CN110251687B - 一种电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN110251687B
CN110251687B CN201910619627.8A CN201910619627A CN110251687B CN 110251687 B CN110251687 B CN 110251687B CN 201910619627 A CN201910619627 A CN 201910619627A CN 110251687 B CN110251687 B CN 110251687B
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张建斌
田燕
孙仁凇
吕侠
唐泽耀
赵艳艳
马晓东
李磊
李镇
高萌
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Abstract

本发明属于医药技术领域,提供了一种电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂及其制备方法,其为壳聚糖依次修饰磷酸基、亲水基、疏水基和细胞穿膜肽,形成自组装纳米粒,并装载蛋白多肽药物或水难溶性药物制得。该电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂经口服给药,在胃肠道中碱性磷酸酶作用下由负电荷反转为正电荷,以利于药物口服吸收。

Description

一种电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于医药技术领域,尤其涉及一种电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
口服制剂具有给药方便、安全性好、病人顺从性好等优点,是目前应用最多、研发首选的剂型。研究表明,大部分药物在胃肠道中会受到pH、酶、粘液层和小肠上皮细胞等因素影响,导致溶解度、溶出度或渗透性过低,口服应用受到限制。尽管采用新型纳米载体提高药物的溶解度,如微乳(自微乳)、脂质体、聚合物胶束、微球等,能在一定程度上提高药物的口服生物利用度。然而,胃肠中粘液层和小肠上皮细胞屏障对药物和药物载体的选择性极其复杂,甚至相互矛盾。其中,脂溶性小分子药物不易穿过粘液层,而水溶性小分子药物不易被小肠上皮细胞吸收。蛋白、多肽、核酸等大分子药物在粘液层扩散和小肠上皮细胞吸收方面均有困难。表面疏水或带正电的药物载体易于被小肠上皮细胞吸收,但不易穿过粘液层;而表面亲水或带负电的药物载体易于穿过粘液层,但不易被小肠上皮细胞吸收。因此,作为口服吸收的必经环节,如何同时克服粘液层和小肠上皮细胞屏障使药物高效进入循环系统,是目前药剂学重点研究的关键问题。针对该问题,研究人员分别采用粘液层惰性、电荷反转、细胞穿膜肽修饰等方法,能在一定程度上克服粘液层或小肠上皮细胞屏障,显著提高药物的口服吸收。
壳聚糖为甲壳素脱乙酰化产物,由氨基葡萄糖和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖通过β-1,4-糖苷键连接而成,是自然界唯一的带正电荷的天然多糖,具有生物相容性好、来源丰富、易于修饰改性等特点。壳聚糖可通过共价交联法、自组装、离子交联法等制得纳米粒,用作小分子药物、蛋白和多肽类药物、核酸类药物的载体。然而,壳聚糖纳米粒表面正电荷易与粘液层表面负电荷发生静电相互作用,通常表现出粘膜粘附性,无法将药物有效输送至小肠上皮细胞,因此有必要开发粘液层渗透型壳聚糖纳米粒以克服粘液层屏障。
本发明特异性设计一种电荷反转壳聚糖纳米粒,其在壳聚糖上依次修饰磷酸基、亲水基、疏水基和细胞穿膜肽,制得自组装纳米粒。磷酸基可使纳米粒表面带负电,保证其有效穿过粘液层;到达上皮细胞后,碱性磷酸酶会水解磷酸基,使纳米粒恢复正电荷,同时在细胞穿膜肽协同作用下,快速被小肠上皮细胞吸收,有利于药物高效吸收。该纳米粒适用于口服效果不佳的蛋白多肽药物和水难溶性药物。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对胃肠道中粘液层和小肠上皮细胞屏障,导致蛋白多肽药物和水难溶性药物口服生物利用度低下的问题,提出一种电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂。首先将壳聚糖分别修饰亲水基、疏水基、细胞穿膜肽和磷酸基,经水稀释制得自组装纳米粒;其次将蛋白多肽药物或水难溶性药物装载于纳米粒中,制得电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂。该纳米药物制剂中磷酸基可使纳米粒表面带负电,保证其有效穿过粘液层;到达上皮细胞后,碱性磷酸酶会水解磷酸基,使纳米粒恢复正电荷,同时在细胞穿膜肽协同作用下,快速被小肠上皮细胞吸收,有利于药物高效吸收。
