CN110337693B - 电介质层、光记录媒体、溅镀靶材及氧化物 - Google Patents
电介质层、光记录媒体、溅镀靶材及氧化物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明的目的在于提供在直接层叠的氧化物系记录层中可进行良好的信息记录且无需预防健康问题的措施、耐久性高的电介质层、光记录媒体、溅镀靶材及氧化物。本发明的电介质层由含有Sn元素、以及Zn元素、Zr元素、Si元素及Ga元素中的至少一种元素的氧化物形成,在相对于氧化物的氧以外的所有元素而将Sn元素的含有率设为a摩尔%、Zn元素的含有率设为b摩尔%、Zr元素的含有率设为c摩尔%、Si元素的含有率设为d摩尔%、及Ga元素的含有率设为e摩尔%的情况下,满足下述式(1)~式(7)。0≦b/(a+b)≦0.6···(1)0≦(c+d)/(a+b+c+d+e)≦0.5···(2)0≦b≦50···(3)0≦c≦40···(4)0≦d≦45···(5)0≦e≦40···(6)20≦b+c+d+e≦80···(7)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种电介质层、光记录媒体、溅镀靶材及氧化物。
背景技术
光记录媒体以光盘(Compact Disc,CD)、数字视频光盘(Digital VideoDisc,DVD)等光盘为代表,可分为拨放专用、一次写入型及可重写型三种。另外,作为光记录媒体的记录方式,已知有记录层的构成材料发生相位转化的方式、进行了多层化的记录层发生层间反应的方式、以及记录层的构成材料发生分解的方式等。作为一次写入型的光盘的记录层材料,至今为止广泛使用有机色素材料,但近年来记录的高密度化得到推进,也开始使用无机材料。
提出了采用金属氧化物来作为记录层的无机材料的一次写入型的光记录媒体(专利文献1)。专利文献1的光记录媒体是在记录层中包含氧化In与氧化Pd,从而在激光照射时记录层放出氧的分解方式。于在记录层中使用氧化物的情况下,通过氧化物的分解进行信息的记录,但为了抑制记录层的经时变化所带来的劣化或者使记录层的信号特性良好,提出了在记录层的正反面直接层叠电介质层。
专利文献1提出了使用In氧化物或硫化物等作为光记录媒体的电介质层的材料。然而,包含In的氧化物可确保溅镀靶材的导电性,因此可提高成膜速度并缩短工序作业时间,另一方面,In被指定为特定化学物质,因此需要采取预防健康问题的措施。另外,硫化物通过经时变化而使邻接的层硫化,因此有光记录媒体的可靠性下降的问题。
另外,对于光记录媒体具有如下要求:欲提高记录层的记录特性(功率裕度(PowerMargin))以可广泛地应对记录用激光的强度的不同。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本专利特开2010-137545号公报
发明内容
发明所要解决的问题
本发明是基于所述情况而成者,目的在于提供在直接层叠的氧化物系记录层中可进行良好的信息记录且无需预防健康问题的措施、耐久性高的电介质层,具备所述电介质层的光记录媒体,用以形成所述电介质层的溅镀靶材,以及可制造所述电介质层的氧化物。
解决问题的技术手段
用以解决所述课题而成的第一发明是一种电介质层,其直接层叠于通过光的照射而进行记录的记录层,且所述电介质层由含有Sn元素、以及Zn元素、Zr元素、Si元素及Ga元素中的至少一种元素的氧化物形成,在相对于所述氧化物的氧以外的所有元素而将所述Sn元素的含有率设为a摩尔%、所述Zn元素的含有率设为b摩尔%、所述Zr元素的含有率设为c摩尔%、所述Si元素的含有率设为d摩尔%、及所述Ga元素的含有率设为e摩尔%的情况下,满足下述式(1)~式(7)。
0≦b/(a+b)≦0.6···(1)
0≦(c+d)/(a+b+c+d+e)≦0.5···(2)
