CN110385941B - 带凸缘的车轮轮毂单元和组装方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
带凸缘的车轮轮毂单元和组装方法。车轮轮毂单元(10)包括设置有能够旋转的轮毂(20)和轴承单元(30),轮毂(20)设置有轴向外凸缘(23),轴承单元(30)进而包括径向外圈(31)、径向内圈(34)和多个滚动体(32、33),滚动体(32、33)分别位于径向外圈(31)与轮毂(20)之间和径向外圈(31)与径向内圈(34)之间。径向内圈(34)具有最终轴向长度(X’),最终轴向长度(X’)确保轴承单元(30)的轴向预加压(μ)的预定值,并且由如下公式限定:X’=(X+△X)‑△X1。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及车轮轮毂单元和其相关组装方法。
尽管是非排他的,但是本发明特别适用于机动车辆的车轮轮毂单元,所述单元设置有滚动轴承。这些应用包括如下两种情况:轴承的外圈正在旋转,而轴承的内圈固定的情况,以及内圈旋转而外圈固定的相反情况。本发明还适用于任意类型的滚动体(球、滚子、圆锥滚子等)。
背景技术
用于安装在机动车辆的驱动轮上的凸缘型车轮轮毂单元在现有技术中是已知的。例如,文献EP 2 602 123 A1描述了用于机动车辆的车轮的在该实例中是非对称的车辆轮毂单元,所述单元包括:带凸缘的轮毂,其能够绕着旋转轴线旋转;凸缘,其与带凸缘的轮毂一体化并与旋转轴线横向;固定圈,其在径向上配置在带凸缘的轮毂的外侧并设置有在轴向上彼此间隔开的滚道;以及两列滚动体(例如,球),其配置在固定圈与带凸缘的轮毂之间。带凸缘的轮毂与用于轴向靠外那列的球的径向内滚道形成为一体,而用于轴向靠内那列的球的径向内滚道形成于轴承的在径向上安装在带凸缘的轮毂外侧的内圈。
为了该单元的准确操作,轴承的内圈必须以确保作用于该单元的轴向预加压的方式安装。
轴向预加压(/轴向预紧)(axial preload)是作用在轴承的滚动体与圈之间且无法通过外部加压(/外部载荷)(external loads)确定的力。其可以被视作负的内部游隙(internal play)。
预加压的程度根据应用的不同而不同。预加压可以是必须的,例如,如果要求高的刚度或位置控制的话。类似地,预加压可以是需要的,以便在使用期间作用于轴承的外加压(outer loads)非常轻或不存在的情况下,确保最小的加压(/载荷/负载)(load)。
此外,施加预加压的原因是:降低噪音、延长轴承的工作寿命、较大程度的滚动精度、在高速应用中在快速启动和停止期间不滑动。
由于预加压的值非常小,所以准确的预加压的确定是复杂的过程;这要求施行数个精确测量,其结果是单元的组装需要长的时间以及因不可避免的测量错误而导致不准确的预加压评价的可能性。轴向预加压的量为大约5μm-35μm,并且鉴于以上建议,该公差范围不能进一步减小。
图1以示意的形式示出了具有如下主要组件的车轮轮毂单元:径向外圈31、带凸缘的轮毂20、径向内圈34和多列球32、33。在用样品组件初始预组装该单元之后,必须检查:
–值FOR,即球32、33与径向外圈31的接触点之间的距离;
–值FIR+SIR,球32、33分别与轮毂20和内圈34的接触点之间的距离的和;
–球33与内圈34之间的轴向间隙(/游隙)(clearance)y,在组装结束时,轴向间隙y必须是负的,以便将存在轴向预加压。
根据该现有技术,对于获得具体应用所要求的轴向预加压,存在如下两个可能的方案:
–第一个方案在于,使用具有预定直径的球,并且根据径向内圈的轴向长度的值将其分类。基于所进行的测量,选择和安装属于能够确保准确预加压那类的圈;
–第二个方案与第一个方案相比在本质上是双重的,并且在于使用具有预定轴向长度的径向内圈,并且根据球的直径的值将其分类。基于所进行的测量,选择和安装属于能够确保准确预加压那类的球。
无论作出何种选择,均将包含如下方案:要求进行被出于不同原因而分类的这些部件的复杂管理,即生产时间方面的管理以及生产线空间、库存管理和供应商管理方面的管理。另外,归因于不可避免的测量错误,如已经看到过的,公差范围相对大,并且无论如何,均与绝对预加压值是相同的数量级。
