CN110447105A - 固态摄像装置和电子设备 - Google Patents

固态摄像装置和电子设备 Download PDF

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CN110447105A
CN110447105A CN201880019824.XA CN201880019824A CN110447105A CN 110447105 A CN110447105 A CN 110447105A CN 201880019824 A CN201880019824 A CN 201880019824A CN 110447105 A CN110447105 A CN 110447105A
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transistor
imaging device
solid
state imaging
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CN110447105B (zh
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安茂博章
江尻洋一
本庄亮子
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A Study On Half Way Of Thinking
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Priority to CN202310889903.9A priority patent/CN117080231A/zh
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Abstract

本发明涉及能够抑制读取噪声的固态摄像装置和电子设备。根据本发明的第一方面的固态摄像装置包括:光电转换部,其响应于入射光而产生并保持电荷;传输部,其包括V‑NW晶体管(垂直纳米线晶体管)并传输在所述光电转换部中保持的所述电荷;和累积部,其包括布线层并且累积由所述传输部传输的所述电荷,所述布线层连接到包括所述V‑NW晶体管的所述传输部的漏极。例如,本发明适用于CMOS图像传感器。

Description

固态摄像装置和电子设备
技术领域
本技术涉及固态摄像装置和电子设备,且尤其涉及通过使用垂直纳米线(V-NW:Vertical Nano Wire)形成晶体管的固态摄像装置和电子设备。
背景技术
目前,在CMOS图像传感器的发展领域中,例如已经提出多种降噪技术以便实现用于以光子为单位检测弱光的光计数。在下文中,将说明在执行光计数等的情况下成为障碍的读取噪声。
图1是示出作为CMOS图像传感器的主流结构的4晶体管型CIS(CMOS图像传感器)的一般构造示例的等效电路图。如图1所示,4晶体管型CIS具有作为光电转换部的光电二极管(PD)11、传输栅极晶体管12、电荷累积部13、放大晶体管14、选择晶体管15和复位晶体管17。
图2示出在使用平面晶体管的情况下的剖视图,在平面晶体管中,图1所示的4晶体管型CIS的4种晶体管在Si基板上形成为平面形状。
在图2的情况下,电荷累积部13由浮动扩散层(下文称其为FD(floatingdiffusion))形成。在下文中,电荷累积部13也称为FD 13。此外,放大晶体管21的漏极和选择晶体管15的源极经由n型扩散层16连接。
同时,已知的是,FD 13或每个晶体管周围的电容引起可在图1和图2所示的4晶体管型CIS中生成的读取噪声。特别地,已知的是,读取噪声主要由FD 13周围的电容引起,并且通过减小FD 13周围的电容能够抑制读取噪声(例如,参见非专利文献1)。
对于FD 13周围的电容,已知的是,形成FD 13的PN结的电容可以占FD 13周围的电容的大约40%(例如,参见非专利文献2)。
引用文献列表
非专利文献
非专利文献1:“Noise Reduction Techniques and Scaling Effects towardsPhoton Counting CMOS Image Sensors”[Ref.1:Sensors 2016,16,514]
非专利文献2:“Analysis and Reduction of Floating Diffusion CapacitanceComponents of CMOS Image Sensor for Photon-Countable Sensitivity”[Ref.2:Proc.IISW 2015,pp120-123]
发明内容
技术问题
如上所述,形成FD 13的PN结的电容占FD 13周围的电容的很大部分。因此,当减少PN结的电容时,可以抑制4晶体管型CIS的读取噪声。然而,因为通过在Si基板上形成PN结来实现FD 13,所以PN结的电容的减小受到限制。相应地,甚至读取噪声的抑制受到限制。
此外,通过PN结形成FD 13,并因而不能消除PN结的P形区域和N型区域之间的泄漏,从而也引起暗电流的生成。
