TWI815808B - 基於電活性氟化共聚物之可交聯組合物 - Google Patents
基於電活性氟化共聚物之可交聯組合物 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI815808B TWI815808B TW107112764A TW107112764A TWI815808B TW I815808 B TWI815808 B TW I815808B TW 107112764 A TW107112764 A TW 107112764A TW 107112764 A TW107112764 A TW 107112764A TW I815808 B TWI815808 B TW I815808B
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Abstract
本發明係關於基於電活性氟化共聚物之可交聯組合物、自此類組合物獲得之交聯膜以及用於製備此等膜之方法。本發明亦關於該等膜在以下各種(光學)電子器件中作為介電層之用途:壓電、鐵電或熱電器件。
Description
本發明係關於基於電活性氟化共聚物之可交聯組合物、自此類組合物獲得之交聯膜以及用於製備此等膜之方法。本發明亦關於該等膜在以下各種(光學)電子器件中作為電活性層之用途:壓電、鐵電、熱電致動器或觸感器件、感測器、場效電晶體、鐵電記憶體或電機械微系統。
「電活性聚合物」或EAP係能夠將機械能或熱能轉化為電或反過來之聚合物。在此等材料中有基於偏二氟乙烯(VDF)及三氟乙烯(TrFE)之氟化共聚物,其可視情況含有第三單體,諸如氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)或氯氟乙烯(CFE)。
此等聚合物自由在電活性氟化共聚物及視情況選用之其他添加劑之溶劑中之溶液組成的「墨水」調配物形成為膜。在製備電活性器件期間,可能有必要根據預定圖案使部分或全部之膜不可溶。此主要由於電活性氟化共聚物膜僅構成整個器件之一個層之事實。因此,待置於該層電活性氟化共聚物上之其他層可能必須藉由溶劑途徑沈積在上面,風險為,若電活性氟化共聚物不交聯,則其被存在於沈積在其上之層中之溶劑部分或完全溶解(且因此降解)。
因此需要交聯含氟聚合物以便在電活性器件中形成電活性共聚物層。
文件WO 2015/128337描述包含電活性含氟聚合物及丙烯酸交聯劑之可交聯組合物。該含氟聚合物(聚合物FC))係可交聯的,因為存在衍生自至少一個包含包含不飽和醚型端基之側接側鏈之官能化氫化單體(單體H'F)的重複單元。本文中所描述之可交聯組合物借助此等可交聯含氟聚合物之存在而交聯。
文件WO 2013/087500亦描述藉由包含疊氮基之單體與VDF及TrFE類單體之共聚達成可交聯之VDF-TrFE氟化共聚物,由此獲得之該等氟化共聚物可以以熱方法或藉由UV照射交聯。
已在文件US 6 680 357中提出另一種溶液,該文件描述包含經丙烯酸改性之基於VDF及六氟丙烯(HFP)之共聚物的可交聯組合物,其藉由該等氟化共聚物與丙烯酸單體之聚合獲得。
在此等情況下,必需預先化學改性電活性氟化共聚物,此則使製備交聯聚合物之方法添加了一個步驟,存在降低電活性氟化共聚物之初始效能品質之風險。
提供用於藉由自由基途徑(過氧化物)或藉由與二胺反應或者藉由電子束或藉由X射線來直接交聯電活性氟化共聚物之其他策略;然而,其具有往往帶來電活性氟化共聚物之化學上不合需要之改性的缺點,其可導致電活性氟化共聚物特性損失。
因此,需要具有可獲得之電活性氟化共聚物,其在包涵其之組合物之交聯之後保留其電活性特性,尤其其介電常數或其極化以及其機械特性,從而在其用於(光學)電子器件中之期間提供最佳表現,此無需此等含
氟聚合物自身交聯,或藉由與共聚單體之共聚(其可構成對於交聯具有反應性之重複單元),或藉由化學改性在聚合物上創建對於交聯具有反應性之位點來達成可交聯。
本發明之第一目標係提供由以下組成之可交聯組合物:a)至少一種電活性氟化共聚物,b)至少一種(甲基)丙烯酸單體,其在反應性雙鍵方面為雙官能或多官能的,c)至少一種自由基聚合引發劑,d)至少一種有機溶劑,及e)至少一種選自以下清單之添加劑:在反應性雙鍵方面為單官能之其他(甲基)丙烯酸單體;調節表面張力、流變、抗老化性、黏著性或色彩之試劑、填充劑及奈米填充劑。
根據一個實施例,該電活性氟化共聚物係通式P(VDF-TrFE)之共聚物,其中VDF表示衍生自偏二氟乙烯之單元且TrFE表示衍生自三氟乙烯之單元。
根據一個實施例,聚合物中VDF單元比TrFE單元之莫耳比為50:50至85:15。
根據一個實施例,該電活性氟化共聚物係通式P(VDF-TrFE-X)之三元共聚物,其中VDF表示衍生自偏二氟乙烯之單元,TrFE表示衍生自三氟乙烯之單元,且X表示衍生自攜帶至少一個氟原子之第三單體之單元,其尤其可選自:四氟乙烯(TFE)、氯氟乙烯(CFE)、氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)、六氟丙烯(HFP)、3,3,3-三氟丙烯、1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(或1234ze)、2,3,3,3-