0≦b≦50···(3)
0≦c≦40···(4)
0≦d≦45···(5)
0≦e≦40···(6)
20≦b+c+d+e≦80···(7)
所述电介质层是由含有Sn元素、以及Zn元素、Zr元素、Si元素及Ga元素中的至少一种元素的氧化物形成,且为满足式(1)~式(7)的组成,因此在直接层叠的氧化物系记录层中可进行良好的信息记录。另外,所述电介质层不含In元素,因此无需预防健康问题的措施。另外,所述电介质层由于为所述组成,因此对于劣化的耐久性高。
所述电介质层的体积电阻率可为10MΩ·cm以下。由此,所述电介质层可防止光记录媒体带电,且抑制空气中的粒子附着所引起的缺陷的产生。再者,所谓体积电阻率是依据日本工业标准(Japanese Industrial Standards,JIS)-C2139(2008)测定而得的值。
用以解决所述课题而成的第二发明是一种光记录媒体,其包括:通过光的照射而进行记录的记录层、以及直接层叠于所述记录层的所述电介质层。
所述光记录媒体如上所述在氧化物系记录层中可进行良好的信息记录,在电介质层中不含In元素,因此无需预防健康问题的措施。另外,所述光记录媒体即便经时劣化,耐久性也高。
用以解决所述课题而成的第三发明是一种溅镀靶材,其用于形成直接层叠于通过光的照射而进行记录的记录层的电介质层,且所述溅镀靶材具有含有Sn元素、以及Zn元素、Zr元素、Si元素及Ga元素中的至少一种元素的组成,在相对于所述组成的所有元素而将所述Sn元素的含有率设为a摩尔%、所述Zn元素的含有率设为b摩尔%、所述Zr元素的含有率设为c摩尔%、所述Si元素的含有率设为d摩尔%、及所述Ga元素的含有率设为e摩尔%的情况下,满足下述式(1)~式(7)。
0≦b/(a+b)≦0.6···(1)
0≦(c+d)/(a+b+c+d+e)≦0.5···(2)
0≦b≦50···(3)
0≦c≦40···(4)
0≦d≦45···(5)
0≦e≦40···(6)
20≦b+c+d+e≦80···(7)
所述溅镀靶材可用于通过溅镀法来形成所述电介质层。
用以解决所述课题而成的第四发明是一种氧化物,其含有Sn元素、以及Zn元素、Zr元素、Si元素及Ga元素中的至少一种元素,且在相对于氧以外的所有元素而将所述Sn元素的含有率设为a摩尔%、所述Zn元素的含有率设为b摩尔%、所述Zr元素的含有率设为c摩尔%、所述Si元素的含有率设为d摩尔%、及所述Ga元素的含有率设为e摩尔%的情况下,满足下述式(1)~式(7)。
0≦b/(a+b)≦0.6···(1)
0≦(c+d)/(a+b+c+d+e)≦0.5···(2)
0≦b≦50···(3)
0≦c≦40···(4)
0≦d≦45···(5)
0≦e≦40···(6)
20≦b+c+d+e≦80···(7)
所述氧化物可在制造所述电介质层时利用。
发明的效果
本发明可提供在直接层叠的氧化物系记录层中可进行良好的信息记录且无需预防健康问题的措施、耐久性高的电介质层,具备所述电介质层的光记录媒体,用以形成所述电介质层的溅镀靶材,以及可制造所述电介质层的氧化物。
附图说明
图1为表示本发明的一实施方式的光记录媒体的示意性部分扩大剖面图。
符号的说明
1:光记录媒体;
2:基板;
3:电介质层;
4:记录层;
5:电介质层;
6:透光保护层。
具体实施方式
以下,参照附图对本发明的电介质层、光记录媒体、溅镀靶材及氧化物的实施方式进行详细说明。
[光记录媒体]
图1的光记录媒体1是基板2、电介质层3、记录层4、电介质层5及透光保护层6依次层叠而得的结构的光盘。光记录媒体1包括:通过光的照射而进行记录的记录层4、以及直接层叠于所述记录层4的两面的电介质层3及电介质层5。再者,所述光记录媒体1例如可以适合于作为公知的大容量光盘的蓝光光盘(蓝光(Blu-ray)(注册商标)光盘(Disc))的规格的方式构成,但并无特别限定。另外,光记录媒体1并不限定于仅具备一个记录层4的光记录媒体,也可为具备两个以上记录层,且在基板及记录层间、两个以上的记录层间、以及记录层及透光保护层间分别具备电介质层者。
