CN110312617B - 复合材料制品 - Google Patents
复合材料制品 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110312617B CN110312617B CN201880012507.5A CN201880012507A CN110312617B CN 110312617 B CN110312617 B CN 110312617B CN 201880012507 A CN201880012507 A CN 201880012507A CN 110312617 B CN110312617 B CN 110312617B
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- plastic layer
- plastic
- support structure
- composite article
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Abstract
本发明涉及复合材料制品(1),其包括由塑料形成的第一层(2)和支撑结构(11、3)以及布置于第一层(2)和支撑结构(11、3)之间的纤维层(4)。第一塑料层(2)至少在某些位置穿透纤维层(4),使得第一塑料层(2)与纤维层(4)机械地互联。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及复合材料制品和用于制造这种复合材料制品的方法。
背景技术
由复合材料制成的制品在现有技术中是已知的。这些制品不仅因为其较高性能和相对较低的重量、而且因为其外观—这往往更为重要—而受到重视。然而,由复合材料制造的传统制品通常比较昂贵。
DE102009016213A1以Audi AG的名义于2010年10月首次公布。该公布涉及一种方法,该方法包含布置热塑性箔和纤维性材料使得多层结构设置有箔和纤维层。复合材料的其中一个外侧面由箔形成,并且在箔之间布置有纤维层。多层纤维-热塑性-层状结构材料由箔和纤维性材料形成的多层结构制成。复合材料的形成热塑性箔的外侧面的热膨胀系数小于70×10-61/K。该公布描述了包含热塑性箔的多层纤维-热塑性-层状结构材料和用于制造汽车车身装置的方法。
WO08058971A1以Bond Laminates GmbH的名义于2008年5月首次公布。该公布涉及一种具有塑料基质的纤维复合材料。增强纤维嵌入基质中。第一组增强纤维通过第一纤维-基质粘附联接到基质。第二组增强纤维通过第二纤维-基质粘附联接到基质。第二纤维-基质粘附形成为小于第一纤维-基质粘附。纤维-基质粘附的差异构造旨在改善彻底失效的情况下的复合材料的断裂行为。
US2002016121A以Daimler AG的名义于2002年2月首次公布。该公布描述了一种用于生产具有内部织物的部件的方法,该方法包含将至少两层织物一者位于另一者之上地分层放置。在各对相邻的织物层之间引入呈粉末形式或片材形式的塑料层。塑料具有对应于至多织物层的熔点和/或分解温度的熔点。在高于大气压力的压力下对织物层和塑料层进行加热和压制,在此期间塑料层至少部分地熔化。在达到所需的最终形式后,对部分熔化的塑料进行冷却,从而使织物层彼此结合。已冷却的塑料布置在织物层之间以及、特别地、至少部分地在织物层的纤维之间。
DE4106692A1以Bayer AG的名义于1992年9月首次公布。该公布涉及纤维增强塑料材料,该纤维增强塑料材料借助于双带式压力机由无变形纤维增强织物和热塑性塑料形成。在该方法中,在织物被传递到带式压力机中之前,将热塑性熔体的薄膜施加到织物上。通过将熔体冷却到其凝固点之下来锁定织物结构。当将织物进给到压力机中时,通过对压力机的卷轴施加制动而保持织物处于至少3N/cm的张力下。于是,可以监测纤维以便在进行处理之前免于变形。
EP0418772A2以Hoechst AG的名义于1989年9月首次公布。该公布涉及一种尺寸稳定的层压件,该层压件呈平坦板、管或非平坦的三维形状的形式,并且包括许多叠置的、压制在一起的热塑性薄膜,该热塑性薄膜为双轴或单轴拉伸。各塑料薄膜均至少在一侧上、但是通常在两侧上均涂覆有密封层,该密封层的熔点低于每个塑料薄膜的熔点。增强层嵌入层压件中,该增强层设置有开放截面并且在所有侧上均由密封层的可密封的聚合物包围。聚合物从两侧填充增强层的开放截面,并且与增强层形成不可分离的结合,该增强层在热压制成型之后合并到层压件的聚合物基质中。
WO2006122987以与本文中公开的发明相同的申请人的名义于2007年6月首次公布。WO'987涉及一种用于由层压复合材料制造制品的方法。该方法通常包括预先形成至少一个材料层使得其对应于零件的表面,将纤维层施加到预先形成的材料层以及通过树脂使纤维结合以形成层压复合材料。根据应用领域,预先形成的材料层可以保留在结合的纤维上,或者可以在树脂固化后将其去除。
