CN110268557A - 使用锂金属和无机复合层的预锂化 - Google Patents
使用锂金属和无机复合层的预锂化 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110268557A CN110268557A CN201880010989.0A CN201880010989A CN110268557A CN 110268557 A CN110268557 A CN 110268557A CN 201880010989 A CN201880010989 A CN 201880010989A CN 110268557 A CN110268557 A CN 110268557A
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- cathode
- lithium metal
- lithium
- prelithiation
- composite layers
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- 238000006138 lithiation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001547 lithium hexafluoroantimonate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001537 lithium tetrachloroaluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017464 nitrogen compound Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002830 nitrogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明提供一种用于二次电池的负极的预锂化方法,包括:将锂金属粉末、无机粉末和粘合剂倒入并分散在溶剂中,从而制备混合溶液;和通过使用该混合溶液在负极上形成锂金属‑无机复合层。本发明提供一种通过简单工艺对具有高容量的负极进行预锂化的方法。此外,通过本发明提供的预锂化方法制造的用于二次电池的负极具有改善的初始不可逆性,并且使用这种用于二次电池的负极制造的二次电池具有优异的充/放电效率。
Description
技术领域
本申请要求于2017年8月11日提交的韩国专利申请第10-2017-0102252号的优先权,通过引用将上述韩国专利申请的整体内容结合在此。
本发明涉及一种用于二次电池的负极的预锂化方法,且更具体地,涉及一种通过在组装锂二次电池之前在负极上形成锂金属-无机复合层的预锂化方法。
背景技术
随着化石燃料的枯竭导致能源价格上涨以及对环境污染的关注增加,对环境友好型替代能源的需求成为未来生活不可或缺的因素。特别是,随着对移动装置的技术开发和需求的增加,对作为能源的二次电池的需求迅速增加。
典型地,就电池的形状而言,对于能够适用于具有较薄厚度的诸如手机之类的产品的袋型二次电池和棱柱形二次电池有较高需求。就电池的材料而言,对于具有高能量密度、放电电压和输出稳定性的诸如锂离子电池和锂离子聚合物电池之类的锂二次电池有较高需求。
通常,为了制备二次电池,首先,通过将活性材料施加到集电器的表面来形成正极和负极,然后在它们之间插入隔板,从而制成电极组件,然后将电极组件安装在圆柱形或矩形金属罐中或由铝层压片制成的袋型壳体内,并且将液体电解质注入或浸渍到电极组件中或使用固体电解质来制备二次电池。
作为锂二次电池的负极活性材料,已经应用了能够嵌入和解吸锂的各种类型的碳基材料,包括人造石墨、天然石墨和硬碳。与锂相比,碳基材料中的诸如人造石墨或天然石墨之类的石墨具有0.1V的低放电电压,并且使用石墨作为负极活性材料的电池表现出3.6V的高放电电压,这在锂电池的能量密度方面是有利的,并且以优异的可逆性保证了锂二次电池的长寿命,因此此类电池应用最广泛。
然而,当使用石墨作为活性材料制造电极板时,电极板的密度降低,并且就电极板的每单位体积的能量密度而言,容量可能变低,这是个问题。此外,由于在高放电电压下,石墨与有机电解质之间可能发生副反应,因此存在由于电池的故障或过充电而引起着火或爆炸的风险。
为了解决这一问题,最近开发了氧化物的负极活性材料。已经提出诸如Si或Sn之类的金属基活性材料作为能够表现出高容量并且能够代替锂金属的材料。其中,Si由于其低成本和高容量(4200mAh/g)而受到关注。