注意,上述问题不限于4晶体管型CIS,而是通用于具有FD的CIS。
本技术是针对这种情况提出的,并能够抑制由FD导致的读取噪声。
技术方案
根据本发明的第一方面的固态摄像装置包括:光电转换部,其响应于入射光而产生并保持电荷;传输部,其包括V-NW晶体管并传输在所述光电转换部中保持的所述电荷;和累积部,其包括布线层并且累积由所述传输部传输的所述电荷,所述布线层连接到包括所述V-NW晶体管的所述传输部的漏极。
所述累积部可以包括不具有PN结的所述布线层。
此外,根据本发明的第一方面的固态摄像装置还可以包括:复位部,其复位在所述累积部中累积的所述电荷;转换部,其将在所述累积部中累积的所述电荷转换为电信号;和选择部,其将由所述转换部转换的所述电信号选择性地输出到后一部件,其中,所述复位部、所述转换部或所述选择部中的至少一者包括V-NW晶体管。
此外,根据本发明的第一方面的固态摄像装置还可以包括:绝缘膜,其形成在所述光电转换部和形成所述传输部的所述V-NW晶体管的栅极之间。
形成在所述光电转换部和形成所述传输部的所述V-NW晶体管的所述栅极之间的所述绝缘膜可以是含杂质的绝缘膜。
在形成所述传输部的所述V-NW晶体管的与所述光电转换部连接的源极的表面中,可以通过从所述含杂质的绝缘膜扩散的杂质来钉扎费米能级。
所述V-NW晶体管相对于基板在垂直方向上可以形成具有50nm以下的直径的半导体柱,使得所述半导体柱的一端用作源极,所述半导体柱的另一端用作漏极,并且用于控制导通状态的栅极形成在所述半导体柱的外周边。
根据本发明的第二方面的电子设备安装有固态摄像装置,所述固态摄像装置包括:光电转换部,其响应于入射光而产生并保持电荷;传输部,其包括V-NW晶体管并传输在所述光电转换部中保持的所述电荷;和累积部,其包括布线层并且累积由所述传输部传输的所述电荷,所述布线层连接到包括所述V-NW晶体管的所述传输部的漏极。
所述V-NW晶体管相对于基板在垂直方向上可以形成具有50nm以下的直径的半导体柱,使得所述半导体柱的一端用作源极,所述半导体柱的另一端用作漏极,并且用于控制导通状态的栅极形成在所述半导体柱的外周边。
根据本发明的第三方面的电子设备安装有固态摄像装置,所述固态摄像装置包括:光电转换部,其响应于入射光而产生并保持电荷;传输部,其传输在所述光电转换部中保持的所述电荷;累积部,其累积由所述传输部传输的所述电荷;复位部,其复位在所述累积部中累积的所述电荷;转换部,其将在所述累积部中累积的所述电荷转换为电信号;和选择部,其将由所述转换部转换的所述电信号选择性地输出到后一部件,其中,所述传输部、所述复位部、所述转换部或所述选择部中的至少一者包括V-NW晶体管。
根据本发明的第四方面的固态摄像装置包括:光电转换部,其形成在基板中;晶体管,其传输在所述光电转换部中生成的电荷;和布线层,其形成在所述基板上并且连接到所述晶体管,其中,所述晶体管具有在相对于所述基板垂直的方向上延伸的半导体区域、形成在所述半导体区域周围的绝缘膜以及栅极,所述绝缘膜被夹持在所述栅极和所述半导体区域之间。
所述半导体区域可以形成为柱形,并且所述半导体区域的一端连接到所述布线层,并且所述半导体区域的另一端连接到所述光电转换部。
所述电荷可以累积在由所述布线层和所述基板形成的电容中。
发明效果
根据本技术,可以抑制读取噪声。
根据本技术,可以提高固态摄像装置中的光电转换部的面积比率。
附图说明
图1是示出4晶体管型CIS的一般构造示例的等效电路图。
图2是在通过使用平面晶体管形成4晶体管型CIS的情况下的垂直剖视图。
图3是示出应用本技术的固态摄像装置的垂直剖视图。
图4是示出应用本技术的固态摄像装置的俯视图。
图5是示出应用本技术的固态摄像装置的制造过程的垂直剖视图。
图6是示出应用本技术的固态摄像装置的制造过程的垂直剖视图。
图7是示出应用本技术的固态摄像装置的制造过程的垂直剖视图。
图8是示出应用本技术的固态摄像装置的制造过程的垂直剖视图。
图9是示出固态摄像装置的第一变形例的垂直剖视图。
图10是示出固态摄像装置的第二变形例的垂直剖视图。
图11是示出能够被半导体柱(semiconductor pillar)和栅极电极所采用的形状的示例的图。
图12是示出体内信息获取系统的示意性构造示例的框图。
图13是示出车辆控制系统的示意性构造示例的框图。
图14是协助说明车外车辆信息检测部和摄像部的安装位置的示例的图。
具体实施方式
在下文中,将参照附图说明用于实施本技术的最佳方式(下文称其为实施例)。
<根据本实施例的固态摄像装置的构造示例>
根据本实施例的固态摄像装置通过使用V-NW晶体管来实现,在V-NW晶体管中,图1所示的4晶体管型CIS的每个晶体管沿垂直方向形成在Si基板上。图3是表示固态摄像装置的构造示例的垂直剖视图,并且图4是示出固态摄像装置的构造示例的俯视图。
注意,图3和图4所示的根据本实施例的固态摄像装置的等效电路图与图1所示的等效电路图相同。根据本实施例的固态摄像装置是4晶体管型,并且本技术还适用于除4晶体管型以外的固态摄像装置。此外,根据本实施例的固态摄像装置可以是前照射型和后照射型中的任一种。