WO13131781以与本文中公开的发明相同的申请人的名义于2013年9月首次公布。WO'781涉及一种用于由纤维增强复合材料生产部件的方法。在第一步骤中,设置模具,以及、在第二步骤中,将表面层引入到模具的腔中。在又一步骤中,将纤维层施加到表面层并且与表面层一起固化以形成第一部分。然后,对第一部分进行检查。如果检查结果正面,则将承载件结构可操作地连接到第一部分。
依赖于环氧树脂基基质的复合材料在现有技术中是已知的。这些步骤意味着大量的体力劳动。其他问题是因注射期间的增压和树脂流动而导致的纤维的变形、集成诸如支架等的附加件时的大量付出。在涂装和回收各部分时,可能意味着其他困难。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种复合材料制品和一种用于制造这种复合材料制品的方法,该复合材料制品具有传统复合增强制品的外观但是具有新的性能。另一优点是,与传统的复合材料制品相比,根据本发明的复合材料制品可以更具成本效益地制成。
除了相对较低的重量和较高强度,由现有技术已知的纤维增强材料制成的产品的光学外观引人注意。因此,客户期望穿过布置在外侧(通常是其中嵌入有纤维的基质的一部分)上的光学透明的保护材料层来观察增强纤维。与布置在外侧(例如盒体等)处的可见部分的光学外观相比而言,功能性不太重要,上述可见部分并非布置在下方的承载结构的一部分。
由基质和嵌入其中的增强纤维组成的典型纤维增强制品的制造通常涉及劳动密集型并且因此昂贵的方法步骤。本文中公开的发明提供了一种具有成本效益且高效的方法,以使制品具有如上所述的纤维增强复合材料制品的外观但提供例如诸如柔韧性之类的新特性。
本发明的一方面涉及这样的事实:即、使用增强纤维主要是由于其光学外观的原因而并非主要是由于其机械特性(较高的强度和刚度)的原因。因此,当将纤维嵌入周围的基质时,不需要在纤维和基质之间建立最大可能的粘附互联。这具有另一优点,即、可以减少、或者完全克服因热膨胀系数不同而导致的问题。当将纤维层、其优选地呈由纤维网状物组成的纺织物形式、嵌入基质中时,基质不仅沿着纺织物的外边缘而且还、例如通过横穿微细开口(细孔)延伸的桥接部、横穿纺织物地完全包围纤维。与现有技术不同,根据本发明制成的复合材料制品可以仅形成有一层纤维,并且由于目的不同,纤维不需要完全嵌入基质中。
根据本发明的复合材料制品通常包括第一塑料材料(在下文中简称塑料)层、支撑结构和布置于第一塑料材料层和支撑结构之间的纤维层。在适当的情况下,可以施加多于一层的纤维。如在下文中针对其中至少一个层和/或其涂层使用的术语塑料主要涉及由各种不同的合成或半合成有机化合物组成的材料,该合成或半合成有机化合物可以模制成固体物体,或者至少曾通过能量而塑化。通过透明的聚酰胺、例如PA12或其化合物、可以得到良好的结果,该透明的聚酰胺提供良好的透明度并且提供光泽表面的能力。第一塑料层的厚度可以变化,并且不必沿纤维层恒定。在优选的变体中,如上所提及的纤维网状物优选地是由矩形编织的或接近矩形编织的单向纤维束形成的规则网状物。第一塑料层至少在某些位置穿透纤维层,使得第一塑料层与纤维层机械地互联。因此,第一塑料层和纤维层之间的相对运动至少在某些位置受到限制。特别地,第一塑料层和纤维层之间的在界面区域内的相对运动至少局部地受到限制。在优选的变体中,如本文中所提及的纤维网状物优选地是由矩形编织的或接近矩形编织的单向纤维束形成的规则网状物。可替代地或另外地,根据待实现的效果可以使用非规则布置的纤维。可以看到本发明的优点在于最终产品可以制成具有抵抗性但仍然可变形的事实。另一优点在于由于材料成分而导致产品可以易于回收。
如果支撑结构包括第二塑料层,则可以得到纤维层的特别持久的固定/定位。第二塑料层可以至少部分地与纤维层对准。可替代地或另外地,支撑结构还可以包括例如由金属和/或由复合材料结构和/或由泡沫形成的第二层。在根据本发明的复合材料制品的一些变体中,支撑结构也可以是第二塑料层。
根据本发明的变体,第一塑料层和支撑结构横穿纤维层彼此互联。如果支撑结构包括第二塑料层—或由不同类型的材料形成的第二层—则第二塑料(相应地、不同类型的材料)层可以横穿纤维层与第一塑料层互联。
根据本发明的变体,纤维层可以包括纺织物,该纺织物由规则和/或非规则的纤维网状物组成。纺织物可以选自于由单轴织物、双轴织物、三轴织物、蜂窝状织物、针织织物、非织造织物组成的组。
可替代地或另外地,纤维网状物可以至少部分地是非规则的纤维网状物。在规则网状物中,纤维束形成纺织物的经纱和纬纱。根据应用领域和待实现的光学外观,不同的样式是可能的。在适当的情况下,可以预见在经纱和纬纱中的至少一者之间存在较小的开口(孔洞)以形成在下文中描述的桥接部。通过使用以下纤维组中的纤维可以得到良好的结果:碳纤维、芳纶(Kevlar)纤维、金属纤维、聚合物纤维。在本发明的背景下,多种类型的纤维的组合是可能的。可替代地或另外地,彩色纤维、例如有色玻璃纤维、可以用于实现光学效果。