四氟丙烯(或1234yf)、3-氯-2,3,3-三氟丙烯(或1233yf)、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯(或1233xd)、六氟異丁烯、全氟丁基乙烯、五氟丙烯及其混合物。較佳地,當其存在時,該第三單體選自CFE及CTFE。
根據一個實施例,聚合物中之X單元之莫耳比例為0.1%至15%、較佳0.5%至13%且更尤其較佳1%至12%。
在反應性雙鍵方面為雙官能或多官能之該(甲基)丙烯酸單體可為雙官能或多官能(甲基)丙烯酸單體或寡聚物。關於在本發明中使用之單體,可提及含有至少兩個(甲基)丙烯酸型反應性雙鍵之單體及寡聚物。
本發明之另一主題係關於由電活性氟化共聚物及交聯(甲基)丙烯酸共聚物組成之交聯膜,該膜自根據本發明之可交聯組合物獲得。在特徵上,該氟化共聚物未經藉由與共聚單體之共聚(其可構成對於交聯具有反應性之重複單元),或藉由化學改性在聚合物上創建對於交聯具有反應性之位點而交聯,且因此保持化學上非改性。
本發明之另一目標係提供用於製備該交聯膜之方法,該方法由以下組成:- 如上文所描述地提供根據本發明之可交聯組合物,其中該組分(a)、(b)及(c)及(e)溶解在該溶劑(d)中以得到墨水,- 將該墨水沈積在載體、器件或器件之一部分上以形成膜,該器件為(光學)電子器件,- 藉由蒸發部分或全部溶劑來乾燥該膜,及- 視預定圖案而定,藉由(甲基)丙烯酸單體之聚合來交聯該膜之全部或部分,- 在期望形成預定圖案之情況下,顯影該膜以移除非交聯部分。
本發明亦關於包含至少一層根據上述方法製備之膜作為電活性層之(光學)電子器件。
本發明使得克服先前技術之缺點成為可能。特定言之,本發明使得到其中電活性聚合物保持非改性之交聯膜成為可能,因為形成交聯網狀結構的係在自由基引發劑之活化之後聚合且交聯之(甲基)丙烯酸部分。作為結果,且此不對本發明構成限制,其可視為,根據本發明之膜由兩種聚合物(氟化的及(甲基)丙烯酸的)之網狀結構,其稱為半互穿網狀結構或半IPN,組成,其中氟化組分不交聯且因此自電學性質之視角來看,保持相對不受影響。(甲基)丙烯酸網狀結構本身交聯且提供總成之耐溶劑性。換言之,本發明提供一種交聯膜,其包含在非交聯含氟聚合物系統內之丙烯酸交聯網狀結構,兩個系統化學上獨立。出乎意料地,此混合非交聯含氟聚合物/交聯丙烯酸聚合物系統使得到耐溶劑性表現成為可能。此策略允許在包含電活性氟化共聚物之層上堆疊(光學)電子器件之層,而不會使此等新層之溶劑溶解或降解電活性氟化共聚物層。此策略亦使製備用於製造複雜(光學)電子器件之預定圖案之電活性氟化共聚物層成為可能。
使用由VDF、TrFE及視情況選用之攜帶氟原子之第三單體組成之電活性氟化共聚物使優化共聚物之電活性特性成為可能,具體言之,此等電活性特性來自多個強極化,亦即在氟原子上電子密度極大地偏移,之碳-氟(C-F)鍵之存在。使用不攜帶氟原子之單體,諸如(甲基)丙烯酸單體,例如(甲基)丙烯酸,合成電活性氟化共聚物,降低了沿聚合物鏈存在之C-F鍵之數目。因此預期電活性特性會降低。
而且,使用UV光引發交聯在創建圖案(圖案化)方面具有可觀優勢,因為可以選擇性地照射某些區域以使其交聯且使其不可溶而其他區域不
會。用顯影溶劑(溶劑蝕刻)後續處理使得可以溶解未經輻射部分,其導致圖案之創建。
此外,與疊氮化物化學物質相比,如在申請案WO 2013/087500中,得到交聯所需之UV量低於雙疊氮化物之情況所需之UV量。此使得可以避免含有感光層之多層器件之特性降低。
圖1表示由使用2-丁酮作為溶劑及P(VDF-TrFE)共聚物作為電活性氟化共聚物之調配物0(底部,連續線)及調配物7(頂部,虛線)形成之膜之紅外光譜圖。
圖2表示由使用2-丁酮作為溶劑及P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)共聚物作為電活性氟化共聚物之調配物0(底部,連續線)及調配物7(頂部,虛線)形成之膜之紅外光譜圖。
現將更詳細地描述本發明,且不限於以下描述。
由本發明解決之技術問題在於,在用於製備某些(光學)電子器件之電活性氟化共聚物層(膜)已置於載體或器件上之後,必須使其對某些溶劑之侵蝕不敏感,從而防止其在作為器件之部分且在電活性氟化共聚物層之沈積之後沈積之其他有機或無機層之沈積期間藉由溶劑途徑溶解或降解。由本發明解決之另一技術問題在於在載體或器件上之電活性氟化共聚物膜之表面上沈積之後創建圖案。此等問題藉由下文中所描述之可交聯組合物解決。
根據第一態樣,本發明係關於由以下組成之可交聯組合物:a)至少一種電活性氟化共聚物,
b)至少一種(甲基)丙烯酸單體,其在反應性雙鍵方面為雙官能或多官能的,c)至少一種自由基聚合引發劑,d)至少一種有機溶劑,及e)至少一種選自以下清單之添加劑:在反應性雙鍵方面為單官能之其他(甲基)丙烯酸單體;調節表面張力、流變、抗老化性、黏著性或色彩之試劑、填充劑及奈米填充劑。