<基板>
基板2是形成光记录媒体1的其中一面的基材,且防止自基板2侧朝记录层4的损伤。作为基板2的材料,例如可使用聚碳酸酯或丙烯酸系树脂等。基板2并无特别限定,例如可通过射出成形而形成。
<电介质层>
电介质层3具有:防止记录层4的氧化物分解时所放出的氧自记录层4中脱离的功能、保持记录层4的耐久性的功能、以及调整透过光的量的功能。
电介质层3是直接层叠于通过光的照射而进行记录的记录层4的层,且是由含有Sn元素、以及Zn元素、Zr元素、Si元素及Ga元素中的至少一种元素的氧化物形成。电介质层3并无特别限定,可使用溅镀法形成。
电介质层3的体积电阻率的下限越低越佳,例如为0.01MΩ·cm,更优选为0.05MΩ·cm,进而优选为0.1MΩ·cm。另一方面,电介质层3的体积电阻率的上限为10MΩ·cm,更优选为7MΩ·cm,进而优选为5MΩ·cm。若电介质层3的体积电阻率为所述范围内,可使电介质层3具有充分的抗静电功能,因此电介质层3可防止光记录媒体1带电,且抑制空气中的粒子附着所引起的缺陷的产生。
(氧化物)
关于形成电介质层3的氧化物,在相对于氧以外的所有元素而将Sn元素的含有率设为a摩尔%、Zn元素的含有率设为b摩尔%、Zr元素的含有率设为c摩尔%、Si元素的含有率设为d摩尔%、及Ga元素的含有率设为e摩尔%的情况下,成为满足下述式(1)~式(7)的组成。
0≦b/(a+b)≦0.6···(1)
0≦(c+d)/(a+b+c+d+e)≦0.5···(2)
0≦b≦50···(3)
0≦c≦40···(4)
0≦d≦45···(5)
0≦e≦40···(6)
20≦b+c+d+e≦80···(7)
Sn(锡)元素是用以使电介质层具有防止记录层的分解的阻氧功能的元素。相对于氧化物中的氧以外的所有元素而言,Sn元素的含有率的下限为20摩尔%,更优选为30摩尔%,进而优选为40摩尔%。另一方面,Sn元素的含有率的上限为80摩尔%,更优选为75摩尔%,进而优选为70摩尔%。
Zn(锌)元素是通过与Sn同时添加于电介质层中而用于抑制记录层中所形成的记录标记的形状或尺寸的不均且使抖动(jitter)下降的元素。相对于氧化物中的氧以外的所有元素而言,Zn元素的含有率的下限为0摩尔%,更优选为20摩尔%,进而优选为30摩尔%。另一方面,Zn元素的含有率的上限为55摩尔%,更优选为50摩尔%,进而优选为45摩尔%。
Zr(锆)元素是用以提高电介质层的阻氧功能且抑制记录层的记录信号的劣化的元素。相对于氧化物中的氧以外的所有元素而言,Zr元素的含有率的下限为0摩尔%,更优选为5摩尔%,进而优选为10摩尔%。另一方面,Zr元素的含有率的上限为40摩尔%,更优选为35摩尔%,进而优选为30摩尔%。
Si(硅)元素是用以提高电介质层的阻氧功能且抑制记录层的记录信号的劣化的元素。相对于氧化物中的氧以外的所有元素而言,Si元素的含有率的下限为0摩尔%,更优选为10摩尔%,进而优选为20摩尔%。另一方面,Si元素的含有率的上限为45摩尔%,更优选为40摩尔%,进而优选为35摩尔%。
Ga(镓)元素是用以提高电介质层的阻氧功能且抑制记录层的记录信号的劣化的元素。相对于氧化物中的氧以外的所有元素而言,Ga元素的含有率的下限为0摩尔%,更优选为5摩尔%,进而优选为10摩尔%。另一方面,Ga元素的含有率的上限为40摩尔%,更优选为35摩尔%,进而优选为30摩尔%。
相对于氧化物中的氧以外的所有元素而言,Zn元素、Zr元素、Si元素及Ga元素的合计含有率的下限为20摩尔%,更优选为25摩尔%,进而优选为30摩尔%。另一方面,Zn元素、Zr元素、Si元素及Ga元素的合计含有率的上限为80摩尔%,更优选为75摩尔%,进而优选为70摩尔%。