本发明的技术方案:
一种电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂,其为壳聚糖依次修饰磷酸基、亲水基、疏水基和细胞穿膜肽,形成自组装纳米粒,并装载蛋白多肽药物或水难溶性药物制得。该电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂经口服给药,在胃肠道中碱性磷酸酶作用下由负电荷反转为正电荷,以利于药物口服吸收。
所述壳聚糖的分子量为5-100kDa,脱乙酰度大于80%。
一种电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂的制备方法,步骤如下:
(1)壳聚糖修饰磷酸基
方法A:将壳聚糖溶于甲磺酸中,在冰浴下与五氧化二磷反应,反应时间为1-3h,壳聚糖单体与五氧化二磷的摩尔比为1:0.5~4;反应结束后,用无水乙醇洗涤反应并离心,直至呈中性,冻干即得磷酸化壳聚糖;
方法B:在壳聚糖溶液中,加入磷酸丝氨酸、磷酸吡哆醛或2-羧乙基磷酸中的一种,再加入1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳酰二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC·HCl)和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS),常温下反应24h;反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得磷酸化壳聚糖;其中,壳聚糖单体与磷酸丝氨酸、磷酸吡哆醛或2-羧乙基磷酸中的一种的摩尔比为1:0.5~4,EDC·HCl/NHS与磷酸丝氨酸、磷酸吡哆醛或2-羧乙基磷酸中的一种的摩尔比均为1:1~0.5;
(2)磷酸化壳聚糖修饰亲水基
方法A:在磷酸化壳聚糖溶液中,加入mPEG-COOH、EDC·HCl/NHS,常温下反应24h;反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得PEG修饰壳聚糖;其中,磷酸化壳聚糖单体与mPEG-COOH的摩尔比为1:0.5~2,EDC·HCl/NHS与mPEG-COOH的摩尔比为1:1~0.5;
方法B:将磷酸化壳聚糖溶于pH12-14的氢氧化钾溶液中,再加入0.15g/mL环氧乙烷水溶液中,磷酸化壳聚糖单体与环氧乙烷的摩尔比为1:0.5~2,50-70℃下反应8h;反应结束后,用无水乙醇洗涤反应并离心,直至呈中性,冻干即得羟乙基壳聚糖;
方法C:将磷酸化壳聚糖溶于去离子水中,再加入缩水甘油,磷酸化壳聚糖单体与缩水甘油的摩尔比为1:0.5~2,50-80℃下反应48h;反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得甘油修饰壳聚糖;
(3)磷酸化亲水性壳聚糖修饰疏水基
将磷酸化亲水性壳聚糖溶于去离子水中,并将硬脂酸、软脂酸、棕榈酸、维生素E琥珀酸酯、脱氧胆酸或维甲酸中一种溶于DMSO中,同时加入EDC·HCl/NHS活化30min;将水溶液和DMSO溶液按体积比1:2混合,常温下反应24h,反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得壳聚糖自组装纳米粒;其中,磷酸化亲水性壳聚糖单体与硬脂酸、软脂酸、棕榈酸、维生素E、琥珀酸酯、脱氧胆酸或维甲酸中一种的摩尔比为1:0.1~0.5,EDC·HCl/NHS与硬脂酸、软脂酸、棕榈酸、维生素E、琥珀酸酯、脱氧胆酸或维甲酸中一种的摩尔比为1:0.05~0.2;