根據一個實施例,該電活性氟化共聚物係通式P(VDF-TrFE)之共聚物,其中VDF表示衍生自偏二氟乙烯之單元且TrFE表示衍生自三氟乙烯之單元。
根據一個實施例,聚合物中VDF單元比TrFE單元之莫耳比為50:50至85:15。
根據一個實施例,該電活性氟化共聚物係通式P(VDF-TrFE-X)之三元共聚物,其中VDF表示衍生自偏二氟乙烯之單元,TrFE表示衍生自三氟乙烯之單元,且X表示衍生自攜帶至少一個氟原子之第三單體之單元,其尤其可選自:四氟乙烯(TFE)、氯氟乙烯(CFE)、氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)、六氟丙烯(HFP)、3,3,3-三氟丙烯、1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(或1234ze)、2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(或1234yf)、3-氯-2,3,3-三氟丙烯(或1233yf)、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯(或1233xd)、六氟異丁烯、全氟丁基乙烯、五氟丙烯及其混合物。較佳地,當其存在時,該第三單體選自CFE及CTFE。
根據一個實施例,聚合物中之X單元之莫耳比例為0.1%至15%、較佳0.5%至13%且更尤其較佳1%至12%。
電活性氟化共聚物(a)可為均質共聚物或異質共聚物或均質共聚物與
異質共聚物之混合物。均質聚合物具有均一鏈結構,在聚合物鏈之間共聚單體之統計分佈不變。在異質共聚物中,聚合物鏈具有多峰型或分散型之平均共聚單體含量分佈:其因此包含富含共聚單體之聚合物鏈及缺乏該共聚單體之聚合物鏈。異質PVDF之實例可見於文件WO 2007/080338中。
儘管P(VDF-TrFE)聚合物及P(VDF-TrFE -X)聚合物可使用任何已知方法製備,諸如乳液聚合、懸浮液聚合及溶液聚合,但較佳使用描述於WO 2010/116105中之方法。此方法使得可以得到具有高分子量及適當結構之聚合物。
簡言之,用於製備P(VDF-TrFE-X)聚合物之較佳方法包含以下步驟:- 向含有水之攪拌高壓釜中饋入VDF與TrFE(不含X)之初始混合物;- 將高壓釜加熱至預定溫度,該預定溫度接近聚合溫度;- 相高壓釜中注入與水混合之自由基聚合引發劑,以使高壓釜內壓力達至較佳至少80巴,以便形成VDF單體與TrFE單體於水中之懸浮液;- 向高壓釜中注入VDF、TrFE及X之第二混合物;- 聚合反應一開始,就向高壓釜反應器中持續注入該第二混合物,以保持壓力處於基本上恆定水準,較佳至少80巴。
自由基聚合引發劑可為諸如過氧化二碳酸酯之有機過氧化物。其通常以每千克總單體饋料對應0.1至10g之量使用。使用量較佳為0.5至5g/kg。
初始混合物有利地僅包含VDF及TrFE,VDF與TrFE比例等於所需最終聚合物之VDF與TrFE比例。
第二混合物之組成有利地經調整以使得引入至高壓釜中之單體(包括初始混合物及第二混合物)之總組成等於或約等於所需最終聚合物之組成。
第二混合物比初始混合物之重量比較佳為0.5至2、更佳0.8至1.6。
使用初始混合物及第二混合物實施此方法使得該方法獨立於往往不可預測之反應初始期。由此獲得之聚合物呈粉末形式,無外殼或外皮。
高壓釜反應器內之壓力較佳為80至110巴,且溫度較佳保持在40℃至60℃之水準。
第二混合物持續注入至高壓釜中。其可在注入至高壓釜中之前壓縮,例如使用壓縮機或兩個連續壓縮機,通常壓力大於高壓釜內之壓力。
儘管根據某些實施例可使用額外單體作為起始材料(以較小量,諸如小於5%或小於2%或小於1%),且儘管本發明之所得聚合物可因此包含除上文所提及之彼等結構單元以外之較小量(諸如小於5%或小於2%或小於1%)之結構單元,但較佳僅使用VDF、TrFE及X作為起始材料,以使得聚合物僅由VDF及TrFE或僅由VDF、TrFE及X組成。
然而,根據一個較佳實施例,使用單一類型之單體X,且本發明之聚合物因此較佳為排他地由VDF單元、TrFE單元及單一類型之X單元組成之三元共聚物。
在合成之後,將聚合物洗滌且乾燥。
電活性氟化共聚物(a)之重量平均莫耳質量Mw較佳為至少100 000、較佳至少200 000且更佳至少300 000或至少400 000。可藉由修改某些方法參數來調整,諸如反應器中之溫度,或藉由添加轉移劑。
莫耳質量分佈可藉由SEC(尺寸排阻層析)估計,以二甲基甲醯胺
(DMF)作為溶離劑,使用一組孔隙度遞增之3個管柱。固定相為苯乙烯-DVB膠凝。偵測方法係基於折射率之量測,且使用聚苯乙烯標準品進行校正。將樣品在DMF中以0.5g/l溶解且經由0.45μm耐綸過濾器過濾。
莫耳質量亦可藉由根據ASTM D1238(ISO 1133)之在230℃下在5或10kg負載下之熔體流動指數之量測來估計。
而且,莫耳質量亦可由根據ISO 1628之溶液黏度量測表徵。甲基乙基酮(MEK)係用於測定黏度指數之較佳共聚物及三元共聚物之溶劑。