b/(a+b)的值的下限为0,更优选为0.1,进而优选为0.2。另一方面,b/(a+b)的值的上限为0.6,更优选为0.5,进而优选为0.4。
(c+d)/(a+b+c+d+e)的值的下限为0,更优选为0.05,进而优选为0.1。另一方面,(c+d)/(a+b+c+d+e)的值的上限为0.5,更优选为0.45,进而优选为0.4。
相对于氧化物中的氧以外的所有元素而言,Sn元素、Zn元素、Zr元素、Si元素及Ga元素的含有率的合计为95摩尔%以上,更优选为98摩尔%以上,进而优选为100摩尔%。作为剩余部分,容许In(铟)元素等不可避免的杂质的混入。其中,如上所述,由于In元素被指定为特定化学物质,因此优选为氧化物不含In元素。
若Sn元素、Zn元素、Zr元素、Si元素及Ga元素的含有率为所述范围内,则可形成在记录层4中可进行良好的信息记录且无需预防健康问题的措施的电介质层3。另外,可使电介质层具有阻氧功能,且可适当地调整电介质层的透光率及耐久性。
再者,电介质层5与电介质层3同样地构成,但形成电介质层5的氧化物的组成可与形成电介质层3的氧化物的组成相同,也可与形成电介质层3的氧化物的组成不同。
<记录层>
记录层4由氧化物形成,通过在照射记录用激光时氧化物被分解而记录信息。作为形成记录层4的氧化物,可使用Mn、Zn、Sn、Cu、Pd、Ag或Bi等的氧化物。记录层4并无特别限定,可使用溅镀法而形成。
<透光保护层>
透光保护层6是形成光记录媒体1的另一面的保护材,防止自透光保护层6侧朝记录层4的损伤。透光保护层6使用透光性高且硬质的材料。作为所述材料,可使用聚碳酸酯或丙烯酸系树脂等。透光保护层6并无特别限定,可使用旋涂法形成。在使用旋涂法形成透光保护层6的情况下,透光保护层6的材料优选为紫外线硬化树脂。
[光记录媒体的制造方法]
所述光记录媒体1例如可通过如下制造方法而获得,所述制造方法包括:准备基板2的工序;在基板2的单面层叠电介质层3的工序;在电介质层3的露出面层叠记录层4的工序;在记录层4的露出面层叠电介质层5的工序;以及在电介质层5的露出面层叠透光保护层6的工序。
<基板准备工序>
在基板准备工序中,使用聚碳酸酯或丙烯酸系树脂等材料,例如通过射出成形而形成基板2。基板2只要为可在单面形成电介质层3的形状即可,例如形成为圆盘状。
<第1电介质层层叠工序>
在第1电介质层层叠工序中,使用公知的溅镀法而在基板2的单面形成电介质层3。溅镀使用以下的溅镀靶材与含氧气体。
(溅镀靶材)
溅镀靶材是用以形成直接层叠于通过光的照射而进行记录的记录层中的电介质层者,且具有含有Sn元素、以及Zn元素、Zr元素、Si元素及Ga元素中的至少一种元素的组成,在相对于组成的所有元素而将Sn元素的含有率设为a摩尔%、Zn元素的含有率设为b摩尔%、Zr元素的含有率设为c摩尔%、Si元素的含有率设为d摩尔%、及Ga元素的含有率设为e摩尔%的情况下,满足下述式(1)~式(7)。
0≦b/(a+b)≦0.6···(1)
0≦(c+d)/(a+b+c+d+e)≦0.5···(2)
0≦b≦50···(3)
0≦c≦40···(4)
0≦d≦45···(5)
0≦e≦40···(6)
20≦b+c+d+e≦80···(7)
关于式(1)~式(7)的说明,除了溅镀靶材并非氧化物以外,与所述电介质层3的氧化物的式(1)~式(7)的说明相同,因此省略重复的说明。再者,作为溅镀靶材,也可使用含有所述元素的氧化物。
<记录层层叠工序>
在记录层层叠工序中,使用公知的溅镀法而在电介质层3的露出面形成记录层4。溅镀使用含有Mn、Zn、Sn、Cu、Pd、Ag或Bi等的溅镀靶材与含氧气体。
<第2电介质层层叠工序>
在第2电介质层层叠工序中,使用公知的溅镀法而在记录层4的露出面形成电介质层5。第2电介质层层叠工序与第1电介质层层叠工序相同,溅镀使用所述溅镀靶材与含氧气体。再者,第1电介质层层叠工序中使用的溅镀靶材的组成与第2电介质层层叠工序中使用的溅镀靶材的组成不同。