(4)壳聚糖自组装纳米粒修饰细胞穿膜肽
将壳聚糖自组装纳米粒溶于去离子水中,加入细胞穿膜肽TAT肽和EDC·HCl/NHS,常温下反应24h;反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得细胞穿膜肽修饰壳聚糖纳米粒,即最终电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米粒;其中,壳聚糖单体与TAT肽的摩尔比为1:0.05~0.2,EDC·HCl/NHS与TAT肽的摩尔比为1:1~0.5;
TAT肽的序列为GRKKRRQRRPPQC;
(5)壳聚糖纳米粒包载药物
将电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米粒与蛋白多肽药物、水难溶性药物,在水溶液、DMSO、乙醇或甲醇溶液中混匀,搅拌或超声30min;然后通过溶剂蒸发法或透析法除去有机溶剂,过0.45μm滤膜,即得载药壳聚糖纳米粒,即最终电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米制剂;
所载蛋白多肽药物为胰岛素或环孢菌素A,电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米粒与蛋白多肽药物的质量比为1:0.05~0.3;
所载水难溶性药物为紫杉醇、卡莫司汀、喜树碱、长春新碱、榄香烯或多西他赛,电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米粒与水难溶性药物的质量比为1:0.05~0.3。
电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米粒在粒径为70~300nm,电位为-30~-10mV,其在碱性磷酸酶作用下,电位由-30~-10mV变为10~30mV。
本发明的有益效果:
(1)本发明通过在壳聚糖上进行亲水基和疏水基修饰,制备一种自组装纳米粒,可作为多种药物的载体,包括蛋白多肽药物和水难溶性药物。
(2)在此基础上分别引入磷酸基和细胞穿膜肽,磷酸基在碱性磷酸酶作用下脱去,赋予纳米粒电荷反转能力,同时可快速穿过粘液层。细胞穿膜肽则保证纳米粒到达小肠上皮细胞后,被小肠上皮细胞快速吸收。
(3)该药物制剂可冻干成固体,有利于提高药物稳定性和货架期。
附图说明
图1是实施例1壳聚糖核磁共振氢谱图。
图2是实施例1磷酸化壳聚糖核磁共振氢谱图。
图3是实施例1壳聚糖(红色)和磷酸化壳聚糖(蓝色)红外光谱图
图4是实施例6壳聚糖自组装纳米粒TEM图。
图5是实施例12壳聚糖纳米粒电荷反转图。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下结合附图及实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
实施例1:磷酸化壳聚糖的制备
(1)取壳聚糖1.8g溶于40mL甲磺酸中,冰浴搅拌2h。
(2)取1.4g五氧化二磷,缓慢加入壳聚糖溶液中,冰浴反应2h。
(3)反应结束后,用过量乙醇洗涤,10000rpm离心收集沉淀,反复洗涤多次,直至pH为中性,即得磷酸化壳聚糖。
对图1壳聚糖核磁共振氢谱和图2中磷酸化壳聚糖核磁共振氢谱的结果进行比较,发现磷酸化壳聚糖在2.7ppm和5.7ppm处出现新的化学位移,为-PO3H2中羟基的特征峰。对图3中壳聚糖和磷酸化壳聚糖的红外光谱图比较,发现780cm-1、1530cm-1处出现明显吸收峰,分别对应C-O-P伸缩振动和P=O伸缩振动特征峰,说明磷酸基成功接枝在壳聚糖上。
实施例2:磷酸化壳聚糖的制备
(1)取壳聚糖1.8g溶于200mL醋酸溶液中(1%,v/v),向其中加入磷酸丝氨酸1.8g,EDC·HCl2.9g和NHS1.7g,室温下反应24h。
(2)反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得磷酸化壳聚糖。
实施例3:磷酸化壳聚糖的制备
(1)取壳聚糖1.8g溶于200mL醋酸溶液中(1%,v/v),向其中加入2-羧乙基磷酸1.5g,EDC·HCl2.9g和NHS1.7g,室温下反应24h。