更一般而言,本發明之三元共聚物之莫耳組成可藉由各種方法測定。用於碳、氟及氯或溴元素之元素分析之習知方法產生具有兩個獨立未知數(% VF2及% TrFE,且% X=100-(% VF2+% TrFE))之具有兩或三個獨立等式之系統,其使得可以明確地計算按聚合物之重量計之組成,自其中推導出莫耳組成。
亦可利用多核(在此實例中質子(1H)及氟(19F))NMR技術,藉由分析於適當氘化溶劑中之聚合物之溶液。在裝配有多核探針之FT-NMR波譜儀上記錄NMR譜圖。隨後在根據一個或其他核產生之譜圖中定位由不同單體給出之特定信號。因此,在質子NMR中,TrFE(CFH=CF2)單元給出CFH基團之H之特定信號特徵(在約5ppm處)。VF2之CH2基團之H情況相同(居中在3ppm處之未解析峰)。兩種信號之相對積分給出兩種單體之相對豐度,亦即VDF/TrFE莫耳比。
根據本發明之共聚物為無規且線性的。
有利地,電活性氟化共聚物(組分(a))為幾乎無彈性或完全無彈性(相對於氟彈性體)之熱塑性聚合物。含有大比例之衍生自VDF共聚單體之單元之含氟聚合物傾向於為熱塑性且非彈性。
根據本發明使用之共聚物亦較佳滿足將其描述為電活性聚合物之至少一個標準,尤其其居里溫度在0℃與150℃之間、較佳10℃與140℃之間。
其熔融溫度通常在90℃與180℃之間,更尤其100℃與170℃之間。
根據本發明使用之電活性氟化共聚物之介電常數在25℃且1kHz下大於10,較佳大於12。
根據本發明之可交聯組合物之第二組分(b)係(甲基)丙烯酸單體,其在反應性雙鍵方面為雙官能或多官能的。可交聯組合物可含有一或多個此類型之單體。
在反應性雙鍵方面為雙官能或多官能之該(甲基)丙烯酸單體可為雙官能或多官能(甲基)丙烯酸單體或寡聚物。關於在本發明中使用之單體,可提及含有至少兩個(甲基)丙烯酸型反應性雙鍵之單體及寡聚物。藉助於自由基聚合引發劑,此等反應性雙鍵將使[電活性氟化共聚物-(甲基)丙烯酸交聯網狀結構]結構內之(甲基)丙烯酸網狀結構之聚合且交聯。結果,本發明中使用任何純(甲基)丙烯酸雙官能或多官能單體,諸如十二烷二甲基丙烯酸酯。
然而通常,(甲基)丙烯酸單體或寡聚物具有衍生自除純烷烴化學物質以外之官能基之化學結構,諸如二醇、三醇或多元醇、聚酯、醚、聚醚、聚胺基甲酸酯、環氧樹脂、三聚氰酸酯或三聚異氰酸酯。其條件為,在其化學結構(其為混合之結果(不僅僅為烴類性質:烷烴類型))中,此等單體包含至少兩個在自由基聚合中具有反應性之(甲基)丙烯酸官能基,則其可用於本發明。由此可提及,例如,1,3-丁二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、丁二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、1,6-己二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、烷氧基化己二醇二(甲
基)丙烯酸酯、烷氧基化新戊二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二(甲基)丙烯酸十二烷酯、環己烷二甲醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二丙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、線性烷烴二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化雙酚A二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三環癸烷二甲醇二丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、四乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三丙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二(三羥甲基丙烷)四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化季戊四醇四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇五(甲基)丙烯酸酯、五(甲基)丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化三羥甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、烷氧基化三羥甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三羥甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、丙氧基化三羥甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