然而,当使用硅基负极活性材料时,初始不可逆容量变大。在锂二次电池的充电和放电期间,从正极释放的锂在充电时插入负极中,并在放电时从负极释放并返回到正极。在硅负极活性材料的情形中,在初始充电时,插入负极中的大量锂不会返回到正极,因此初始不可逆容量变大。当初始不可逆容量增加时,出现电池容量和循环迅速减小的问题。
为了解决上述问题,已知一种对包括硅基负极活性材料的氧化硅负极进行预锂化的方法。作为预锂化方法,已知方法包括通过物理化学方法对负极活性材料进行锂化来制造电极的方法和对负极进行电化学预锂化的方法。
传统的物理化学方法涉及由于在高温下进行的环境因素而引起的火灾和爆炸风险。传统的电化学方法不能均匀地控制一致的不可逆容量并增加了生产成本。
美国专利公开第2015-0357628号披露了一种用锂-陶瓷挤出制品涂覆负极的技术,其中陶瓷颗粒与熔融锂混合以提高具有高比容量的负极活性材料的电极效率,但是由于锂金属的高反应性,所有上述工艺必须在惰性气体气氛下进行,因而这些工艺不容易进行,这是一个缺点。
因此,有必要开发一种通过使用相对简单的方法藉由对具有高容量的负极进行预锂化来改善电池的初始不可逆性并提高电池的安全性的技术。
发明内容
技术问题
设计本发明以解决现有技术的上述问题,且本发明的目的是提供一种用于改善具有高容量的负极的初始不可逆性的预锂化方法,其中在简化工艺的同时,锂金属能够容易地被处理。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种用于提高二次电池的安全性的预锂化方法。
技术方案
本发明提供一种用于二次电池的负极的预锂化方法,包括:将锂金属粉末、无机粉末和粘合剂倒入并分散在溶剂中,从而制备混合溶液;和通过使用该混合溶液在负极上形成锂金属-无机复合层。
根据本发明的优选实施方式,复合层的厚度为0.5-20μm。
根据本发明的优选实施方式,无机粉末可以是选自由氧化铝(Al2O3)、二氧化钛(TiO2)、二氧化锆(ZrO2)、二氧化硅(SiO2)、氧化锡(SnO2)、氧化铈(CeO2)、氧化镁(MgO)、氧化钙(CaO)、和氧化钇(Y2O3)构成的组中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的优选实施方式,将20-40重量份的锂金属粉末、50-80重量份的无机粉末、和1-10重量份的粘合剂放入溶剂中。
根据本发明的优选实施方式,形成锂金属-无机复合层的方法是选自涂覆、喷涂和层压中的一种。
根据本发明的优选实施方式,锂金属粉末的粒径为5-50μm。
根据本发明的优选实施方式,无机粉末的粒径为0.1-10μm。
根据本发明的优选实施方式,锂金属-无机复合层在初始活化充电后不再保持金属形式的锂。
根据本发明的优选实施方式,负极可包括氧化硅。
本发明还提供一种通过应用预锂化方法制造的用于二次电池的负极、和包括该负极的二次电池。
有益效果
本发明提供一种通过简单工艺对具有高容量的负极进行预锂化的方法。此外,通过本发明提供的预锂化方法制造的用于二次电池的负极具有改善的初始不可逆性,并且使用这种用于二次电池的负极制造的二次电池具有优异的充/放电效率。
在具有本发明的锂金属-无机复合层的负极中,锂通过预锂化插入负极活性材料层中,使得无机材料保留在复合层中,从而保护负极的表面并提高了电池的安全性。
附图说明
图1是示出将本发明的锂金属-无机混合溶液涂覆在负极上的状态的视图。
图2是示出锂从形成于负极上的锂金属-无机复合层存储到负极中以进行预锂化的状态的视图。
图3是示出通过本发明的预锂化方法而涂覆有无机层的负极的视图。
具体实施方式
在下文中,将详细描述本发明。本发明不受以下实施例和试验例的限制。可以将根据本发明的实施方式修改为各种其他形式,并且本发明的范围不应被解释为限于下面描述的实施方式。提供本发明的实施方式以向本领域技术人员更充分地描述本发明。
根据本发明的用于二次电池的负极的预锂化包括:通过将锂金属粉末、无机粉末和粘合剂在溶剂中混合来制备混合溶液;和通过使用该混合溶液在负极上形成锂金属-无机复合层。
锂离子电池的负极材料具有初始不可逆性大的缺点。具体地,Si基材料的负极具有大的体积变化和表面副反应,因此在充电期间使用的大量锂在放电时不能再被释放。为了改善该初始不可逆性,如果在制造电池组件之前进行预锂化(pre-lithiation),则在第一次充电之前预先发生副反应。因此,当电池组件实际形成并充/放电时,以降低的不可逆性执行第一循环,从而减少初始不可逆性。
在本发明中,如图1所示,锂金属-无机复合层形成在具有较大的初始不可逆性的SiO或含有SiO的石墨电极的表面上,并且锂金属-无机复合层中的锂金属部分用于预锂化以减少初始不可逆性,预锂化后剩余的无机材料有助于提高负极的安全性。