此处,V-NW晶体管是通过形成半导体柱使得半导体柱的一端用作源极(S)、另一端用作漏极(D)并且用于控制导通状态的栅极(G)形成在半导体柱的外周边而获得的晶体管,半导体柱具有50nm以下,优选30nm以下的直径,并且相对于基板在垂直方向上延伸。注意,一个晶体管可以通过一条V-NW形成或者通过平行地形成的多条V-NW形成。
具体地,均包括图3所示的V-NW晶体管的传输栅极晶体管(TRG)22、放大晶体管(AMP)24、选择晶体管(SEL)25和复位晶体管(RST)27分别对应于图1所示的等效电路图中的传输栅极晶体管12、放大晶体管14、选择晶体管15和复位晶体管17。
在包括V-NW晶体管的传输栅极晶体管22中,作为半导体柱的一端的源极连接到形成在Si基板上的PD 11。此外,作为半导体柱的另一端的漏极经由包括n型扩散区域(n+)的接触部连接到电荷累积部23。栅极电极53(图7)隔着栅极绝缘膜52(图7)形成在传输栅极晶体管22的半导体柱栅极的外周边。绝缘膜32形成在栅极电极53和PD 11之间。例如,含硼氧化硅膜(硼硅酸盐玻璃(BSG:Boro-Silicate Glass))适用于绝缘膜32。
电荷累积部23对应于图1所示的等效电路图中的电荷累积部13。然而,注意,在图2所示的先前构造中,电荷累积部13是FD;此外,在固态摄像装置中,电荷累积部23通过顶板(Top Plate)的布线层形成。作为V-NW晶体管的传输栅极晶体管22的漏极和作为V-NW晶体管的复位晶体管27的源极连接到包括布线层的电荷累积部23。包括布线层的电荷累积部23还连接到作为V-NW晶体管的放大晶体管24的栅极电极。
作为V-NW晶体管的复位晶体管27的源极连接到电荷累积部23,且复位晶体管27的漏极经由形成在Si基板内的n型扩散层(VDD(n+))18连接到电源VDD(未示出)。
作为V-NW晶体管的放大晶体管24的漏极经由顶板的布线层26连接到选择晶体管25的源极。作为V-NW晶体管的选择晶体管25的漏极经由形成在Si基板中的n型扩散层(VSL(n+))19连接到垂直信号线VSL(未示出)。
绝缘膜31形成在放大晶体管24和复位晶体管27的每个栅极电极与n型扩散层18之间,并且形成在选择晶体管25的栅极电极与n型扩散层19之间。例如,二氧化硅膜(无掺杂硅酸盐玻璃(NSG:No doped Silicate Glass))适用于绝缘膜31。
在图3所示的根据本实施例的固态摄像装置中,电荷累积部23旨在通过使用不具有PN结的布线层代替具有PN结的FD来形成。因此,与通过FD形成电荷累积部13的过去情况相比,可以大幅减少FD或每个晶体管周围的引起读取噪声的电容,并且因此可以抑制读取噪声。此外,没有在PN结中产生泄漏电流,并且因此可以抑制暗电流的产生。
此外,每个晶体管通过使用V-NW晶体管形成,从而使每个晶体管的占用面积比过去的情况小,在过去的情况下,每个晶体管通过使用平面晶体管形成。此外,放大晶体管24的漏极和选择晶体管25的源极经由布线层26连接,从而使放大晶体管24和选择晶体管25可以紧凑地布置。如上所述,通过小型化布置的每个晶体管或器件,可以提高固态摄像装置中的PD 11的面积比率,并因此可以提高PD 11的饱和电子数和光灵敏度。
<制造根据本实施例的固态摄像装置的方法>
接下来,参照图5到图8说明制造固态摄像装置的方法。图5到图8是示出固态摄像装置的制造过程的垂直剖视图。
最初,如图5所示,在Si基板上形成PD 11,并且此外还形成连接到电源VDD的n型扩散层18和连接到垂直信号线VSL的n型扩散层19。之后,例如,在PD 11上形成作为绝缘膜32的BSG。此外,例如,在n型扩散层18和19上形成作为绝缘膜31的NSG。可以在PD 11上形成作为绝缘膜32的NSG,而不形成BSG。此外,在绝缘膜31和32的形成每个V-NW晶体管的位置处形成开口部41。
接下来,如图6所示,在形成在绝缘膜31和32中的开口部41中形成均通过选择性外延生长形成V-NW的半导体柱51。
注意,V-NW的具体形成方法是任意的。例如,“Vertical Silicon Nanowire FieldEffect Transistors with nanoscale Gate-All-Around”[Ref.3:Nanoscale ResearchLetters 2016 11:210]中说明的方法适于上述方法。替代地,例如,“Realization of aSilicon Nanowire Vertical Surround-Gate Field Effect Transistors”[Ref.4:small2006,2,No.1pp85-88]中说明的使用金等的选择性外延生长可以用于上述方法。
在作为传输栅极22的形成V-NW的半导体柱51的下部中,可以形成浓度梯度以便容易地从PD 11传输电荷。
在每个半导体柱51的上部中,n型扩散区域61形成为接触部,其连接到布线层26或连接到作为布线层的电荷累积部23。
接下来,如图7所示,在每个半导体柱51的外周边形成栅极绝缘膜52。然后,在栅极绝缘膜52的外周边形成栅极电极53,并且因此形成作为V-NW晶体管的传输栅极晶体管22、放大晶体管24、选择晶体管25和复位晶体管27。