在本发明的变体中,纤维层包括松散纤维。在本发明的变体中,纤维层包括干纤维。
在适当的情况下,纤维层的纤维可以通过结合剂至少部分地彼此结合。
在根据本发明的复合结构的变体中,第一塑料层和支撑结构通过布置于横穿纤维层延伸的开口中的多个桥接部彼此互联。在本发明的变体中,桥接部可以至少部分地由桥接纤维形成并且布置在纤维层中,该桥接纤维由塑料材料形成。如果桥接纤维至少部分地由热塑性塑料形成,该热塑性塑料构造成当被加热时与第一纤维层和/或支撑结构建立化学键,则可以获得良好的结果。如果桥接纤维至少部分地由与第一塑料层和/或支撑结构和/或第二塑料层(如果存在的话)相同的材料形成,则可以获得良好的结果。
在本发明的变体中,其中支撑结构包括第二塑料层,如果第一塑料层和第二塑料层通过布置于横穿纤维层延伸的开口中的多个桥接部彼此互联,则可以获得良好的结果。
可替代地或另外地,第一塑料层和支撑结构(相应地第二塑料层,如果存在的话)可以通过纤维层的纤维彼此结合。
在根据本发明的复合结构的变体中,第一塑料层和/或支撑结构至少部分地由热塑性材料形成。
第一塑料层和/或支撑结构和/或第二塑料层(如果存在的话)可以由相同的塑料形成或由不同的塑料形成。
如果第一塑料层和支撑结构(相应地、第二塑料层,如果存在的话)通过焊接彼此互联,则可以获得良好的结果。可替代地或另外地,支撑结构包括通过焊接与第一塑料层互联的第二塑料层。
在根据本发明的复合材料制品的变体中,第一塑料层和支撑结构(相应地、第二塑料层,如果存在的话)通过注射成型彼此互联。如果支撑结构包括通过注射成型与第一塑料层互联的第二塑料层,则可以获得良好的结果。
在根据本发明的复合结构的变体中,第一塑料层和/或支撑结构由涂层涂覆。如果支撑结构包括由涂层涂覆的第二塑料层,则可以获得良好的结果。涂层可以包括粘附剂。
对于一些应用,第一塑料层和/或支撑结构(相应地、第二塑料层,如果存在的话)可以至少部分地光学透明,使得纤维层的纤维从外侧至少部分地可见。
在支撑结构包括第二塑料层的情况下,如果第二塑料层至少部分地光学透明,则可以获得良好的结果。在本发明的变体中,布置在观察者视角的外侧上的塑料层比布置在内侧上的另一塑料层具有更高的光学透明度。
可替代地或另外地,布置在内侧上的层可以用颜色着色和/或涂覆。根据本发明的变体,布置在内侧上的层可以是光导体或者可以包括用于传导光的装置,以便将光发射到纤维层。因此,在复合结构的使用/应用期间可以引起树脂或粘附剂的固化和/或可以实现纤维层和/或外侧上的层的照亮。
在根据本发明的复合材料制品的变体中,多个桥接部可以布置成邻近纤维网状物的结点。桥接部可以以规则和/或非规则的样式布置。
桥接部可以通过第一塑料层和/或第二塑料层(相应地、支撑结构)的材料的热塑性变形形成。
在本发明的变体中,附加件可以与第一塑料层和/或第二塑料层—如果存在的话—互联。如果附加件通过注射成型互联,则可以获得良好的结果。
根据本发明的变体,支撑结构可以包括金属和/或塑料泡沫和/或复合材料的结构。
如果在第一塑料层和纤维层之间和/或在支撑结构和纤维层之间布置有至少一个粘附层,则可以获得良好的结果。如果支撑结构包括第二塑料层,则粘附层可以位于第二塑料层和纤维层之间。
根据本发明的变体,粘附层包括施加在纤维层的至少一部分上的粘附剂。如果粘附剂是喷雾粘合剂,则对某些类型的纤维层而言可以获得良好的结果。粘附层可以是挥发性液体,其至少暂时建立粘附连接。
在本发明的变体中,纤维层包括双部件式粘附的第一部件,并且第一塑料层和/或支撑结构(和/或第二塑料层,如果如本文中所述存在的话)可以包括双部件式粘附的对应的第二部件。
在本发明的变体中,粘附层包括非织造织物和/或具有粘附性能的网。
在本发明的变体中,第一塑料层包括穿透纤维层的突起。可替代地或另外地,支撑结构(或作为支撑结构的一部分的第二塑料层)可以包括穿透纤维层的突起。因此,第一塑料层和/或支撑结构可以与纤维层机械地互锁,以便至少减少纤维层与第一塑料层和/或支撑结构之间的相对运动。在本发明的变体中,突起由与第一塑料层、相应地、支撑结构相同的材料形成。如果该至少一个突起通过注射成型工艺形成,则可以获得良好的结果。
在本发明的变体中,多个突起布置在第一塑料层和/或支撑结构的与纤维层相邻的面上。多个突起中的至少一些突起可以布置成使得其定位对应于纤维层的某些结构特征。因此,可以辅助纤维层相对于第一塑料层和/或支撑结构的对准和披盖。
可替代地或另外地,第一塑料层可以包括涂层,该涂层布置成增强第一塑料层和纤维层之间的互联。涂层可以是热塑性层。
如果第一塑料层和/或支撑结构通过注射成型和/或深拉制法和/或吹塑成型形成,则可以获得良好的结果。如果支撑结构包括第二塑料层,则该支撑结构可以通过注射成型和/或深拉制法和/或吹塑成型形成。