三羥甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、十二烷二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、十二烷二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇五/六(甲基)丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二(三羥甲基丙烷)四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、丙氧基化甘油基三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、丙氧基化甘油基三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、參(2-羥基乙基)三聚異氰酸酯三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚醚(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚丙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚胺基甲酸酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯、環氧(甲基)丙烯酸酯,及其組合。
較佳地,雙官能或多官能(甲基)丙烯酸單體或寡聚物可選自:三羥甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯(諸如由Sartomer公司在參考SR351下出售之)、乙氧基化三羥甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯(諸如由Sartomer公司在參考SR454下出售之)、聚丙烯酸酯改性的脂族胺基甲酸酯(諸如由Sartomer公司在參考CN927下出售之)。
根據本發明之可交聯組合物亦含有至少一種自由基聚合引發劑(組分(c))。交聯引發劑選自:2-羥基-2-甲基-1-苯基丙-1-酮、氧化2,4,6-三甲基苯甲醯基-二苯基膦、亞膦酸2,4,6-三甲基苯甲醯基苯基酯、1-羥基環己基苯基酮、氧化雙(2,6-二甲氧基苯甲醯基)-2,4,4-三甲基戊基膦、1-[4-(2-羥基乙氧基)苯基]-2-羥基-2-甲基-1-丙-1-酮、2,2-二甲氧基-1,2-二苯基乙-1-酮及2-甲基-1-[4-(甲基硫基)苯基]-2-嗎啉基丙-1-酮、2,4-二乙基9-氧硫 ,其衍生物,及其混合物。
作為用於製備溶液之溶劑(d),使用選自此等能夠,較佳均質地溶解電活性氟化共聚物、(甲基)丙烯酸單體(b)及聚合引發劑以較佳形成透明溶液的溶劑或溶劑之混合物。尤其可提及:酮,例如甲基乙基酮、甲基異丁基酮、環戊酮;呋喃,例如四氫呋喃;酯,例如乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸丁酯或丙二醇甲基醚乙酸酯(PGMEA);碳酸酯,例如碳酸二甲酯;醯胺,諸如二甲基甲醯胺及二甲基乙醯胺;及亞碸溶劑,諸如二甲亞碸。
根據本發明之可交聯組合物之第五及最終組分由選自以下清單之添加劑(組分(e))表示:在反應性雙鍵方面為單官能之其他(甲基)丙烯酸單體、用於修改表面張力、流變、抗老化性(諸如有機型抗UV添加劑,諸如羥基二苯甲酮或羥苯基苯并三唑,或無機型抗UV添加劑,諸如TiO2)、黏著性(諸如攜帶可為弱酸諸如甲酸,-COOH酸,或磷酸,-P(O)(OH)2酸之聯合基團之分子或寡聚物或聚合物)或色彩(諸如有機型顏料,諸如酞菁或蒽醌,或無機型顏料,諸如鐵、銅、錳或鉻錯合物)之試劑、填充劑(諸如TiO2、CaCO3、微米尺寸之黏土及沸石)及奈米填充劑(奈米尺寸之黏土及沸石、碳奈米管)。此等添加劑旨在改善作為墨水之組合物之特性或由此
墨水形成之膜之特性。較佳添加劑尤其為修改墨水之表面張力及/或流變之共溶劑。特定言之,在溶液之情況下,化合物可為可與所使用之溶劑混溶之無機化合物。墨水組成物亦可含有為改善墨水之特性,諸如其濕潤電子器件之表面之能力或例如其對此表面之黏著性而添加之一或多種添加劑。
有利地,根據本發明之溶液不含有攜帶疊氮官能基(N3)之化合物。根據H.C.Kolb等人;Angew.Chem.Int.Ed., 2001,40,2004-2021之文章,攜帶疊氮官能基之化合物往往具有爆炸性及毒性。
根據一個實施例,在根據本發明之可交聯組合物中:i.電活性氟化共聚物(a)構成由組分(a)及(b)之重量組成之總和之60重量%與99.99重量%之間且較佳70重量%與99重量%之間,ii.自由基引發劑(c)構成由組分(a)、(b)及(c)之重量組成之總和之0.1重量%與10重量%之間且較佳0.2重量%與5重量%之間,iii.添加劑(e)構成組合物之重量之0.01重量%至小於20重量%。