最后,在形成在半导体柱51的上部中的n型扩散区域61上形成膜间绝缘膜(未示出)。然后,如图8所示,形成布线层26和作为布线层的电荷累积部23。
注意,在将BSG用作PD 11上的绝缘膜32的情况下,B(硼)从BSG32扩散。因此,传输栅极晶体管22的源极(半导体柱51的下部)的表面上的费米能级可以被钉扎,从而可以防止在钉扎区域中产生暗电流。
此外,在形成V-NW晶体管时,没有执行在形成先前的平面晶体管的过程中需要的Si基板上的杂质掺杂。因此,可减少被认为掺杂杂质的波动应是其诱因之一的随机电报噪声(RTN:Random Telegraph Noise)。
<变形例>
图9是示出根据本实施例的固态摄像装置的第一变形例的垂直剖视图。
根据第一变形例,固态摄像装置是通过堆叠多个半导体基板构造的堆叠型,其中,PD 11和传输栅极晶体管22形成在一个基板上。此外,其他晶体管(放大晶体管24、选择晶体管25和复位晶体管26)形成在堆叠在上述基板上的另一基板上。此外,包括布线层的电荷累积部23被划分为电荷累积部23-1和23-2。此外,每个电荷累积部23-1和23-2形成在不同的堆叠基板中。例如,含铜的接触部分别形成在形成于不同基板中的电荷累积部23-1和23-2的相对表面上。然后,这两个接触部接合,并且两个基板电连接。注意,接触部不限于铜,还可采用任意金属。
根据第一变形例,除了根据本实施例的上述固态摄像装置的效果之外,还可以获得堆叠基板以小型化固态摄像装置的效果。
图10是示出根据本实施例的固态摄像装置的第二变形例的垂直剖视图。
根据第二变形例,固态摄像装置是通过堆叠多个半导体基板构造的堆叠型,其中,V-NW晶体管和先前的平面晶体管同时用于像素晶体管的结构。
具体地,在一个基板中形成有PD 11、包括V-NW晶体管的传输栅极晶体管22和复位晶体管27以及电荷累积部23,并且例如在电荷累积部23上形成含铜的接触部。此外,在堆叠在上述基板上的另一基板中形成有包括平面晶体管的放大晶体管14和选择晶体管15。此外,在放大晶体管14的漏极上形成布线层26,并且例如在布线层26上形成含铜的接触部。然后,电荷累积部23的接触部和布线层26的接触部接合,并且两个基板彼此电连接。注意,接触部不限于铜,还可采用任意金属。
根据第二变形例,除了根据本实施例和第一变形例的上述固态摄像装置的效果之外,还可以同时获得能够使用先前的平面晶体管的效果。
图11示出可以被形成V-NW晶体管的半导体柱51和栅极电极53采用的形状的示例的视图。
图11的A示出如下示例:半导体柱51具有圆柱形,栅极电极53在半导体柱51的外周边形成为环形,并且在半导体柱51和栅极电极53之间夹持有绝缘膜52。图11的B示出如下示例:半导体柱51具有圆柱形,栅极电极53在半导体柱51的外周边形成为占据环形的一半以上的形状,在半导体柱51和栅极电极53之间夹持有绝缘膜52,并且半导体柱51的外周边的其余部分没有形成有绝缘膜52和栅极电极53。图11的C示出如下示例:半导体柱51具有圆柱形,栅极电极53在半导体柱51的外周边形成为占据环形的一半以上的形状,在半导体柱51和栅极电极53之间夹持有绝缘膜52,并且两个部分没有形成有绝缘膜52和栅极电极53。
图11的D示出如下示例:半导体柱51具有大致矩形的柱形,其中,矩形柱的角部是圆角,栅极电极53在半导体柱51的外周边形成为环形,并且在半导体柱51和栅极电极53之间夹持有绝缘膜52。图11的E示出如下示例:半导体柱51具有大致矩形的柱形,栅极电极53在半导体柱51的外周边形成为占据环形的一半以上的形状,在半导体柱51和栅极电极53之间夹持有绝缘膜52,并且半导体柱51的外周边的其余部分没有形成有绝缘膜52和栅极电极53。图11的F示出如下示例:半导体柱51具有大致矩形的柱形,栅极电极53在半导体柱51的外周边形成为占据环形的一半以上的形状,在半导体柱51和栅极电极53之间夹持有绝缘膜52,并且两个部分没有形成有绝缘膜52和栅极电极53。图11的G示出如下示例:半导体柱51具有大致矩形的柱形,栅极电极53在半导体柱51的外周边形成为占据环形的一半以上的形状,在半导体柱51和栅极电极53之间夹持有绝缘膜52,并且绝缘膜52和栅极电极53没有形成在4个角部处。
注意,能够被半导体柱51和栅极电极53采用的形状不限于图11所示的示例。上述形状可以是椭圆柱、三棱柱以上的多边形柱或其角部是圆角的大致多边形柱。
<体内信息获取系统的应用示例>
根据本公开的技术(本技术)可以应用到多种产品。例如,根据本公开的技术可以应用到内窥镜手术系统。
图12是示出使用可以应用根据本公开的技术(本技术)的胶囊型内窥镜的患者的体内信息获取系统的示意构造示例的框图。
体内信息获取系统10001包括胶囊型内窥镜10100和外部控制装置10200。
胶囊型内窥镜10100在检查时被患者吞咽。胶囊型内窥镜10100具有摄像功能和无线通信功能,并且在其从患者身上自然排出之前的时段期间通过蠕动运动等在诸如胃和肠等器官内部移动的同时以预定间隔顺序地拍摄器官内部的图像(下文称其为体内图像),并随后顺序地将关于体内图像的信息无线地发送到身体外部的外部控制装置10200。