根据本发明的变体的复合材料制品包括由塑料材料形成的第一层和由相同或不同的塑料形成的第二层以及布置在第一层和第二层之间的纤维层。在适当的情况下,可以施加多于一个纤维层。在适当的情况下,第二层可以由比层更坚固的刚性件代替。第一层和/或第二层的厚度可以变化,并且不必沿纤维层恒定。
第一塑料层和第二塑料层与纤维或纤维的一部分(例如仅一侧)直接互联和/或通过布置于横穿纺织物延伸的开口中的多个桥接部彼此互联。如上所述,主要目的并非是在纤维层的纤维与第一塑料层之间、相应地、在纤维层的纤维与支撑结构或第二塑料层之间建立最大可能的相互作用。在优选的变体中,多个桥接部布置成邻近纤维网状物的结点。桥接部可以以规则和/或非规则的样式布置。桥接部可以通过第一层和/或第二层的材料的热塑性变形形成,这一点在下文中更详细地进行描述。
第一塑料层和/或第二塑料层(相应地、支撑结构)优选地通过注射成型和/或深拉制法和/或吹塑成型或其组合形成。厚度可以恒定或可变。从观察者的视角来案,至少在内侧上的材料(相应地、塑料)层并非必须为就其本身而言的层。层可以具有不同的形状或形成另一元件的一部分。第一塑料层和第二塑料层(相应地、支撑结构)可以同时形成从而具有共同的相互作用表面。在适当的情况下,附加件可以、例如通过注射成型、与第一塑料层和/或第二塑料层(相应地、支撑结构)互联。当施加纤维时,第一材料/塑料层和第二材料/塑料层通常以三维的方式成形,其中,其三维形状总体上对应于最终产品的形状或接近于最终制品的形状。
优选地,第一塑料和/或第二塑料(相应地、支撑结构的材料)是热塑性塑料。从而,在加热到预定温度、例如材料中的至少一者至少部分地熔化的温度、并且将第一塑料层和第二塑料层压制在一起之后,第一塑料层和第二塑料层(相应地、支撑结构)可以彼此结合和/或结合到纤维层。压制在一起可以在加热至少一个热塑性塑料层(相应地、热塑性塑料形成的支撑结构)期间施加并且产生受控的变形。第一材料/塑料层和第二材料/塑料层(相应地、支撑结构)可以通过焊接彼此互联。可替代地或另外地,至少一个材料/塑料层(相应地、支撑结构)可以由附加的热塑性塑料层涂覆,该附加的热塑性塑料层在处理期间至少部分地熔化。附加层可以具有比施加有该附加层的塑料层(相应地、支撑结构)更低的熔化温度。可替代地或另外地,第一层和第二层(相应地、支撑结构)通过注射成型彼此互联。
在适当的情况下,第一材料/塑料层和/或第二材料/塑料层(相应地、支撑结构)可以例如由如上所述的热塑性涂层和/或由涂料在内侧和/或外侧上涂覆。优选地,第一塑料层和/或第二塑料层(相应地、支撑结构)光学透明,使得纤维从外侧可见(因此相对于安装位置,至少外层至少部分地光学透明)。相对的内层优选地至少部分地透明度较低,例如原因在于其被着色和/或由涂料层覆盖。由此可以改善纤维外侧的光学效果,因为光学缺陷可以被隐藏。
根据本发明的用于制造复合材料制品的方法通常包括方法步骤:设置第一塑料层;设置纤维层;设置第一模具件;设置第二模具件;将纤维层布置在第一塑料层和第二模具件之间;将第一塑料层布置在第一模具件和第二模具件之间;将第一模具件和第二模具件放置到一起;激发能量使得第一塑料层的一部分穿透纤维层。如果施加热能以便引起第一塑料层(和/或第二塑料层,如果存在的话)的局部熔化并支撑熔化的塑料在纤维层中的穿透,则可以获得良好的结果。通过热传导可以获得局部加热。可替代地或另外地,根据使用的纤维的类型,可以应用纤维的感应加热和/或通过由至少一些纤维吸收光来加热。纤维层可以由纤维网状物组成。
在根据本发明的用于制造复合材料制品的方法的变体中,设置有第二塑料层。纤维层布置在第一塑料层和第二塑料层之间,并且第一纤维层和第二纤维层横穿纤维层互联。通过在第二塑料层中激发能量可以获得所述互联。
如果第一塑料层和第二塑料层(如果存在的话)通过化学键实现彼此互联,则可以获得良好的结果。可替代地或另外地,第一塑料层和第二塑料层可以通过形状配合互联。
对于一些应用,第一塑料层可以包括粘附涂层,该粘附涂层布置成当与纤维层物理接触时与纤维层互联。可替代地或另外地,如果支撑结构包括第二塑料层,则第二塑料层包括粘附涂层,该粘附涂层布置成当与纤维层物理接触时与纤维层互联。
可替代地或另外地,第一塑料层和/或第二塑料层(如果存在的话)包括构造成穿透纤维层的至少一个突起。因此,可以改善纤维层相对于第一塑料层和/或第二塑料层的对准。
可替代地或另外地,根据本发明的用于制造复合材料制品的方法可以包括在纤维层的一侧上布置粘附层的方法步骤。因此,可以获得纤维层与第一塑料层之间和/或纤维层与支撑结构(相应地、第二纤维层)之间的至少暂时的互联。如果这种粘附层包括织物和/或箔,则可以获得良好的结果。对于一些应用,粘附层可以包括构造成穿透纤维层的至少一个突起。由此,对于某些类型的纤维层,可以改善互联。如本文中所述的粘附层不必在纤维层与相邻的第一塑料层和/或第二塑料层或支撑结构之间的整个界面区域上延伸。