根据本发明的优选实施方式,锂金属-无机复合层的厚度为0.5-20μm。厚度更优选为1-10μm,最优选为3-8μm。当锂金属-无机复合层的厚度在0.5至20μm的范围内时,锂金属-无机复合层表现出提高预锂化和电池的安全性的效果。
根据本发明的优选实施方式,无机粉末可以是选自由氧化铝(Al2O3)、二氧化钛(TiO2)、二氧化锆(ZrO2)、二氧化硅(SiO2)、氧化锡(SnO2)、氧化铈(CeO2)、氧化镁(MgO)、氧化钙(CaO)、和氧化钇(Y2O3)构成的组中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的优选实施方式,将20-40重量份的锂金属粉末、50-80重量份的无机粉末、和1-10重量份的粘合剂放入溶剂中。当锂金属-无机材料混合物的组成在上述范围内时,锂金属-无机材料混合物表现出提高预锂化和负极的安全性的效果。
作为粘合剂,可以使用常用的粘合剂,诸如PVDF和SBR基粘合剂。此外,可以使用聚丙烯酸(Polyacrylic acid,PAA)、羧甲基纤维素(Carboxymethyl cellulose,CMC)和聚酰亚胺(Polyimide)粘合剂。如果粘合剂的含量小于1重量份,则本发明的锂金属-无机复合层可能容易从负极上脱落,而如果超过10重量份,则从预锂化的角度来看,这不是优选的。
根据本发明的优选实施方式,锂金属粉末的粒径为5-50μm。
根据本发明的优选实施方式,无机粉末的粒径为0.1-10μm,更优选为0.1-5μm,最优选为0.5-1μm。如果无机粉末的粒径超过10μm,则可能无法很好地分散在溶剂中,这不是优选的。
溶剂的种类没有特别限制,只要锂金属和无机粉末很好地分散在溶剂中即可,溶剂的实例包括己烷(hexane)、苯(benzene)、甲苯(toluene)、二甲苯(xylene)和类似溶剂。在本发明的实施例中,使用正己烷溶液。
锂金属和无机粉末的固体含量为50-70重量%,并且关于溶剂与固体含量的体积比,固体含量占55-65体积%,溶剂占35-45体积%。当固体浓度小于50重量%时,存在的问题是:当锂金属-无机粉末混合浆料施加在电极上时,由于较低的负载量,导致最终的目标厚度降低。如果固体浓度大于70重量%,存在的问题是:由于两种高固体浓度导致涂覆时的均匀性降低。
根据本发明的优选实施方式,形成锂金属-无机复合层的方法是选自涂覆、喷涂和层压中的一种。通过将锂金属粉末、无机粉末和粘合剂在溶剂中混合而成的混合溶液可被施加或喷涂到负极上,可以使用喷涂或离型膜,从而形成锂金属-无机复合层。使用离型膜形成锂金属-无机复合层的方法包括以下步骤:将锂金属-无机复合溶液涂覆在聚合物材料的离型膜上,将涂覆的离型膜层压在负极上,然后剥离该离型膜。
根据本发明的优选实施方式,锂金属-无机复合层在初始活化充电后不再保持金属形式的锂。
本发明还提供一种二次电池,其包括通过上述方法制造的负极。
根据本发明的二次电池包括电极组件,其中两个不同极性的电极以被隔板彼此分离开来的状态堆叠。电极组件包括:含正极活性材料的正极;含负极活性材料的负极;和隔板。
具体地,例如可通过将正极活性材料、导电材料和粘合剂的混合物施加到正极集电器上并随后进行干燥来制造正极。如果需要,可以进一步向混合物中添加填料。
根据本发明的正极活性材料可以与使用锂嵌入材料(lithiumintercalationmaterial)作为其主要组分的化合物混合,所述化合物例如为:层状化合物,诸如锂钴氧化物(LiCoO2)、锂镍氧化物(LiNiO2)、或由一种或多种过渡金属取代的化合物;锂锰氧化物,诸如Li1+xMn2-xO4(在此,x在0和33之间)、LiMnO3、LiMn2O3、和LiMnO2;锂铜氧化物(Li2CuO2);钒氧化物,诸如LiV3O8、LiFe3O4、V2O5、和Cu2V2O7;由LiNi1-xMxO2(在此,M=Co、Mn、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B或Ga,且x=0.01至0.3)表示的锂镍氧化物(lithiated nickel oxide);由LiMn2-xMxO2(在此,M=Co、Ni、Fe、Cr、Zn或Ta,且x=0.01至0.1)或Li2Mn3MO8(在此,M=Fe、Co、Ni、Cu或Zn)表示的锂锰复合氧化物;LiMn2O4,其中化学式中Li部分地被碱土金属离子取代;二硫化合物;和Fe2(MoO4)3,或由它们的组合形成的复合氧化物。
正极集电器一般具有3-500微米的厚度。正极集电器没有特别限制,只要其具有高导电性且不会在电池中引起化学变化即可。正极集电器的实例包括不锈钢、铝、镍、钛、煅烧碳、或表面已经碳、镍、钛、银或类似物处理过的铝或不锈钢。集电器可在其表面上具有细微的不规则性,以提高正极活性材料的粘附性,并且可以采用诸如膜、片、箔、网、多孔体、泡沫、和无纺布之类的各种形式。