外部控制装置10200整体控制体内信息获取系统10001的操作。此外,外部控制装置10200接收从胶囊型内窥镜10100发送的有关体内图像的信息,并且基于所接收的有关体内图像信息生成用于在显示设备(未示出)上显示体内图像的图像数据。
以此方式,在从胶囊型内窥镜10100被吞咽开始直到胶囊型内窥镜10100被排出的时间段期间,体内信息获取系统10001可以随时通过拍摄患者身体内部状态的图像来获得体内图像。
下面将更详细地说明胶囊型内窥镜10100和外部控制装置10200的构造和功能。
胶囊型内窥镜10100包括胶囊型壳体10101,在壳体10101中容纳有光源单元10111、摄像单元10112、图像处理单元10113、无线通信单元10114、供电单元10115、电源单元10116和控制单元10117。
光源单元10111例如包括诸如发光二极管(LED)等光源,并且将光照射在摄像单元10112的摄像视野上。
摄像单元10112包括摄像元件和光学系统,该光学系统包括设置在摄像元件前方的多个透镜。照射在作为观察目标的身体组织上的光的反射光(下文中称为观察光)被光学系统收集并入射在摄像元件上。在摄像单元10112中,摄像元件对入射在摄像元件上的观察光进行光电转换,由此生成对应于观察光的图像信号。由摄像单元10112生成的图像信号被提供给图像处理单元10113。
图像处理单元10113包括诸如中央处理单元(CPU)或图形处理单元(GPU)等处理器,并且对由摄像单元10112生成的图像信号执行各种信号处理。图像处理单元10113将已经执行信号处理的图像信号作为RAW数据提供给无线通信单元10114。
无线通信单元10114对已被图像处理单元10113执行信号处理的图像信号执行诸如调制处理等预定处理,并且通过天线10114A将经过预定处理的图像信号发送到外部控制装置10200。此外,无线通信单元10114通过天线10114A从外部控制装置10200接收与胶囊型内窥镜10100的驱动控制有关的控制信号。无线通信单元10114将从外部控制装置10200接收的控制信号提供给控制单元10117。
供电单元10115包括用于接收电力的天线线圈、用于从天线线圈中产生的电流来再生电力的电力再生电路、升压电路等。供电单元10115使用所谓的非接触部充电原理产生电力。
电源单元10116包括二次电池并存储由供电单元10115产生的电力。在图12中,为了避免复杂的图示,省略了用于表示来自电源单元10116等的电力供应目的地的箭头的图示,但存储在电源单元10116中的电力被提供给光源单元10111、摄像单元10112、图像处理单元10113、无线通信单元10114和控制单元10117,并用于驱动光源单元10111、摄像单元10112、图像处理单元10113、无线通信单元10114和控制单元10117。
控制单元10117包括诸如CPU等处理器,并且根据从外部控制装置10200发送到控制单元10117的控制信号适当地控制光源单元10111、摄像单元10112、图像处理单元10113、无线通信单元10114和供电单元10115的驱动。
外部控制装置10200包括诸如CPU或GPU等处理器或者混合地组合有诸如处理器和存储器等存储器元件的微型计算机、控制板等。外部控制装置10200通过天线10200A通过将控制信号发送到胶囊型内窥镜10100的控制单元10117来控制胶囊型内窥镜10100的操作。在胶囊型内窥镜10100中,例如,可以根据来自外部控制装置10200的控制信号改变光在光源单元10111的观察目标上的照射条件。此外,可以根据来自外部控制装置10200的控制信号来改变摄像条件(例如,摄像单元10112的帧速率、曝光值等)。此外,可以根据来自外部控制装置10200的控制信号来改变图像处理单元10113的处理内容或无线通信单元10114发送图像信号的条件(例如,发送间隔、发送图像数量等)。
此外,外部控制装置10200对从胶囊型内窥镜10100发送的图像信号执行各种图像处理,以生成用于在显示设备上显示所拍摄的体内图像的图像数据。图像处理可以执行各种信号处理,例如,显影处理(去马赛克处理)、高图像质量处理(带宽增强处理、超分辨率处理、降噪(NR)处理和/或相机晃动校正处理)和/或放大处理(电子缩放处理)。外部控制装置10200控制显示装置的驱动,以使显示装置基于所生成的图像数据显示所拍摄的体内图像。或者,外部控制装置10200还可以使记录装置(未示出)记录所生成的图像数据或使打印装置(未示出)打印所生成的图像数据。
目前,已经说明了可以应用根据本公开的技术的体内信息获取系统的示例。根据本公开的技术可以应用到上述的构造之中的摄像单元10112。
<移动体的应用示例>
根据本公开的技术(本技术)可以应用到各种产品。例如,根据本公开的技术可以实现为安装在包括汽车、电动车、混合动力电动车、摩托车、自行车、个人移动装置、飞机、无人机、船舶、机器人等的任何类型的移动体上的装置。
图13是示出作为可应用根据本公开的实施例的技术的移动体控制系统的示例的车辆控制系统的示意性构造的示例的框图。