在根据本发明的用于制造复合材料制品的方法的变体中,在一方法步骤中,支撑结构借助于注射成型施加到纤维层。这种支撑结构可以包括第二塑料层。
根据本发明的用于制造复合材料制品的方法的变体包括以下方法步骤:设置第一塑料层;设置第二塑料层;将由纤维网状物组成的纤维层布置在第一材料层和第二材料层之间;使第一材料层和第二材料层横穿纺织物材料的纤维互联。第一层和第二层通常以三维的方式成形并且至少部分地彼此对应,使得纤维层可以布置于其间。
对于塑料层中的每一者,可以提供成形工具。在某些情况下,例如如果层中的至少一者不是太厚,则可以使用相同的成形工具。适当的成形工具可以来自以下工具或其组合组成的组:深拉工具、注射成型工具、拉伸成型工具。
第一层和第二层之间的互联可以优选地通过桥接部的形成来建立,桥接部在纤维材料层中的开口中、第一材料层和第二材料层之间延伸,从而将第一材料层和第二材料层结合在一起。第一材料层和/或第二材料层优选地由热塑性材料形成,并且桥接部至少部分地由相同材料组成。第一层和第二层通过第一层和/或第二层的材料的熔化而彼此结合。
当第一材料层和第二材料层以三维的方式成形、之后施加纤维时,可以得到良好的结果。三维形状总体上对应于最终制品的形状或接近最终制品的形状。于是将纤维施加在层中的至少一者上。在又一步骤中,施加另一层并包围纤维。在适当的情况下,可以预见具有用于将纤维固定在层上的装置。例如层可以包括机械固定装置,以将纤维保持在适当的位置。固定装置形成为使得在第一材料层和第二材料层彼此结合时纤维消失。
第一材料层和/或第二材料层可以具有可变的厚度。通常,从观察者的视角而言布置在最终制品的外侧上的层比布置在内侧(观察者通常不可见的侧面)上的层薄。当至少布置在外侧上的层具有在0.4mm至1.0mm的范围内的厚度时,可以实现良好的光学外观。这可以通过深拉制法或吹塑成型而成的层实现。
应该理解的是,前面的一般性描述和以下的详细描述都呈现了实施例,并且旨在提供用于理解本公开的性质和特征的概述或框架。包含有随附附图以提供进一步的理解,并且随附附图被并入并构成本说明书的一部分。附图示出了各种实施例,并且与说明书一起用于解释所公开的概念的原理和操作。
附图说明
通过本文中下文给出的详细描述和随附附图将更充分地理解本文描述的发明,该详细描述和随附附图不应该认为是对所附权利要求中描述的发明的限制。附图示出:
图1以立体图的形式并以局部剖切的6方式示出了根据本发明的复合材料制品;
图2以俯视图示出了根据图1的复合材料制品;
图3示出了沿图2的剖切线DD的剖视图;
图4示出了根据图3的细节E;
图5示出了中间制品;
图6示出了用于制造根据图1的复合材料制品的方法步骤;
图7示出了用于制造根据本发明的复合材料制品的变体的方法步骤;
图8示出了用于制造根据本发明的复合材料制品的变体的方法步骤。
具体实施方式
现在将详细参照某些实施例,其示例在随附附图中示出,其中示出了一些特征、而不是所有特征。实际上,本文中公开的实施例可以以许多不同的形式实施,并且不应该被解释为限于本文阐述的实施例;相反,提供这些实施例使得本公开将满足适用的法律要求。只要有可能,相同的附图标记将用于指代相同的部件或零件。
图1以立体图的形式并以局部剖切的方式示出了复合材料制品1。复合材料制品1包括第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3以及布置于第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3之间的纤维层4,该纤维层4由纤维网状物组成(未详细示出)。纤维网状物优选地是由矩形编织的或接近矩形编织的单向松散纤维束形成的规则网状物。纤维束形成纺织物的经纱和纬纱。在所示的复合材料制品1中,第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3横穿纤维层4彼此互联(连结)。在适当的情况下,可以预见在经纱和纬纱中的至少一者之间存在较小的开口(孔洞)以在第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3之间形成桥接部6。桥接部6布置在纤维层4中的与桥接部6相关的开口10中,并且可以具有规则和/或非规则的布置并且大小可以不同。在所示的附图中,桥接部6仅由较小的矩形示意性地表示。然而,纤维束还可以布置成使得纤维束形成针织的、双轴的、三轴的、蜂窝状(编织)的织物。
在优选的变体中,第一塑料层2或第二塑料层3中的至少一者由热塑性材料形成。这提供了通过加热热塑性材料并在适当的工具中将层2、3、4压制在一起而使第一塑料层和第二塑料层可以彼此结合和/或结合到纤维层4的机会。
