和双官能或多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体添加至该溶液。通过在环境温度下机械搅拌10分钟来使配制物均质化。
膜的制备
通过在环境温度(20-25℃)下在玻璃板上旋涂来制备聚合物膜。将膜在加热板上在100℃下干燥3分钟。
膜的交联
用LED UV灯在385nm下辐照厚度为0.8至1.5μm的膜15秒。
以下表2说明了在PGMEA中的配制物的组成(双官能或多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类化合物的性质及其浓度)对由这些配制物形成的薄膜在PGMEA中的溶解度的影响。
表2
Claims (29)
1.电子装置,其包括至少一层从可交联组合物获得的交联膜作为介电层和通过溶剂途径堆叠在介电层上的层,其中可交联组合物包含:
a) 至少一种电活性氟化共聚物,
b) 至少一种在反应性双键方面为双官能或多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体,
c) 至少一种自由基聚合引发剂,
d) 至少一种有机溶剂,和
e) 至少一种选自以下的添加剂:在反应性双键方面为单官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体,改变表面张力、流变性、耐老化性、粘附性或颜色的试剂、和填料,
其中a)至少一种电活性氟化共聚物在组分b)交联期间能够保持未改性,其中:
i. 电活性氟化共聚物(a)构成组分(a)和(b)的重量所组成的和的60重量%至99.99重量%,
ii. 自由基引发剂(c)构成组分(a)、(b)和(c)的重量所组成的和的0.1重量%至10重量%,
iii. 添加剂(e)构成组合物重量的0.01重量%至小于20重量%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述电子装置为光电子装置。
3.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述填料为纳米填料。
4.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述电活性氟化共聚物是通式P(VDF-TrFE)的共聚物,其中VDF代表衍生自偏二氟乙烯的单元并且TrFE代表衍生自三氟乙烯的单元,聚合物中的VDF:TrFE摩尔比为50:50至85:15。
5.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述电活性氟化共聚物是通式P(VDF-TrFE-X)的三元共聚物,其中VDF代表衍生自偏二氟乙烯的单元,TrFE代表衍生自三氟乙烯的单元,并且X代表衍生自带有至少一个氟原子的第三单体的单元。
6.根据权利要求5所述的装置,其中所述带有至少一个氟原子的第三单体选自:四氟乙烯、氯氟乙烯、氯三氟乙烯、六氟丙烯、3,3,3-三氟丙烯、1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯、3-氯-2,3,3-三氟丙烯、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯、六氟异丁烯、全氟丁基乙烯、五氟丙烯以及其混合物。
7.根据权利要求5所述的装置,其中聚合物中的X单元的摩尔比例为0.1%至15%。
8.根据权利要求7所述的装置,其中聚合物中的X单元的摩尔比例为0.5%至13%。
9.根据权利要求8所述的装置,其中聚合物中的X单元的摩尔比例为1%至12%。
10.根据权利要求1至9中的一项所述的装置,其中在反应性双键方面为双官能或多官能的所述(甲基)丙烯酸类单体为含有至少两个(甲基)丙烯酸类型的反应性双键的单体或低聚物,或选自多元醇、聚酯、醚、聚醚、聚氨基甲酸酯、环氧化物、氰尿酸酯或异氰脲酸酯的双官能或多官能的(甲基)丙烯酸类单体或低聚物。
11.根据权利要求10所述的装置,其中多元醇包括二醇和/或三醇。
12.根据权利要求10所述的装置,其中所述(甲基)丙烯酸类单体选自直链烷烃二(甲基)丙烯酸酯。
13.根据权利要求10所述的装置,其中所述(甲基)丙烯酸类单体选自以下:丁二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、1,6-己二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、烷氧基化己二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、烷氧基化新戊二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、十二烷基二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、环己烷二甲醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二丙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化双酚A二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三环癸烷二甲醇二丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、四乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三丙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二三羟甲基丙烷四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化季戊四醇四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇五(甲基)丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化三羟甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、烷氧基化三羟甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、丙氧基化三羟甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇六(甲基)丙烯酸酯、丙氧基化甘油基三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三(2-羟乙基)异氰脲酸酯三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚醚(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚氨基甲酸酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯、环氧基(甲基)丙烯酸酯以及其组合。
14.根据权利要求10所述的装置,其中所述(甲基)丙烯酸类单体选自1,3-丁二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯。
15.根据权利要求10所述的装置,其中所述(甲基)丙烯酸类单体选自聚乙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚丙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯。
16.根据权利要求1至9中的一项所述的装置,其中所述溶剂选自:酮、呋喃、酯、碳酸酯、酰胺和亚砜。
17.根据权利要求1至9中的一项所述的装置,其中所述自由基聚合引发剂选自2-羟基-2-甲基-1-苯基丙-1-酮、2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基-二苯基氧化膦、2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基苯基次膦酸酯、1-羟基环己基苯基酮、双(2,6-二甲氧基苯甲酰基)-2,4,4-三甲基戊基氧化膦、1-[4-(2-羟基乙氧基)苯基]-2-羟基-2-甲基-1-丙-1-酮、2,2-二甲氧基-1,2-二苯基乙-1-酮和2-甲基-1-[4-(甲硫基)苯基]-2-吗啉代丙-1-酮、2,4-二乙基噻吨酮、其衍生物以及其混合物。
18.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中:电活性氟化共聚物(a)构成组分(a)和(b)的重量所组成的和的70重量%至99重量%。
19.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中:自由基引发剂(c)构成组分(a)、(b)和(c)的重量所组成的和的0.2重量%至5重量%。
20.根据权利要求1至9中的一项所述的装置,其中制备交联膜的方法包括:
- 提供根据权利要求1至9中的一项所述的可交联组合物,其中将所述组分(a)、(b)、(c)和(e)溶解在所述溶剂(d)中以获得油墨,
- 将所述油墨沉积在电子装置上、或支撑体上以形成膜,
- 通过部分或全部蒸发溶剂来干燥所述膜,和
- 通过(甲基)丙烯酸类单体的聚合来使所述膜的全部或部分交联,
- 在期望地形成预定图案的情况下,使所述膜显影以除去未交联的部分。
21.根据权利要求20所述的装置,其中所述电子装置为光电子装置。
22.根据权利要求20所述的装置,其中将所述油墨沉积在装置的一部分上以形成膜。
23.根据权利要求20所述的装置,其中所述自由基引发剂是能够被部分或全部由波长150至410 nm的光谱横截面组成的光活化的光引发剂。
24.根据权利要求20所述的装置,其中用于引起膜的交联的辐照剂量小于20 J/cm2。
25.根据权利要求24所述的装置,其中用于引起膜的交联的辐照剂量小于10 J/cm2。
26.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其包括沉积在膜的所述层上的一个或多个层的堆叠体。
27.根据权利要求1至9中的一项所述的装置,其选自场效应晶体管和铁电存储器。
28.根据权利要求27所述的装置,其中场效应晶体管和铁电存储器是用于印刷的有机电子产品的场效应晶体管和铁电存储器。
29.根据权利要求1至9中的一项所述的装置,其选自致动器、触觉装置、电容器、二极管、传感器和机电微系统。
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