导电材料通常以基于包括正极活性材料的混合物的总重量的1重量%至50重量%的量进行添加。此类导电材料没有特别限制,只要其具有导电性且不会在电池中引起化学变化即可,导电材料的实例包括:石墨,诸如天然石墨和人造石墨;炭黑,诸如炭黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、槽法炭黑、炉法炭黑、灯黑、和夏黑;导电纤维,诸如碳纤维和金属纤维;金属粉末,诸如氟化碳粉末、铝粉和镍粉;导电晶须,诸如氧化锌和钛酸钾;导电氧化物,诸如钛氧化物;和诸如聚苯撑衍生物之类的导电材料;和类似物。
粘合剂作为有助于活性材料与导电材料之间的结合以及与集电器结合的组分,以基于包括正极活性材料的混合物的总重量的1重量%至50重量%的量进行添加。此类粘合剂的实例包括聚偏二氟乙烯、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉、羟丙基纤维素、再生纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、磺化的EPDM、丁苯橡胶、氟橡胶、各种共聚物和类似物。
填料是可选地用作抑制正极膨胀的组分,并且填料没有特别限制,只要其是纤维材料且不会在电池中引起化学变化即可。填料的实例包括烯烃聚合物,诸如聚乙烯和聚丙烯;纤维材料,诸如玻璃纤维和碳纤维。
此外,可通过将负极活性材料涂覆在负极集电器上并将负极活性材料进行干燥来形成负极。负极可进一步包括上述组分。
负极集电器一般被制成具有3-500微米的厚度。负极集电器没有特别限制,只要其具有导电性且不会在电池中引起化学变化即可,负极的实例包括铜、不锈钢、铝、镍、钛、煅烧碳、表面已经碳、镍、钛、银或类似物处理过的铜或不锈钢、铝镉合金或类似物。此外,类似于正极集电器,负极集电器可在表面上形成细微的不均匀性,以增强负极活性材料的粘合力,并且其可以以诸如膜、片、箔、网、多孔体、泡沫、和无纺布之类的各种形式来使用。
作为本发明的负极活性材料,可以使用能够可逆地吸附/释放锂离子的材料,诸如硅(Si)和锡。只要使用这种材料,可以在包括含硅材料和含锡材料的复合材料、合金、化合物、固溶体和复合负极活性材料中的任何一种中发挥本发明的效果即可。作为含硅材料,可以使用Si、SiOx(0.5<x<2.0)、或用选自由B、Mg、Ni、Ti、Mo、Co、Ca、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Nb、Ta、V、W、Zn、C、N、和Sn构成的组中的至少一种元素取代SiOx中包含的Si或一部分Si而产生的合金、化合物或固溶体。
这些材料可以单独构成负极活性材料,或者可以通过多种材料构成负极活性材料。通过多种材料构成负极活性材料的实例包括含有Si、氧和氮的化合物,含有Si和氧并且具有不同的Si和氧的组成比的多种化合物的复合物,或类似物。其中,SiOx(0.5<x<2.0)是优选的,因为其放电容量密度大并且填充时的膨胀比小于Si的膨胀比。
氧化硅负极是使用硅及其氧化物作为主要材料的负极,以增加使用诸如石墨之类的现有碳材料的负极的容量密度。氧化硅的理论容量密度为4200mAh/g,远高于碳材料的理论容量密度372mAh/g,氧化硅可适合用作二次电池的负极。然而,由于氧化硅负极的形状稳定性差,初始不可逆容量大,并且存在电极容量降低或电池平衡毁坏的风险,因此需要如本发明中的预锂化处理。
作为在正极和负极之间用于使两个电极绝缘的隔板,可以使用众所周知的聚烯烃隔板或其中在烯烃基材料上形成有机和无机复合层的复合隔板,且本发明不限于这些实例。
注入二次电池的电解液是含锂盐的非水电解液,其由非水电解质和锂组成。作为非水电解质,使用非水电解质、有机固体电解质、无机固体电解质和类似物。
非水电解质的实例包括N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丁烯酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮、碳酸丙烯酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、焦磷酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯等。
有机固体电解质的实例包括聚合物电解质,诸如聚乙烯衍生物、聚环氧乙烷衍生物、聚环氧丙烷衍生物、磷酸酯聚合物、多聚赖氨酸(agitation lysine)、聚酯硫化物、聚乙烯醇、聚偏二氟乙烯、含有离子解离基团的聚合物、和类似物。