车辆控制系统12000包括经由通信网络12001彼此连接的多个电子控制单元。在图13所示的示例中,车辆控制系统12000包括驾驶系统控制单元12010、车身系统控制单元12020、车外信息检测单元12030、车内信息检测单元12040和集成控制单元12050。另外,微型计算机12051、声音/图像输出部12052和车载网络接口(I/F)12053被作为集成控制单元12050的功能构造示出。
驾驶系统控制单元12010根据各种程序来控制与车辆的驾驶系统相关的设备的操作。例如,驾驶系统控制单元12010用作如下设备的控制设备:诸如内燃机、驱动电动机等用于产生车辆驱动力的驱动力产生设备、用于将驱动力传递到车轮的驱动力传递机构、用于调节车辆的转向角的转向机构、用于产生车辆的制动力的制动设备等。
车身系统控制单元12020根据各种程序来控制设置在车身上的各种设备的操作。例如,车身系统控制单元12020用作无钥匙进入系统、智能钥匙系统、电动车窗设备或诸如前照灯、倒车灯、刹车灯、转向灯或雾灯等各种灯的控制设备。在这种情况下,车身系统控制单元12020可以被输入从代替钥匙的便携式设备发送的无线电波或者各种开关的信号。车身系统控制单元12020接收这些输入的无线电波或信号,并控制车辆的门锁设备、电动车窗设备、车灯等。
车辆外部信息检测单元12030检测有关包括车辆控制系统12000的车辆的外部的信息。例如,车辆外部信息检测单元12030连接到摄像部12031。车辆外部信息检测单元12030使摄像部12031拍摄车辆外部的图像,并接收所拍摄的图像。基于所接收的图像,车辆外部信息检测单元12030可以执行用于检测诸如人、车辆、障碍物、标志、路面上的字符等之类的物体对处理或用于检测距物体的距离的处理。
摄像部12031是光学传感器,其接收光并输出对应于所接收的光量的电信号。摄像部12031可以输出电信号作为图像,或者可以输出电信号作为关于测量距离信息。另外,由摄像部12031接收的光可以是可见光,或者可以是诸如红外线等不可见光。
车内信息检测单元12040检测有关车辆内部的信息。例如,车内信息检测单元12040连接到用于检测驾驶员状态的驾驶员状态检测部12041。驾驶员状态检测部12041例如包括对驾驶员进行摄像的相机。基于从驾驶员状态检测部12041输入的检测信息,车内信息检测单元12040可以计算驾驶员的疲劳程度或驾驶员的集中程度,或者可以确定驾驶员是否在打瞌睡。
微型计算机12051可以基于由车外信息检测单元12030或车内信息检测单元12040获得的有关车辆内部或外部的信息来计算驱动力产生设备、转向机构或制动设备的控制目标值,并将控制命令输出到驾驶系统控制单元12010。例如,微型计算机12051可以执行旨在实现高级驾驶员辅助系统(ADAS)的功能的协同控制,这些功能包括车辆的碰撞避免或减震、基于车间距离的跟随行驶、车速保持行驶、车辆碰撞警告、车辆偏离车道警告等。
另外,微型计算机12051可以通过基于由车外信息检测单元12030或车内信息检测单元12040获得的有关车辆的外部环境信息控制驱动力产生设备、转向机构、制动设备来执行旨在用于使车辆自主行驶而不依赖于驾驶员的操作等的自动行驶的协同控制。
另外,微型计算机12051可以基于由车外信息检测单元12030获得的有关车辆外部的信息向车身系统控制单元12020输出控制命令。例如,微型计算机12051可以执行如下的协同控制,该协同控制旨在通过根据由车辆外部信息检测单元12030检测的前方车辆或迎面车辆的位置来控制前照灯从远光灯变为近光灯以防止眩光。
声音/图像输出部12052将声音输出信号和图像输出信号中的至少一者发送到能够在视觉上或听觉上将信息通知给车辆的乘员或车辆的外部的输出设备。在图13的示例中,音频扬声器12061、显示部12062和仪表板12063被作为输出设备示出。显示部12062可以例如包括车载显示器和平视(抬头)显示器(HUD)中的至少一者。
图14是示出摄像部12031的安装位置的示例的图。
在图14中,车辆12100包括作为摄像部12031的摄像部12101、12102、12103、12104和12105。
摄像部12101、12102、12103、12104和12105例如设置在车辆12100的前鼻、后视镜、后保险杠和后门上的位置及车辆内部的挡风玻璃的上部上的位置。设置在前鼻处的摄像部12101和设置在车辆内部的挡风玻璃的上部处的摄像部12105主要获得车辆12100前方的图像。设置在后视镜处的摄像部12102和12103主要获得车辆12100两侧的图像。设置在后保险杠或后门处的摄像部12104主要获得车辆12100后方的图像。设置在车辆内部的挡风玻璃的上部上的摄像部12105主要用于检测前方车辆、行人、障碍物、交通灯、交通标志、车道等。
注意,图14示出了摄像部12101至12104的摄像范围的示例。摄像范围12111表示设置在前鼻处的摄像部12101的摄像范围。摄像范围12112和12113分别表示设置在后视镜处的摄像部12102和12103的摄像范围。摄像范围12114表示设置在后保险杠或后门处的摄像部12104的摄像范围。例如,通过使由摄像部12101至12104拍摄的图像数据彼此叠加来获得车辆12100的从上方观察的鸟瞰图像。