根據本發明之可交聯組合物包含0.5重量%與60重量%之間之非揮發性固體且較佳1重量%與30重量%之間之非揮發性固體。
根據第二態樣,本發明係關於由電活性氟化共聚物及交聯(甲基)丙烯酸共聚物組成之交聯膜。在特徵上,該氟化共聚物未經藉由與共聚單體之共聚(其可構成對於交聯具有反應性之重複單元),或藉由化學改性在聚合物上創建對於交聯具有反應性之位點而交聯,且因此保持化學上非改性。在此方法中,多(官能性)丙烯酸單體與電活性含氟聚合物(其由進行墨水(溶液)方法獲得)混合緊密,該等單體隨後經聚合且彼此交聯。在根據本發明之交聯膜中,不同於先前技術,含氟聚合物成分並不為在含氟聚合物
本身上創建交聯位點而經化學改性。
根據第三態樣,本發明係關於用於製備該交聯膜之方法,該方法由以下連續步驟組成:- 如上文所描述地提供根據本發明之可交聯組合物,其中該組分(a)、(b)、(c)及(e)溶解在該溶劑(d)中以得到墨水,- 將該墨水沈積在載體、器件或器件之一部分上以形成膜,該器件為(光學)電子器件,- 藉由蒸發部分或全部溶劑來乾燥該膜,及- 藉由(甲基)丙烯酸單體之聚合來交聯該膜之全部或部分,- 在期望形成預定圖案之情況下,顯影該膜以移除非交聯部分。
根據一個實施例,自由基引發劑係能夠經由藉由部分或完全由處於紫外範圍內之光譜截面組成之光,亦即藉由全部或部分處於波長150nm與410nm之間之光譜範圍內之光,照射經沈積且「乾燥」(蒸發部分或全部溶劑)之墨水層來活化自由基引發之光引發劑。較佳地,引發劑之活化藉由包含光譜範圍在315nm與410nm之間之UVA範圍內之波長的照射獲得。較佳地,引發劑之活化藉由包含在365nm及/或385nm及/或405nm之波長下的照射獲得。亦較佳地,用於產生交聯之輻射量小於20J/cm2且更佳小於10J/cm2。此量低於雙疊氮化物所需之量。此使得可以避免含有感光層之多層器件之特性降低。
最後,本發明亦由電活性共聚物層(膜)在(光學)電子器件內作為例如具有高電容率、小厚度之介電層用以允許場效電晶體或鐵電記憶體之製備(尤其在印刷有機電子產品行業中)的用途組成。藉由低或高電容率之交聯電活性氟化共聚物層亦可用於製備記憶體、電容器(capacitor)、感測器、
致動器、電機械微系統、觸感器件及電容器(condenser)之領域。
術語「電子器件」意指單個電子組件或一組電子組件,其能夠在電子電路中執行一或多種功能。
較佳地,在本發明之上下文中,電子器件更尤其為光電子器件,亦即能夠發射、偵測或控制電磁輻射。
本發明關於之電子器件或適當時光電子器件之實例為電晶體、晶片、電池、光電池、發光二極體(light-emitting diode,LED)、有機發光二極管(organic light-emitting diode,OLED)、感測器、致動器、變換器及偵測器。
電子及光電子器件用於設備或裝置且整合成設備或裝置之多個電子子組合件、物件,且用於多個目標及應用,諸如電視、行動電話、剛性或可撓性螢幕、薄膜光伏打模組、光源、能量轉換器及感測器等。
在根據本發明之器件中,該薄膜層之厚度為小於100μm,較佳小於80μm。在根據本發明之某些器件,諸如記憶體或電晶體中,該薄膜層之厚度可小於1μm。
含氟聚合物層之表面粗糙度(藉由表面輪廓儀量測)較佳小於或等於20nm(以Ra為單位,二次平均值),且更尤其小於或等於10nm且甚至更佳小於或等於7nm。此表面粗糙度可藉由α-步驟IQ型之表面輪廓儀量測表面構形來測定。
以下實例說明本發明而不對其加以限制。其描述在溶劑中之具有一或多種光引發劑及允許交聯之雙官能或多官能(甲基)丙烯酸單體以及諸如單官能(甲基)丙烯酸單體之添加劑的基於VDF及TrFE之電活性含氟聚合物
之調配物。所提供之技術溶液之效率藉由研究UV照射之後之膜在用於調配物之溶劑中之溶解性來評估。當膜在溶劑中為不可溶時,稱膜為交聯的。亦進行介電常數量測。
調配物之製備
將電活性含氟聚合物之粉末溶解在2-丁酮(MEK)中以形成14重量%之溶液。向此溶液添加光引發劑、雙官能或多官能(甲基)丙烯酸單體及其他單官能單體(添加劑)。藉由在環境溫度下機械攪拌10分鐘來將調配物均質化。
膜之製備
藉由將先前製備之溶液施用於玻璃板上來製備聚合物膜。將膜在環境溫度下乾燥1小時且隨後在通風烘箱中在60℃下乾燥30分鐘。
膜之交聯
將厚度在11μm至12μm之間之膜藉由LED UV燈照射15秒。
圖1及圖2顯示膜之紅外光譜。對於自調配物7交聯得到之膜,在1750cm-1處觀測到丙烯酸酯之羰基部分之價振動帶特徵。此外,總是在1250cm-1及850cm-1處觀測到與聚合物之電活性特性相關之tttg+tttg-及全反式構形之帶特徵。
下表1展示在2-丁酮中調配物之組成之影響。
0:僅含有電活性含氟聚合物之參考調配物。UV照射不降解聚合物。
1:光引發劑之影響。對膜之溶解性及特性無影響。
2:單官能丙烯酸酯(添加劑)之影響。其不允許交聯。