为了制造复合材料制品1,设置有第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3。当第一层2和第二层3至少部分地对应于最终制品、以三维的方式成形时,可以得到良好的结果。纤维层4则被披盖(drape)在第一塑料层2和/或第二塑料层3上,使得不会产生不需要的褶皱。在进一步的步骤中,相对的其他塑料层2、3布置在纤维层4上。在下一步骤中,第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3横穿纤维层4彼此互联(结合),从而形成组件5。在形状上不同以便在第一塑料层和第二塑料层的结合期间支撑纤维层的披盖。
第一材料层2和第二材料层3与纤维或纤维的一部分(例如、仅一侧)直接互联和/或通过布置在横穿纺织物延伸的开口中的若干桥接部5彼此互联。桥接部5布置成且定大小为使得优选地观察者从外侧不会注意到桥接部。如上所述,主要目的并非分别在纤维层4的纤维与第一塑料层2的纤维之间、纤维层4的纤维与第二塑料层3的纤维之间建立最大可能的相互作用。
在适当的情况下,至少一个辅助件7—其在这里呈沿着边缘8延伸并且包围边缘8的框架的形式—可以与由第一材料层2、第二材料层3和纤维层4组成的组件互联。辅助件7可以例如通过注射成型附接到组件5,这导致与组件5的元件牢固地互联。
在图2中,组件5以俯视图示出,并且在图3中组件5以沿根据图2的剖切线DD的剖视图示出。组件5示出为处于生产的早期阶段、第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3尚未修剪时。可以看到,第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3以及布置于第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3之间的纤维层以三维的方式成形。应当理解的是本发明的构思不限于本文所示的形状。第一材料层2和/或第二材料层3优选地通过注射成型和/或深拉制法和/或吹塑成型或其组合形成。第一层和第二层可以同时形成从而彼此的轮廓相符。当施加纺织物的纤维4时,第一材料层和第二材料层通常以三维的方式成形,其中,其三维形状总体上对应于最终制品的形状或接近于最终制品的形状。
图4以放大的方式示出了图3的细节E。可以示意性地看到,第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3通过桥接部6而彼此互联,该桥接部6以规则或非规则的方式横穿纤维层4而延伸。尽管所有桥接部6的横截面都显示为是相似的,但实际上情况将很可能不是这样。桥接部6通过第一材料层2和第二材料层3的材料的熔化而从两侧形成,并且从而形成桥接部的上部部分和下部部分。可替代地或此外,通过第一层和第二层与纤维层4沿相互作用表面9的相互作用进行结合。
图5示出了组件5,其包括彼此结合的第一塑料层2、第二塑料层3和纤维层。在该阶段中可以看到,第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3尚未修剪为适应于纤维层4并且沿侧向方向在纤维层4上方延伸。在一方法步骤(未详细示出)中,将第一层2和第二层3修剪到边缘8。取决于最终制品的使用,如图1所示,边缘8可以由辅助件7包绕。
图6示意性地示出了制造如上所述的组件5的方法步骤:设置有第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3。第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3二者均以三维的方式成形,之后至少部分地对应于待制造的最终制品的几何形状地施加纤维层4。可以看到,由纤维网状物组成的纤维层4布置在第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3之间,并且第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3包围纤维层4,这用线条示意性地表示。在又一方法步骤中,第一材料层2和第二材料层3、例如通过结合到纤维层4的纤维和/或通过桥接部6、横穿纤维层4彼此互联,桥接部6横穿布置在纤维层4中的与桥接部相关的开口10延伸。在优选的变体中,桥接部通过至少部分地熔化第一塑料层2和/或第二塑料层3的材料而形成。
图7示意性地示出了制造如上所述的组件5的方法的变体的方法步骤:设置有第一塑料层2和作为第二塑料层3实施的支撑结构11。第一塑料层2和支撑结构11二者均以三维的方式成形,之后至少部分地对应于待制造的最终制品的几何形状地施加纤维层4。可以看到,纤维层4布置在第一塑料层2与支撑结构11—相应地、第二塑料层3—之间并且第一塑料层2和支撑结构11各自包围纤维层4,这用线条示意性地表示。在又一方法步骤中,第一塑料层2、第二塑料层3和纤维层4布置在第一模具件13和第二模具件14之间。在又一方法步骤中,将第一模具件13和第二模具件14放置到一起。在又一方法步骤中,激发能量使得第一塑料层2和第二塑料层3的一部分熔化并且第一材料层2和第二材料层3、例如通过结合到纤维层4的纤维和/或通过桥接部、横穿纤维层4彼此互联,桥接部横穿布置在纤维层4中的与桥接部相关的开口10延伸。在优选的变体中,桥接部通过至少部分地熔化第一塑料层2和/或第二塑料层3的材料而形成。