摄像部12101至12104中的至少一者可以具有获得距离信息的功能。例如,摄像部12101至12104中的至少一者可以是由多个摄像元件构成的立体相机,或者可以是具有用于相位差检测的像素的摄像元件。
例如,微型计算机12051可以基于从摄像部12101至12104获得的距离信息确定距摄像范围12111到12114内的每个三维物体的距离以及距离的时间变化(相对于车辆12100的相对速度),从而可以提取在车辆12100的行驶路径上沿着与车辆12100基本上相同的方向以预定速度(例如,等于或大于0km/h)行进的作为最近的三维物体的三维物体,以作为前方车辆。此外,微型计算机12051可以预先设置在前车前方保持的车间距离,并且执行自动制动控制(包括跟随停止控制)、自动加速控制(包括跟随启动控制)等。因此,可以执行旨在用于使车辆自主行驶而不依赖于驾驶员的操作等的自动驾驶的协同控制。
例如,微型计算机12051可以基于从摄像部12101到12104获得的距离信息将三维物体的三维物体数据分类为诸如两轮车辆、普通车辆、大型车辆、行人、电线杆等其它三维物体的三维物体数据,提取所分类的三维物体数据,并使用所提取的三维物体数据来自动避开障碍物。例如,微型计算机12051将车辆12100周围的障碍物识别为车辆12100的驾驶员可以在视觉上识别的障碍物以及车辆12100的驾驶员难以在视觉上识别的障碍物。然后,微型计算机12051确定用于表示与每个障碍物发生碰撞的风险的碰撞风险。在碰撞风险为设定值以上的情况下,微型计算机12051经由音频扬声器12061或显示单元12062向驾驶员输出警告来来执行用于避免碰撞的驾驶辅助,或者经由驾驶系统控制单元12010执行强制减速或防撞转向。微型计算机12051由此能够辅助驾驶以避免碰撞。
摄像部12101至12104中的至少一者可以是检测红外线的红外相机。例如,微型计算机12051可以通过确定摄像部12101至12104的拍摄图像中是否存在行人来识别行人。行人的这种识别例如通过如下过程来执行:用于提取由作为红外相机的摄像部12101至12104拍摄的图像中的特征点的过程;以及通行对表示物体轮廓的一系列特征点进行图案匹配处理来判定物体是否为行人的过程。当微型计算机12051确定在由摄像部12101至12104拍摄的图像中存在行人并且因此识别出行人时,声音/图像输出部12052控制显示部12062,使得叠加并显示用于强调的所识别的行人的方形轮廓线。声音/图像输出部12052还可以控制显示部12062,以将用于表示行人的图标等显示在期望位置。
目前,已经说明了可以应用根据本公开的技术的车辆控制系统的示例。根据本公开的技术可以应用到上述构造之中的摄像部12031。
注意,本技术的实施例不限于上述实施例,并且在不偏离本发明的精神的情况下可以进行各种修改。
本发明可以具有以下构造:
(1)一种固态摄像装置,其包括:
光电转换部,其响应于入射光而产生并保持电荷;
传输部,其包括V-NW晶体管(垂直纳米线晶体管)并传输在所述光电转换部中保持的所述电荷;和
累积部,其包括布线层并且累积由所述传输部传输的所述电荷,所述布线层连接到包括所述V-NW晶体管的所述传输部的漏极。
(2)根据上述(1)所述的固态摄像装置,其中,
所述累积部包括不具有PN结的所述布线层。
(3)根据(1)或(2)所述的固态摄像装置,还包括:
复位部,其复位在所述累积部中累积的所述电荷;
转换部,其将在所述累积部中累积的所述电荷转换为电信号;和
选择部,其将由所述转换部转换的所述电信号选择性地输出到后一部件,
其中,所述复位部、所述转换部或所述选择部中的至少一者包括V-NW晶体管。
(4)根据(1)到(3)中任一项所述的固态摄像装置,还包括:
绝缘膜,其形成在所述光电转换部和形成所述传输部的所述V-NW晶体管的栅极之间。
(5)根据(4)的固态摄像装置,其中,
形成在所述光电转换部和形成所述传输部的所述V-NW晶体管的所述栅极之间的所述绝缘膜是含杂质的绝缘膜。
(6)根据(5)所述的固态摄像装置,其中,
在形成所述传输部的所述V-NW晶体管的与所述光电转换部连接的源极的表面中,通过从所述含杂质的绝缘膜扩散的杂质来钉扎费米能级。
(7)根据(1)到(6)中任一项所述的固态摄像装置,其中,
所述V-NW晶体管相对于基板在垂直方向上形成具有50nm以下的直径的半导体柱,使得所述半导体柱的一端用作源极,所述半导体柱的另一端用作漏极,并且用于控制导通状态的栅极形成在所述半导体柱的外周边。
(8)一种安装有固态摄像装置的电子设备,所述固态摄像装置包括:
光电转换部,其响应于入射光而产生并保持电荷;
传输部,其包括V-NW晶体管(垂直纳米线晶体管)并传输在所述光电转换部中保持的所述电荷;和
累积部,其包括布线层并且累积由所述传输部传输的所述电荷,所述布线层连接到包括所述V-NW晶体管的所述传输部的漏极。
(9)根据(8)所述的电子设备,其中,
所述V-NW晶体管相对于基板在垂直方向上形成具有50nm以下的直径的半导体柱,使得所述半导体柱的一端用作源极,所述半导体柱的另一端用作漏极,并且用于控制导通状态的栅极形成在所述半导体柱的外周边。
(10)一种固态摄像装置,其包括:
光电转换部,其响应于入射光而产生并保持电荷;