无机固体电解质的实例包括Li的氮化物、卤化物和硫酸盐,诸如Li3N、LiI、Li5NI2、Li3N-LiI-LiOH、LiSiO4、LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH、Li2SiS3、Li4SiO4、Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH、和Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2。
锂盐是可溶于非水电解质的物质。锂盐的实例包括:LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、低级脂族羧酸锂、4-苯基硼酸锂、酰亚胺和类似物。
为了提高充电/放电特性、阻燃性等,可向非水电解液中添加吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、n-乙二醇二甲醚(glyme)、六磷酸三酰胺、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的恶唑烷酮、N,N-取代的咪唑烷、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化铝等。在一些情况下,为了赋予不燃性,可进一步添加含卤溶剂,诸如四氯化碳或三氟乙烯,或者为了改善高温储存特性,可以进一步添加二氧化碳气体。
在下文中,将通过以下实施例更详细地描述本发明。然而,提供以下实施例和试验例用于说明本发明,并且本发明的范围不受这些实施例和试验例的限制。
实施例1
<负极的制备>
将作为负极活性材料的92重量%的SiO、3重量%的Denka Black(导电材料)、3.5重量%的SBR(粘合剂)和1.5重量%的CMC(增稠剂)添加到作为溶剂的水中,从而制备负极混合物浆料。
将负极混合物浆料涂覆在铜集电器的一侧上,干燥并辊压,然后冲压成预定尺寸以制备负极。
<在负极表面上形成锂金属-无机复合层>
将30重量%的锂金属粉末(粒径:5-50μm)、66重量%的Al2O3粉末(粒径:0.5-1μm)、和4重量%的粘合剂放入正己烷溶液中并分散以制备浆料,以便在SiO负极表面上形成锂金属-Al2O3复合层。此时,溶剂与固体的混合比为:35体积%为溶剂,65体积%为固体。将由此制备的浆料涂覆在SiO电极的表面上并干燥,以形成平均厚度为5μm的锂金属-Al2O3复合层。
<锂二次电池的制备>
使用锂金属箔(150μm)作为对(counter)电极,并将聚烯烃隔板插置在负极和对电极之间。然后注入电解液,在所述电解液中,1M六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)溶解在由碳酸乙烯酯(EC)与碳酸甲乙酯(DEC)以50:50的体积比混合而得的溶剂中,从而制备硬币型半电池。
实施例2
以与实施例1相同的方式制备电池,不同之处在于:使用氧化镁(MgO)代替Al2O3。
实施例3
以与实施例1相同的方式制备电池,不同之处在于:使用二氧化锆(ZrO2)代替Al2O3。
实施例4
以与实施例1相同的方式制备电池,不同之处在于:将锂金属-无机复合层的厚度调节为3μm。
实施例5
以与实施例1相同的方式制备电池,不同之处在于:将锂金属-无机复合层的厚度调节为8μm。
实施例6
以与实施例1相同的方式制备电池,不同之处在于:将锂金属粉末与Al2O3粉末的重量比改变为20:76。
实施例7
以与实施例1相同的方式制备电池,不同之处在于:将锂金属粉末与Al2O3粉末的重量比改变为35:61。
比较例1
以与实施例1相同的方式制备电池,不同之处在于:使用未处理的SiO电极代替在上述实施例中的其上形成有平均厚度为5μm的锂金属-Al2O3复合层的SiO电极,作为负极。
比较例2
以与实施例1相同的方式制备电池,不同之处在于:将粉末状MgO添加到熔融锂中,并将所得物挤出并涂覆在实施例1的SiO负极表面上。此时,锂和MgO的重量比为为8:2,涂层厚度为20μm。
比较例3
以与实施例1相同的方式制备电池,不同之处在于:将锂金属-无机复合层的厚度调节为30μm。
试验例1第一循环充/放电可逆性测试
使用电化学充/放电装置对上述实施例和比较例中制备的硬币型半电池进行充-放电可逆性测试。在第一循环充电期间,以0.1C-速率的电流密度施加电流至0.005V的电压(相对于Li/Li+),并以相同的电流密度放电至1.5V的电压(相对于对于Li/Li+)。此时,测量充电容量和放电容量,计算比率(放电容量/充电容量×100)并示于表1中。