图8示意性地示出了制造如上所述的组件5的方法的变体的方法步骤:设置有第一模具件13和第二模具件14。设置有以三维的方式成形的第一塑料层2。至少部分地对应于待制造的最终制品的几何形状地施加纤维层4。如图所示,纤维层4布置在第一塑料层2和第二模具件14之间。粘附层12布置在纤维层4和第二模具件14之间。粘附层12可以是施加于第二模具件14的表面的至少一部分上的喷雾粘合剂。因此,在随后的方法步骤中,纤维层4可以在第二模具件14上定位并适当地对准,并且纤维层4暂时附接到第二模具件14。在又一方法步骤中,将第一模具件13和第二模具件14放置到一起。在又一方法步骤中,激发能量使得第一塑料层2的一部分熔化并且穿透纤维层4。
当然,在说明书中使用的词语是描述性词语而不是限制性词语,并且应当理解,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以进行各种变形。
附图标记列表
1 复合材料制品
2 第一塑料层
3 第二塑料层
4 纤维层
5 组件(第一塑料层、第二塑料层和纤维层)
6 桥接部
7 辅助件
8 边缘
9 相互作用表面
10 开口
11 支撑结构
12 粘附层
13 第一模具件
14 第二模具件
Claims (18)
1. 一种复合材料制品(1),包括:
a. 第一塑料层(2),和
b. 支撑结构(11、3),以及
c. 布置于所述第一塑料层(2)和所述支撑结构(11、3)之间的纤维层(4),其中
d. 所述第一塑料层(2)至少在某些位置穿透所述纤维层(4),使得所述第一塑料层(2)与所述纤维层(4)机械地互联,并且其中,
e. 所述第一塑料层(2)和/或所述支撑结构(11)至少部分地光学透明,使得所述纤维层(4)的纤维从外侧至少部分地可见,并且其中,
f. 所述第一塑料层(2)和所述支撑结构(11)通过多个桥接部(6)彼此互联,所述桥接部(6)布置于横穿所述纤维层(4)延伸的开口(10)中,并且其中,
g. 所述第一塑料层(2)和/或所述支撑结构(11)通过注射成型和/或深拉制法和/或吹塑成型形成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料制品(1),其中,所述支撑结构(11)包括第二塑料层(3)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料制品(1),其中,所述第一塑料层(2)和所述支撑结构(11)横穿所述纤维层(4)而彼此互联。
4.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的复合材料制品(1),其中,所述纤维层(4)的纤维通过结合剂至少部分地彼此结合。
5.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的复合材料制品(1),其中,所述纤维层(4)的纤维来自以下纤维组:碳纤维、芳纶纤维、金属纤维。
6.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的复合材料制品(1),其中,所述第一塑料层(2)和所述支撑结构(11)通过所述纤维层(4)的所述纤维彼此结合。
7.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的复合材料制品(1),其中,所述支撑结构(11)包括第二塑料层(3),所述第二塑料层(3)至少部分地光学透明。
8.根据权利要求7所述的复合材料制品(1),其中,布置在观察者视角的外侧上的所述塑料层比布置在内侧上的另一所述塑料层具有更高的光学透明度。
9.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的复合材料制品(1),其中,多个桥接部(6)布置成邻近纤维网状物的结点。
10.根据权利要求9所述的复合材料制品(1),其中,所述桥接部(6)以规则和/或非规则的样式布置。
11.根据权利要求2所述的复合材料制品(1),其中,所述桥接部(6)通过所述第一塑料层和/或所述第二塑料层的材料的热塑性变形而形成。
12.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的复合材料制品(1),其中,在所述第一塑料层(2)和所述纤维层(4)之间和/或在所述支撑结构(11)和所述纤维层(4)之间布置有至少一个粘附层(12)。