(2)反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得磷酸化壳聚糖。
实施例4:磷酸化亲水性壳聚糖的制备
(1)称取0.9g磷酸化壳聚糖溶于100mL去离子水中,向其中加入mPEG-COOH10g,EDC·HCl1.5g和NHS0.8g,室温下反应24h。
(2)反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得PEG修饰磷酸化壳聚糖。
实施例5:磷酸化亲水性壳聚糖的制备
(1)称取0.9g磷酸化壳聚糖溶于100mL去离子水中,加热至70℃,向其中加入缩水甘油0.37g,反应48h。
(2)反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得甘油修饰磷酸化壳聚糖。
实施例6:壳聚糖自组装纳米粒的制备
(1)称取0.9g磷酸化亲水性修饰壳聚糖溶于20mL去离子水中,将维生素E琥珀酸酯0.26g,EDC·HCl0.15g和NHS0.08g溶于40mL DMSO中,将两液混合,室温下反应24h。
(2)反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得聚糖自组装纳米粒。
图4为该壳聚糖自组装纳米粒的TEM图,从图中发现纳米粒呈球状,尺寸在100-200nm之间,均一度和分散性均较好。
实施例7:壳聚糖自组装纳米粒的制备
(1)称取0.9g亲水基修饰壳聚糖溶于20mL去离子水中,将脱氧胆酸0.2g,EDC·HCl0.15g和NHS0.08g溶于40mL DMSO中,将两液混合,室温下反应24h。
(2)反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得聚糖自组装纳米粒。
实施例8:细胞穿膜肽修饰壳聚糖自组装纳米粒的制备
(1)称取0.9g壳聚糖自组装纳米粒溶于20mL去离子水中,将TAT肽0.2g,EDC·HCl0.15g和NHS0.08g溶于40mL DMSO中,向其中加入,室温下反应24h。
(2)反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得细胞穿膜肽修饰壳聚糖自组装纳米粒。
实施例9:载药壳聚糖纳米粒的制备
(1)称取0.1g壳聚糖纳米粒溶于1mL去离子水中,0.02g紫杉醇溶于0.4mL甲醇中,将两液混合,用超声细胞破碎仪超声30min。
(2)旋转蒸发将溶液中甲醇出去,并过0.45μm滤膜,即得载药壳聚糖纳米粒。
实施例10:载药壳聚糖纳米粒的制备
(1)称取0.1g壳聚糖纳米粒溶于1mL去离子水中,0.02g环孢菌素A溶于0.4mL甲醇中,将两液混合,用超声细胞破碎仪超声30min。
(2)旋转蒸发将溶液中甲醇出去,并过0.45μm滤膜,即得载药壳聚糖纳米粒。
实施例11:载药壳聚糖纳米粒的制备
(1)称取0.1g壳聚糖纳米粒溶于1mL去离子水中,0.02g多西他赛溶于0.4mL甲醇中,将两液混合,用超声细胞破碎仪超声30min。
(2)旋转蒸发将溶液中甲醇出去,并过0.45μm滤膜,即得载药壳聚糖纳米粒。
实施例12:壳聚糖纳米粒电荷反转评价
(1)称取0.001g壳聚糖纳米粒溶于1mL HEPE缓冲液中,通过纳米粒径电位仪测定纳米粒的zeta电位。
(2)向溶液中加入碱性磷酸酶IAP10 U,开始水解,并于反应后30、60、120、240min测定纳米粒的zeta电位,比较纳米粒电荷反转情况。
图5为壳聚糖纳米粒电荷反转图,从图中发现,随着水解时间延长,纳米粒表面电荷从负电逐渐转变为正点,说明IAP逐渐水解纳米粒表面的磷酸基,暴露出带正点的伯氨基,发生电荷反转。

Claims (2)

1.一种电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂,其特征在于,该电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂为壳聚糖依次修饰磷酸基、亲水基、疏水基和细胞穿膜肽,形成自组装纳米粒,并装载蛋白多肽药物或水难溶性药物制得;该电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂经口服给药,在胃肠道中碱性磷酸酶作用下由负电荷反转为正电荷,以利于药物口服吸收;该电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂的制备步骤如下:
(1)壳聚糖修饰磷酸基
方法A:将壳聚糖溶于甲磺酸中,在冰浴下与五氧化二磷反应,反应时间为1-3 h,壳聚糖单体与五氧化二磷的摩尔比为1:0.5~4;反应结束后,用无水乙醇洗涤反应并离心,直至呈中性,冻干即得磷酸化壳聚糖;
方法B:在壳聚糖溶液中,加入磷酸丝氨酸、磷酸吡哆醛或2-羧乙基磷酸中的一种,再加入1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳酰二亚胺盐酸盐EDC·HCl和N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺NHS,常温下反应24 h;反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得磷酸化壳聚糖;其中,壳聚糖单体与磷酸丝氨酸、磷酸吡哆醛或2-羧乙基磷酸中的一种的摩尔比为1:0.5~4;
(2)磷酸化壳聚糖修饰亲水基
方法A:在磷酸化壳聚糖溶液中,加入mPEG-COOH和EDC·HCl/NHS,常温下反应24 h;反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得PEG修饰壳聚糖;其中,磷酸化壳聚糖单体与mPEG-COOH的摩尔比为1:0.5~2;
方法B:将磷酸化壳聚糖溶于去离子水中,再加入缩水甘油,磷酸化壳聚糖单体与缩水甘油的摩尔比为1:0.5~2,50-80℃下反应48 h;反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得甘油修饰壳聚糖;
(3)磷酸化亲水性壳聚糖修饰疏水基
将磷酸化亲水性壳聚糖溶于去离子水中,并将硬脂酸、软脂酸、维生素E琥珀酸酯、脱氧胆酸或维甲酸中一种溶于DMSO中,同时加入EDC·HCl/NHS活化30 min;将水溶液和DMSO溶液按体积比1:2混合,常温下反应24 h,反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得壳聚糖自组装纳米粒;其中,磷酸化亲水性壳聚糖单体与硬脂酸、软脂酸、维生素E、琥珀酸酯、脱氧胆酸或维甲酸中一种的摩尔比为1:0.1~0.5;
(4)壳聚糖自组装纳米粒修饰细胞穿膜肽
将壳聚糖自组装纳米粒溶于去离子水中,加入细胞穿膜肽TAT肽和EDC·HCl/NHS,常温下反应24 h;反应结束后,透析纯化,冻干即得细胞穿膜肽修饰壳聚糖纳米粒,即最终电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米粒;其中,壳聚糖单体与TAT肽的摩尔比为1:0.05~0.2;
(5)壳聚糖纳米粒包载药物
将电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米粒与蛋白多肽药物、水难溶性药物,在水溶液、DMSO、乙醇或甲醇溶液中混匀,搅拌或超声30 min;然后通过溶剂蒸发法或透析法除去有机溶剂,过0.45 μm滤膜,即得载药壳聚糖纳米粒,即最终电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米制剂;
所载蛋白多肽药物为胰岛素或环孢菌素A,电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米粒与蛋白多肽药物的质量比为1:0.05~0.3;
所载水难溶性药物为紫杉醇、卡莫司汀、喜树碱、长春新碱、榄香烯或多西他赛,电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米粒与水难溶性药物的质量比为1:0.05~0.3;所述壳聚糖的分子量为5-100 kDa,脱乙酰度大于80%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米药物制剂,其特征在于,电荷反转口服壳聚糖纳米粒粒径为70~300 nm,电位为-30~-10 mV,其在碱性磷酸酶作用下,电位由-30~-10 mV变为10~30 mV。
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