试验例2量热试验
为了进行差示扫描量热测定(differential scanning calorimetry),如上所述对实施例和比较例的硬币型半电池进行第一循环的充放电,在第二循环中充电至0.005V,使负极活化。将0.1ml电解液加入到13mg由此获得的带电负极粉末中,然后将其装入DSC设备(mettle Toledo)中。将如此负载的样品以10℃/min的加热速率加热,并测量卡路里。结果如表1所示。
[表1]
第一循环充放电效率(%) | 开始(℃) | 主峰(℃) | 热值(J/g) | |
实施例1 | 88 | 115 | 292 | 1950 |
实施例2 | 87 | 116 | 313 | 1856 |
实施例3 | 89 | 118 | 350 | 1799 |
实施例4 | 82 | 115 | 292 | 1598 |
实施例5 | 97 | 115 | 292 | 2188 |
实施例6 | 81 | 115 | 292 | 1573 |
实施例7 | 88 | 114 | 290 | 1980 |
比较例1 | 73 | 97 | 261 | 4150 |
比较例2 | 108(锂沉淀) | 97 | 242 | 8156 |
比较例3 | 125(锂沉淀) | 96 | 250 | 8423 |
与比较例1相比,实施例1至7的第一循环充/放电可逆性提高了15%。实施例1的可逆性得到改善的原因在于:形成在SiO电极表面上的锂金属-无机复合层的锂金属与SiO反应以预先引起表面副反应并且经历由充电引起的体积变化,从而预先通过体积膨胀制造死锂(Dead-lithium)。可以理解,通过预先经历副反应可以减少第一次充电时副反应中消耗的锂金属,因此在充电时输入的大部分锂金属被可逆地输出。
此外,实施例1至7的起始温度和主峰温度均高于比较例的那些温度,这意味着电池安全地保持在较高温度。此外,实施例1至7的热值低于比较例的事实被解释为意味着在高温暴露下更安全。引入了本实施方式的锂金属-无机复合层的SiO电极具有更安全结果的原因在于:锂金属-无机复合层中的锂金属在预锂化后消失,并且剩余的无机层起到作为保护SiO电极表面的保护层的作用。
符号说明
100:负极
200:锂金属-无机混合溶液、锂金属-无机复合层
210:无机粉末
220:锂金属粉末
300:预锂化的负极
400:无机层
Claims (11)
1.一种用于二次电池的负极的预锂化方法,所述方法包括:
将锂金属粉末、无机粉末和粘合剂倒入并分散在溶剂中,从而制备混合溶液;和
通过使用所述混合溶液在所述负极上形成锂金属-无机复合层。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述锂金属-无机复合层的厚度为0.5-20μm。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述无机粉末包括选自由氧化铝(Al2O3)、二氧化钛(TiO2)、二氧化锆(ZrO2)、二氧化硅(SiO2)、氧化锡(SnO2)、氧化铈(CeO2)、氧化镁(MgO)、氧化钙(CaO)、和氧化钇(Y2O3)构成的组中的至少一种。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中将20-40重量份的所述锂金属粉末、50-80重量份的所述无机粉末、和1-10重量份的所述粘合剂倒入所述溶剂中。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述锂金属-无机复合层是通过选自涂覆、喷涂和层压中的一种方法形成的。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述锂金属粉末的粒径为5-50μm。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述无机粉末的粒径为0.1-10μm。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述锂金属-无机复合层在初始活化充电后不再保持金属形式的锂。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述负极包括氧化硅。
10.一种用于二次电池的负极,所述负极是通过应用根据权利要求1至9中任一项权利要求所述的预锂化方法产生的。
11.一种二次电池,包括通过应用根据权利要求1至9中任一项权利要求所述的预锂化方法制造的负极。
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