因此,对于设计不具有前述缺点,特别是设计能够确保具有绝对值(absolutevalue)的轴向预加压且可以获得适于机动车辆制造商需要的公差的车轮轮毂单元和相关组装方法而言,存在需要。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供不具有前述缺点的车轮轮毂单元。特别地,该单元设置有滚动轴承,滚动轴承的内圈具有能够被机加工有限的量,以便确保轴向预加压的准确值的标称轴向长度。
因此,根据本发明的第一方面,描述设置有滚动轴承且具有所附独立产品方案中记载的特有特征的车轮轮毂单元。
根据另一方面,描述用于组装车轮轮毂单元且具有所附独立方法方案中记载的特有特征的方法。
根据所附从属方案中揭示的特有特征,描述本发明的其它优选和/或特别有利的实施方式。
附图说明
现在将参照图示出本发明的实施方式的非限制性示例的附图描述本发明,在附图中:
-图1示意性地示出了车轮轮毂单元,其中组装方法和相关轴向预加压(/预紧)(preload)是根据现有技术实现的;
-图2示出了穿过根据本发明的实施模式的设置有滚动轴承的车轮轮毂单元的局部轴对称截面;
-图3以示意的形式示出了图2所示的单元的径向内圈;
-图4示出了在根据图2的单元的组装期间的步骤;以及
-图5以示意的形式示出了在根据图2的单元的组装期间的另一步骤。
具体实施方式
参照图2,10以其整体指代根据本发明的优选实施方式的车轮轮毂单元。如在介绍中提及的,本发明不仅适用于下述构造,而且通常还适用于机动车辆的任何车轮轮毂单元。
单元10包括轮毂20和轴承单元30,轮毂20优选但非必须是可旋转的。轮毂20被构造为还承担轴承的内滚动圈的功能。在整个本说明书中和在权利要求书中,表示位置和方位的诸如“径向”和“轴向”等的术语和表述应当理解为是以轴承单元30的中央旋转轴线A为基准。而诸如“轴向(靠)外”和“轴向(靠)内”等的表述是指组装好的状态,并且在具体的情况下,优选分别是指车轮侧和车轮侧的相反侧。
轴承单元30包括:径向外圈31,其是固定的并被提供相应的径向外滚道;至少一个径向内圈20、34,其是可旋转的并被提供相应的径向内滚道;以及两列滚动体32、33,在该示例中,为球。轴向靠外那列的滚动体32配置在径向外圈31与具有径向内圈功能的轮毂20之间,而轴向靠内那列的滚动体33配置在径向外圈31与径向内圈34之间。为了更容易说明起见,将使用附图标记32、33来识别单个球和成列的球这两者,特别地,32将表示轴向靠外那列的球或单个球,而33将表示轴向靠内那列的球或单个球。再次地,为了简化起见,作为示例,在本说明书和附图中,可以使用术语“球”,而非更通用的术语“滚动体”(同样地,还将使用相同的附图标记)。将始终理解的是,代替球,可以使用任意其它滚动体(例如,滚子(roller)、圆锥滚子(tapered roller)、滚针(needle roller)等)。
如同现有技术那样,轴承单元30由作为滑动密封元件的被适当设计的密封元件35、36密封。多列的滚动体32、33通过对应的保持架39、40保持就位。
轮毂20在其轴向内端处限定出卷边(rolled edge)22,卷边22被构造为沿轴向对内圈34预加压。轮毂20还具有轴向外凸缘部23。凸缘部具有多个轴向固定孔24。这些孔是用于与固定构件(例如双头螺栓,图中未示出)对应的容纳部,该固定构件使机动车辆车轮的一部分(例如,本身也是已知的且在图中未示出的制动盘)与轮毂20以已知的方式连接。
参照图3,根据本发明的车轮轮毂单元的区别在于,以半完成(semifinished)形式体现的径向内圈34具有增加量等于代表过尺寸厚度(oversize thickness)的△X的标称轴向长度X,然后将去除其预定量。纯粹作为示例,△X的值可以在0.05mm和0.1mm之间的范围。实际被去除△X1的过尺寸厚度可以小于或大于△X的值,取决于具体的应用、所要求的预加压μ的值和组件的轴向长度的公差。因此,所完成(finished)的径向内圈的轴向长度X’可以大于或小于标称轴向长度X。
参照图4,根据本发明的组装方法面对的是长度为X+△X的内圈的预组装和处于半完成形态的径向内圈34的肩部边缘34”与球33(更具体地,与球33的径向内端)之间的轴向间隙y的测量。
然后,拆下径向内圈。基于轴向间隙y的测量,计算为了获得准确的轴向预加压而待从径向内圈34的轴向外环面34’去除的过尺寸△X1的量。明显地,必须的是,△X1﹥y,并且这两个参数之间的差形成应用所要求的预加压μ的值。一旦已经例如借助于精密机加工将其调整为其所完成的值(/最终的值)(finished value),就可以将径向内圈正式地(definitively)组装到车轮轮毂单元上。