3至8:具有至少一種雙官能或多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯之各種調配物之影響。膜為交聯的。介電常數保持較高且因此對於預期應用而言令人滿意。
調配物之製備
將電活性含氟聚合物(莫耳組成為62/30/8)之聚(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)三元共聚物)之粉末溶解在丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯(PGMEA)中以形成7重量%之溶
液。向此溶液添加光引發劑(Irgacure TPO-L 1%+SpeedCure DETX 0.5%)及雙官能或多官能(甲基)丙烯酸單體。藉由在環境溫度下機械攪拌10分鐘來將調配物均質化。
膜之製備
藉由在環境溫度(20至25℃)下旋塗在玻璃板上來製備聚合物膜。將膜在加熱板上在100℃下乾燥3分鐘。
膜之交聯
將厚度在0.8μm與1.5μm之間之該膜藉由LED UV燈在385nm下照射15秒。
下表2展示在PGMEA中調配物之組成(雙官能或多官能(甲基)丙烯酸化合物之性質及其濃度)對由此等調配物形成之薄膜在PGMEA中之溶解性之影響。
Claims (21)
- 一種可交聯組合物,其由以下組成:a)至少一種電活性氟化共聚物,b)至少一種(甲基)丙烯酸單體,其在反應性雙鍵方面為雙官能或多官能的,c)至少一種自由基聚合引發劑,d)至少一種有機溶劑,及e)至少一種選自以下清單之添加劑:在反應性雙鍵方面為單官能之(甲基)丙烯酸單體;調節表面張力、流變、抗老化性、黏著性或色彩之試劑;填充劑及奈米填充劑,其中該電活性氟化共聚物不包含任何對於交聯具有反應性之位點。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該電活性氟化共聚物係通式P(VDF-TrFE)之共聚物,其中VDF表示衍生自偏二氟乙烯之單元且TrFE表示衍生自三氟乙烯之單元,在該聚合物中VDF:TrFE莫耳比在50:50至85:15範圍內。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該電活性氟化共聚物係通式P(VDF-TrFE-X)之三元共聚物,其中VDF表示衍生自偏二氟乙烯之單元,TrFE表示衍生自三氟乙烯之單元,且X表示衍生自攜帶至少一個氟原子之第三單體之單元。
- 如請求項3之組合物,其中該第三單體係選自:四氟乙烯、氯氟乙 烯、氯三氟乙烯、六氟丙烯、3,3,3-三氟丙烯、1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(或1234ze)、2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(或1234yf)、3-氯-2,3,3-三氟丙烯(或1233yf)、2-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯(或1233xd)、六氟異丁烯、全氟丁基乙烯、五氟丙烯及其混合物。
- 如請求項3之組合物,其中該聚合物中之X單元之莫耳比例為0.1%至15%。
- 如請求項1至5中任一項之組合物,其中在反應性雙鍵方面為雙官能或多官能之該(甲基)丙烯酸單體係含有至少兩個(甲基)丙烯酸型之反應性雙鍵之單體或寡聚物,或選自以下之雙官能或多官能(甲基)丙烯酸單體或寡聚物:二醇、三醇或多元醇、聚酯、醚、聚醚、聚胺基甲酸酯、環氧樹脂、三聚氰酸酯或三聚異氰酸酯。
- 如請求項6之組合物,其中該(甲基)丙烯酸單體選自以下清單:丁二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、烷氧基化己二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、烷氧基化新戊二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、線性烷烴二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、五(甲基)丙烯酸酯、烷氧基化三羥甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚醚(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚胺基甲酸酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯、環氧(甲基)丙烯酸酯,及其組合。