<透光保护层层叠工序>
在透光保护层层叠工序中,使用公知的旋涂法而在电介质层5的露出面形成透光保护层6。透光保护层6的形成可使用丙烯酸系的紫外线硬化树脂等。
实施例
以下,通过实施例来对本发明进行更详细的说明,但本发明并不限定于这些实施例。
准备在表面刻有磁轨间距约0.32μm的导槽的直径约120mm、厚度约1.1mm的聚碳酸酯制的圆盘状的基板。
其次,使用溅镀法,在所述基板的表面上形成厚度为10nm的电介质层。溅镀使用由复合氧化物形成的溅镀靶材、以及以10:1混合氩及氧而成的约0.3Pa的气体。在表1中示出各元素相对于所形成的电介质层的氧以外的所有元素的元素比率。
继而,使用溅镀法,在电介质层上形成厚度40nm的记录层。溅镀使用含有Zn元素、Cu元素及Mn元素的溅镀靶材、以及以1:1混合氩及氧而成的约0.3Pa的气体。另外,各元素相对于所形成的记录层的所有元素的元素比率是Zn元素的含有率为20摩尔%,Cu元素的含有率为20摩尔%,Mn元素的含有率为30摩尔%。
进而,使用溅镀法,在记录层上形成厚度10nm的电介质层。关于溅镀的条件,设为与所述电介质层的形成条件相同。
最后,通过旋涂法将丙烯酸系的紫外线硬化树脂涂布于电介质层上,通过紫外线照射而使紫外线硬化树脂硬化,从而形成厚度约0.1mm的透光保护层。
对所得的光盘(光记录媒体)测定光盘的抖动值。抖动值的测定使用光盘评价装置ODU-1000(帕鲁斯泰科(pulstec)工业公司制造)。将测定中的记录激光的中心波长设为405nm,使用数值孔径(numerical aperture,NA)(开口数)为0.85的棱镜。在线速为4.92m/s、基准时钟为66MHz的条件下将蓝光(Blu-ray)(注册商标)规格的无规信号记录于光盘中,根据与所记录的信号的基准时钟的误差值的标准偏差而求出光盘的抖动值。
其次,变更激光的强度而测定抖动值,测定抖动值成为最小的激光强度、以及抖动值成为8.5%以下的激光强度的宽度。而且,获取将抖动值成为8.5%以下的激光强度的宽度除以抖动值成为最小的激光强度而得的值来作为相对于可获得底部抖动的激光强度的功率裕度。将测定中所得的功率裕度及最小的抖动值(加速劣化试验前的抖动值)示于表1中。再者,No.18是不设置电介质层的例子。
进而,关于光盘,在温度为80℃、相对湿度为85%、保持时间为96小时的条件下进行加速劣化试验。所述加速劣化试验后,再次变更激光的强度而测定抖动值,获取最小的抖动值。将所获取的抖动值(加速劣化试验后的抖动值)示于表1中。再者,关于No.18,未进行测定。
另外,对与光盘的电介质层为相同组成的电介质膜进行体积电阻率的测定。体积电阻率的测定中使用的电介质膜使用溅镀法,以厚度成为50nm~100nm的方式形成于玻璃基板上。体积电阻率的测定是使用高电阻电阻率计海斯特(Hiresta)-UX MCP-HT450(三菱化学分析技术(Mitsubishi ChemicalAnalytech)公司制造),基于JIS-K6911(2006)的试验方法进行。将测定的体积电阻率示于表1中。再者,关于No.17及No.18,未进行测定。
关于功率裕度为40%以上、加速劣化试验前的抖动值为6.5%以下且加速劣化试验后的抖动值为7%以下者,将体积电阻率为10MΩ·cm以下者设为评价A,将体积电阻率超过10MΩ·cm者设为评价B。另外,将功率裕度、加速劣化试验前的抖动值或加速劣化试验后的抖动值为所述范围外者设为评价C。
如表1所示,关于No.1~No.12,确认了功率裕度、加速劣化试验前的抖动值及加速劣化试验后的抖动值优异。尤其,关于No.1~No.3,确认了体积电阻率为10MΩ·cm以下。