因此,参照图5,径向内圈34的最终轴向长度将为X’,由此满足关系X’=(X+△X)-△X1),其中,再次作出如下陈述:
X:径向内圈34的标称轴向长度(/名义轴向长度)(nominal axial length)
△X:可获得的过尺寸
△X1:被去除的过尺寸
X’:径向内圈34的最终轴向长度
总之,根据本发明的方案在于,根据如下组装方法调整径向内圈34的环面34’,使得其呈现出最终轴向长度X’,以便确保准确的预加压值:
–组装设置有待被去除预定量的可获得过尺寸△X的径向内圈34,其中被去除的过尺寸△X1的值可以小于或大于可获得过尺寸△X的值,
–测量轴承的位于径向内圈34的肩部边缘34”与球33的轴向内端之间的轴向间隙y,
–将径向内圈从轴承30拆下,
–计算待从径向内圈34的表面34’去除的过尺寸△X1,其中△X1=y+μ,
–调整径向内圈34的轴向外环面34,直到获得等于△X1的被去除的过尺寸的值为止,
–最后将径向内圈34组装到轴承上,径向内圈34具有确保了准确轴向预加压值的最终轴向长度X’。
可以通过本发明获得的许多优点是明确的。特别地,作为本发明的结果,能够避免各种类型的径向内圈(或者作为一种选择,各种类型的球)的巨大仓库库存的存在和管理。另外,由于根据该方法,无需使用“样品(sample)”组件并因为将径向内圈与将实际形成轴承的组件一起安装,所以能够降低测量的扩展(spread),并且能够提高加工能力。由于能够使用现有的生产线,所以该方法无需投资新的生产线。最后,由于可以避免按类型划分径向内圈(或球),所以将显著地降低生产线的空间需求。
除了本发明的如上所述的实施方式以外,应当理解,数个其它变型是可能的。还必须应当理解,所述实施方式仅是示例,并且既不限制本发明的主题,也不限制其应用和其可能的构造。正相反,尽管以上提供的说明书能够使本领域技术人员至少以本发明的构造例中的一个构造例实施本发明,但是必须应当理解,在不脱离本发明的如所附权利要求书限定的、以字面含义解释和/或根据其法律等同解释的范围的情况下,所述组件的数个变型是可以的。
Claims (3)
1.一种组装用于机动车辆的车轮轮毂单元(10)的方法,所述车轮轮毂单元(10)包括能够旋转的轮毂(20)和轴承单元(30),所述轴承单元(30)进而包括径向外圈(31)、径向内圈(34)和多个滚动体(32、33),所述滚动体(32、33)分别位于所述径向外圈(31)与所述轮毂(20)之间和所述径向外圈(31)与所述径向内圈(34)之间,所述方法适用于确保所述轴承单元(30)的轴向预加压(μ)的预定值并包括以下步骤:
-组装设置有能够获得的过尺寸(△X)的、处于半完成形态的径向内圈(34),能够获得的过尺寸(△X)待被从所述径向内圈(34)的轴向外环面(34’)去除预定量,
–测量所述轴承单元(30)的位于所述径向内圈(34)的肩部边缘(34”)与所述滚动体(33)的轴向内端之间的轴向间隙(y),
–将所述径向内圈(34)从所述轴承单元(30)拆下,
–计算待从所述径向内圈(34)的轴向外环面(34’)去除的过尺寸(△X1),被去除的过尺寸(△X1)的值等于所述轴向间隙(y)的值与所述轴向预加压(μ)的预定值之和,
-从所述径向内圈(34)的轴向外环面(34’)去除所述过尺寸(△X1),
–将处于完成形态的所述径向内圈(34)组装到所述轴承单元(30)上,其中所述径向内圈(34)具有最终轴向长度(X’),所述最终轴向长度(X’)确保所述轴承单元(30)的轴向预加压(μ)的预定值。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,按照如下计算所述径向内圈(34)的最终轴向长度(X’),
X’=(X+△X)-△X1,其中
X:所述径向内圈(34)的标称轴向长度,
△X:所述径向内圈(34)的轴向外环面(34’)能够获得的过尺寸,
△X1:被从所述径向内圈(34)的轴向外环面(34’)去除的过尺寸。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,将所述径向内圈(34)构造为由半完成元件实现,所述半完成元件具有轴向长度(X+△X),所述轴向长度(X+△X)是标称轴向长度(X)与所述径向内圈(34)的轴向外环面(34’)能够获得的过尺寸(△X)之和。
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