传输部,其传输在所述光电转换部中保持的所述电荷;
累积部,其累积由所述传输部传输的所述电荷;
复位部,其复位在所述累积部中累积的所述电荷;
转换部,其将在所述累积部中累积的所述电荷转换为电信号;和
选择部,其将由所述转换部转换的所述电信号选择性地输出到后一部件,
其中,所述传输部、所述复位部、所述转换部或所述选择部中的至少一者包括V-NW晶体管(垂直纳米线晶体管)。
(11)一种固态摄像装置,其包括:
光电转换部,其形成在基板中;
晶体管,其传输在所述光电转换部中生成的电荷;和
布线层,其形成在所述基板上并且连接到所述晶体管,
其中,所述晶体管具有在相对于所述基板垂直的方向上延伸的半导体区域、形成在所述半导体区域周围的绝缘膜以及栅极,所述绝缘膜被夹持在所述栅极和所述半导体区域之间。。
(12)根据(11)所述的固态摄像装置,其中,
所述半导体区域形成为柱形,并且
所述半导体区域的一端连接到所述布线层,并且所述半导体区域的另一端连接到所述光电转换部。
(13)根据(11)或(12)所述的固态摄像装置,其中,
所述电荷累积在由所述布线层和所述基板形成的电容中。
附图标记列表
11PD,12传输栅极晶体管,13FD,14放大晶体管,15选择晶体管,16n型扩散区域,17复位晶体管,18n+型扩散层,19n+型扩散层,22读出晶体管,23电荷累积部,24放大晶体管,25选择晶体管,26布线层,27复位晶体管,31绝缘膜,32绝缘膜,41开口部,51半导体柱,52绝缘膜,53栅极电极,61n型扩散区域。

Claims (13)

1.一种固态摄像装置,其包括:
光电转换部,其响应于入射光而产生并保持电荷;
传输部,其包括V-NW晶体管(垂直纳米线晶体管)并传输在所述光电转换部中保持的所述电荷;和
累积部,其包括布线层并且累积由所述传输部传输的所述电荷,所述布线层连接到包括所述V-NW晶体管的所述传输部的漏极。
2.根据权利要求1所述的固态摄像装置,其中,
所述累积部包括不具有PN结的所述布线层。
3.根据权利要求2所述的固态摄像装置,其还包括:
复位部,其复位在所述累积部中累积的所述电荷;
转换部,其将在所述累积部中累积的所述电荷转换为电信号;和
选择部,其将由所述转换部转换的所述电信号选择性地输出到后一部件,
其中,所述复位部、所述转换部或所述选择部中的至少一者包括V-NW晶体管。
4.根据权利要求2所述的固态摄像装置,其还包括:
绝缘膜,其形成在所述光电转换部和形成所述传输部的所述V-NW晶体管的栅极之间。
5.根据权利要求4所述的固态摄像装置,其中,
形成在所述光电转换部和形成所述传输部的所述V-NW晶体管的所述栅极之间的所述绝缘膜是含杂质的绝缘膜。
6.根据权利要求5所述的固态摄像装置,其中,
在形成所述传输部的所述V-NW晶体管的与所述光电转换部连接的源极的表面中,通过从所述含杂质的绝缘膜扩散的杂质来钉扎费米能级。
7.根据权利要求1所述的固态摄像装置,其中,
所述V-NW晶体管相对于基板在垂直方向上形成具有50nm以下的直径的半导体柱,使得所述半导体柱的一端用作源极,所述半导体柱的另一端用作漏极,并且用于控制导通状态的栅极形成在所述半导体柱的外周边。
8.一种安装有固态摄像装置的电子设备,所述固态摄像装置包括:
光电转换部,其响应于入射光而产生并保持电荷;
传输部,其包括V-NW晶体管(垂直纳米线晶体管)并传输在所述光电转换部中保持的所述电荷;和
累积部,其包括布线层并且累积由所述传输部传输的所述电荷,所述布线层连接到包括所述V-NW晶体管的所述传输部的漏极。
9.根据权利要求8所述的电子设备,其中,
所述V-NW晶体管相对于基板在垂直方向上形成具有50nm以下的直径的半导体柱,使得所述半导体柱的一端用作源极,所述半导体柱的另一端用作漏极,并且用于控制导通状态的栅极形成在所述半导体柱的外周边。
10.一种固态摄像装置,其包括:
光电转换部,其响应于入射光而产生并保持电荷;
传输部,其传输在所述光电转换部中保持的所述电荷;
累积部,其累积由所述传输部传输的所述电荷;
复位部,其复位在所述累积部中累积的所述电荷;
转换部,其将在所述累积部中累积的所述电荷转换为电信号;和
选择部,其将由所述转换部转换的所述电信号选择性地输出到后一部件,
其中,所述传输部、所述复位部、所述转换部或所述选择部中的至少一者包括V-NW晶体管(垂直纳米线晶体管)。
11.一种固态摄像装置,其包括:
光电转换部,其形成在基板中;
晶体管,其传输在所述光电转换部中生成的电荷;和
布线层,其形成在所述基板上并且连接到所述晶体管,
其中,所述晶体管具有在相对于所述基板垂直的方向上延伸的半导体区域、形成在所述半导体区域周围的绝缘膜以及栅极,所述绝缘膜被夹持在所述栅极和所述半导体区域之间。
12.根据权利要求11所述的固态摄像装置,其中,
所述半导体区域形成为柱形,并且
所述半导体区域的一端连接到所述布线层,并且所述半导体区域的另一端连接到所述光电转换部。
13.根据权利要求11所述的固态摄像装置,其中,
所述电荷累积在由所述布线层和所述基板形成的电容中。
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