No.13是Zn元素的含有率为80摩尔%的例子。No.14是Zn元素的含有率为60摩尔%的例子。No.15是Si元素的含有率为50摩尔%的例子。No.16是Zn元素的含有率为100摩尔%且不含Sn元素的例子。No.17是In元素的含有率为91摩尔%且Sn元素的含有率为9摩尔%的例子。No.18是不设置电介质层的例子。
关于No.16~No.18,确认了功率裕度未满40%,记录层的记录特性并不充分。关于No.15、No.16及No.18,确认了加速劣化试验前的抖动值超过6.5%,对于记录层的信息记录并非良好。关于No.13~No.17,确认了加速劣化试验后的抖动值超过7%,耐久性并不充分。
产业上的可利用性
本发明的电介质层及具备所述电介质层的光记录媒体在直接层叠的氧化物系记录层中可进行良好的信息记录,无须预防健康问题的措施且耐久性高。另外,本发明的溅镀靶材及氧化物可形成所述电介质层。
Claims (5)
1.一种电介质层,其直接层叠于通过光的照射而进行记录的记录层,且
所述电介质层由含有Sn元素、Zn元素、以及Zr元素、Si元素及Ga元素中的至少一种元素的氧化物形成,
相对于所述氧化物的氧以外的所有元素,所述Sn元素、所述Zn元素、所述Zr元素、所述Si元素及所述Ga元素的含有率的合计为95摩尔%以上,且在将所述Sn元素的含有率设为a摩尔%、所述Zn元素的含有率设为b摩尔%、所述Zr元素的含有率设为c摩尔%、所述Si元素的含有率设为d摩尔%、及所述Ga元素的含有率设为e摩尔%的情况下,满足下述式(1)~式(7),
0.1≦b/(a+b)≦0.6…(1)
0≦(c+d)/(a+b+c+d+e)≦0.5…(2)
20≦b≦50…(3)
0≦c≦40…(4)
0≦d≦45…(5)
0≦e≦40…(6)
20≦b+c+d+e≦80…(7)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电介质层,其体积电阻率为10MΩ·cm以下。
3.一种光记录媒体,其包括:通过光的照射而进行记录的记录层、以及直接层叠于所述记录层的根据权利要求1或2所述的电介质层。
4.一种溅镀靶材,其用于形成直接层叠于通过光的照射而进行记录的记录层的电介质层,且
所述溅镀靶材具有含有Sn元素、Zn元素、以及Zr元素、Si元素及Ga元素中的至少一种元素的组成,
相对于所述组成的所有元素,所述Sn元素、所述Zn元素、所述Zr元素、所述Si元素及所述Ga元素的含有率的合计为95摩尔%以上,且在将所述Sn元素的含有率设为a摩尔%、所述Zn元素的含有率设为b摩尔%、所述Zr元素的含有率设为c摩尔%、所述Si元素的含有率设为d摩尔%、及所述Ga元素的含有率设为e摩尔%的情况下,满足下述式(1)~式(7),
0.1≦b/(a+b)≦0.6…(1)
0≦(c+d)/(a+b+c+d+e)≦0.5…(2)
20≦b≦50…(3)
0≦c≦40…(4)
0≦d≦45…(5)
0≦e≦40…(6)
20≦b+c+d+e≦80…(7)。
5.一种氧化物,其含有Sn元素、Zn元素、以及Zr元素、Si元素及Ga元素中的至少一种元素,且
相对于氧以外的所有元素,所述Sn元素、所述Zn元素、所述Zr元素、所述Si元素及所述Ga元素的含有率的合计为95摩尔%以上,且在将所述Sn元素的含有率设为a摩尔%、所述Zn元素的含有率设为b摩尔%、所述Zr元素的含有率设为c摩尔%、所述Si元素的含有率设为d摩尔%、及所述Ga元素的含有率设为e摩尔%的情况下,满足下述式(1)~式(7),
0.1≦b/(a+b)≦0.6…(1)
0≦(c+d)/(a+b+c+d+e)≦0.5…(2)
20≦b≦50…(3)
0≦c≦40…(4)
0≦d≦45…(5)
0≦e≦40…(6)
20≦b+c+d+e≦80…(7)。
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