- 如請求項6之組合物,其中該(甲基)丙烯酸單體選自以下清單:1,3-丁二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、1,6-己二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二(甲基)丙烯酸 十二烷酯、環己烷二甲醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二丙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化雙酚A二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、新戊二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三環癸烷二甲醇二丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、四乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三丙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二(三羥甲基丙烷)四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化季戊四醇四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇五(甲基)丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙氧基化三羥甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三羥甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、丙氧基化三羥甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、十二烷二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、十二烷二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇五(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇六(甲基)丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二(三羥甲基丙烷)四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、丙氧基化甘油基三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、參(2-羥基乙基)三聚異氰酸酯三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚丙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯,及其組合。
- 如請求項1至5中任一項之組合物,其中該溶劑選自:酮、呋喃、酯、碳酸酯、醯胺及亞碸。
- 如請求項1至5中任一項之組合物,其中:i.該電活性氟化共聚物(a)構成由該組分(a)及該組分(b)之重量組成之總和之60重量%與99.99重量%之間,ii.該自由基引發劑(c)構成由該組分(a)、該組分(b)及該組分(c)之重量組成之總和之0.1重量%與10重量%之間,iii.該添加劑(e)構成該組合物之重量之0.01重量%至小於20重量%。
- 一種交聯膜,其由至少一種非交聯之如請求項2至5中任一項之電活性氟化共聚物及一種藉由交聯請求項6、7或8中之任一項中所定義之(甲基)丙烯酸單體獲得之交聯(甲基)丙烯酸共聚物組成。
- 一種用於製備交聯膜之方法,該方法由以下組成:提供如請求項1至11中任一項之可交聯組合物,其中該組分(a)、該組分(b)、該組分(c)及該組分(e)溶解在該溶劑(d)中以得到墨水,將該墨水沈積在載體、器件或器件之一部分上以形成膜,該器件為(光學)電子器件,藉由蒸發部分或全部該溶劑來乾燥該膜,及藉由該或該等(甲基)丙烯酸單體之聚合來交聯該膜之全部或部分,在期望形成預定圖案之情況下,顯影該膜以移除非交聯部分。
- 如請求項13之方法,其中該自由基引發劑係能夠藉由部分或完全由波長150nm與410nm之間之光譜截面組成之光活化之光引發劑。
- 如請求項13及14中任一項之方法,其中用於產生該膜之交聯之照射量小於20J/cm2。
- 一種電子器件,其包含作為介電層之至少一層根據描述於請求項13至15中任一項中之方法製備之膜。
- 一種光學電子器件,其包含作為介電層之至少一層根據描述於請求項13至15中任一項中之方法製備之膜。
- 如請求項16之器件,其包含沈積在該膜層上之一或多個層之堆疊。
- 如請求項17之器件,其包含沈積在該膜層上之一或多個層之堆疊。
- 如請求項16至19中任一項之器件,其選自場效電晶體及鐵電記憶體。
- 如請求項16至19中任一項之器件,其選自致動器、觸感器件、電容器、二極體、感測器及電機械微系統。
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