13.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的复合材料制品(1),其中,所述第一塑料层(2)包括穿透所述纤维层(4)的突起。
14.一种用于制造复合材料制品(1)的方法,包括以下方法步骤:
a. 设置第一塑料层(2);
b. 设置纤维层(4);
c. 设置第一模具件(13);
d. 设置第二模具件(14);
e. 将所述纤维层(4)布置在所述第一塑料层(2)和所述第二模具件(14)之间;
f. 将所述第一塑料层(2)布置在所述第一模具件(13)和所述第二模具件(14)之间;
g. 将所述第一模具件(13)和所述第二模具件(14)放置到一起;
h. 激发能量使得所述第一塑料层(2)的一部分穿透所述纤维层(4),
其中,所述用于制造所述复合材料制品(1)的方法进一步包括以下方法步骤:
i. 设置支撑结构(11、3),所述支撑结构(11、3)包括第二塑料层(3);
j. 将所述纤维层(4)布置在所述第一塑料层(2)和所述第二塑料层(3)之间;
k. 使所述第一塑料层(2)和所述第二塑料层(3)横穿所述纤维层(4)互联,并且其中,所述第一塑料层(2)和/或所述支撑结构(11)至少部分地光学透明,使得所述纤维层(4)的纤维从外侧至少部分地可见,并且其中,
l. 所述第一塑料层(2)和所述支撑结构(11)通过多个桥接部(6)彼此互联,所述桥接部(6)布置于横穿所述纤维层(4)延伸的开口(10)中,并且其中,
m. 所述第一塑料层(2)和/或所述支撑结构(11)通过注射成型和/或深拉制法和/或吹塑成型形成。
15.根据权利要求14所述的用于制造复合材料制品(1)的方法,其中,所述第一塑料层(2)和所述第二塑料层(3)通过化学键来实现彼此互联。
16.根据权利要求14至15中的任一项所述的用于制造复合材料制品(1)的方法,所述方法包括在所述纤维层(4)的一侧上布置粘附层(12)的方法步骤。
17.根据权利要求14所述的用于制造复合材料制品(1)的方法,所述方法包括借助于注射成型将支撑结构(11)施加到所述纤维层(4)的方法步骤。
18.根据权利要求14所述的用于制造复合材料制品(1)的方法,其中,通过桥接部(6)来至少部分地进行结合,所述桥接部(6)在所述纤维层(4)的材料中的开口(10)中、所述第一塑料层(2)和所述第二塑料层(3)之间延伸,从而将所述第一塑料层和所述第二塑料层结合在一起。
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- 2018-02-09 MX MX2019009748A patent/MX2019009748A/es unknown
- 2018-02-09 US US16/482,371 patent/US11110691B2/en active Active
- 2018-02-09 EP EP18705131.3A patent/EP3582961B1/en active Active
- 2018-02-09 JP JP2019544733A patent/JP7190435B2/ja active Active
- 2018-02-09 AU AU2018221518A patent/AU2018221518A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2018-02-09 CN CN201880012507.5A patent/CN110312617B/zh active Active
- 2018-02-09 RU RU2019125725A patent/RU2748732C2/ru active
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EP3582961A1 (en) | 2019-12-25 |
US20200023623A1 (en) | 2020-01-23 |
US11110691B2 (en) | 2021-09-07 |
JP7190435B2 (ja) | 2022-12-15 |
RU2019125725A (ru) | 2021-03-17 |
CN110312617A (zh) | 2019-10-08 |
RU2019125725A3 (zh) | 2021-03-17 |
AU2018221518A1 (en) | 2019-07-25 |
JP2020508238A (ja) | 2020-03-19 |
RU2748732C2 (ru) | 2021-05-31 |
WO2018149761A1 (en) | 2018-08-23 |
MX2019009748A (es) | 2019-12-18 |
EP3582961B1 (en) | 2021-09-01 |
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