CN110242392A - 一种汽车尾气净化装置 - Google Patents

一种汽车尾气净化装置 Download PDF

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CN110242392A
CN110242392A CN201910522158.8A CN201910522158A CN110242392A CN 110242392 A CN110242392 A CN 110242392A CN 201910522158 A CN201910522158 A CN 201910522158A CN 110242392 A CN110242392 A CN 110242392A
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added
shell
stirring
fixedly connected
exhaust gas
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CN110242392B (zh
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任磊
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ANHUI YUMWAY AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS Co.,Ltd.
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Anhui Poetry Poplar Mdt Infotech Ltd
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    • F01N13/0097Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
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    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/033Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种汽车尾气净化装置,该汽车尾气净化装置包括壳体,所述壳体内部固定设置有降温机构和净化机构,所述壳体两端分别固定安装有两个过滤器,一个过滤器通过固定连接有排气管,另一个过滤器固定连接在消音机构一端,所述消音机构另一端通过螺栓固定连接在进气管上,所述进气管内部设置有引气风扇;本发明中汽车尾气净化装置结构简单、运行方便,当汽车尾气通过催化层时,在催化反应的作用下,对尾气进行净化,形成符合标准排放的气体,催化层由两层净化网组成,两层净化网中间含有汽车尾气净化催化剂,该汽车尾气净化催化剂在催化反应过程中,不易失活,提供给反应更多的活性中心。

Description

一种汽车尾气净化装置
技术领域
本发明属于汽车尾气净化技术领域,具体涉及一种汽车尾气净化装置。
背景技术
随着汽车保有量的增加,汽车向大气中排放的尾气越来越多,目前,许多国家已经对汽车尾气排放采取了严格的控制排放措施,因此汽车尾气的处理日益成为重要的课题。在现有技术中,对汽车尾气排放的控制是通过加装催化净化装置来实现,而催化净化器的关键是催化剂,催化剂通常采用三层结构即由活性组分、活化涂层和载体组成。自稀土钙钛矿氧化物用于尾气催化以来,由于它的位点可以取代而产生氧空位,同时该类催化剂对贵金属催化剂有较大的价格优势,使得该类催化剂成为了研究的热点。但现有单一组分的催化性能不佳、稳定性差,不能满足日益严峻的汽车尾气排放污染。目前,三元催化剂主要处理以净化汽油为燃料的尾气,这种三元催化剂以具有高比表面积的氧化铝和具有丰富储放氧能力的铈锆复合氧化物为载体,其负载活性成分为贵金属(Pt、Pd、Rh)以及其他金属元素制成的粉末材料。
主活性成分贵金属元素负载于载体材料的内部和表面,若贵金属附于载体表面在温度高,则极容易烧结团聚而失活;若贵金属负载于在载体材料内部,因载体材料内部能够用于气体扩散的微孔较少,有害气难以通过微孔达到载体材料内部的贵金属处,并且贵金属价格昂贵,不利于大规模应用,而且现有制备方法制备的催化剂有效催化活性位点少、利用率低,导致尾气处理效果不佳,并且尾气净化装置运行时内部不稳定,导致催化剂难以发挥最大功效。
发明内容
基于上述背景技术,本发明提供一种汽车尾气净化装置,该装置结构简单、运行方便、内部稳定,可以使催化剂发挥最大功效;本发明还提供了一种汽车尾气净化催化剂,该催化剂可以高效的进化汽车尾气,使得排放出来的汽车尾气符合国际标准。
本发明的目的可以通过以下技术方案实现:
一种汽车尾气净化装置,包括壳体,所述壳体内部固定设置有降温机构和净化机构,所述壳体两端分别固定安装有两个过滤器,一个过滤器通过螺栓固定连接有排气管,另一个过滤器固定连接在消音机构一端,所述消音机构另一端通过螺栓固定连接在进气管上,所述进气管内部设置有引气风扇;
所述消音机构包括消声钢丝、通气钢板、固定板,所述通气钢板为长方形,通气钢板上设置有通气孔,通气钢板每个面固定设置有固定板,所述斜向相对的两个固定板上固定设置有消声钢丝,所述通气钢板通过螺栓固定连接在进气管上,所述与通气钢板固定连接的固定板另一端固定连接有过滤器;
所述降温机构包括蓬头、支撑壳、阀门、储液瓶,所述支撑壳一侧通过螺栓固定安装有蓬头,所述支撑壳另一侧与储液瓶底端固定连接,所述储液瓶底端设置有阀门,所述储液瓶顶端固定连接在壳体内部顶端;
所述净化机构有两个,包括催化层、外壳、卡套,所述催化层由两层净化网组成,所述催化层通过焊接嵌入连接在外壳内表面,所述外壳通过卡套固定连接在壳体上。
进一步地,所述储液瓶中为冷却液,所述储液瓶的工作步骤如下:
储液瓶通过导管从外部进液,当内部温度升高至260℃以上时,储液瓶底端的阀门打开,释放冷却液,当温度降至220℃,并达到稳定状态时,阀门关闭。
进一步地,所述引气风扇工作时转速为700-900r/min,所述通气钢板中的通气孔直径为2-3cm。
进一步地,所述催化层由两层净化网组成,两层净化网中间含有汽车尾气净化催化剂,该汽车尾气净化催化剂通过下述步骤制得:
步骤S1:将20-30重量份硝酸铁、20-30重量份硝酸锆、10-20重量份硝酸镧添加到盛有50-60重量份去离子水的烧杯中,在50-60℃水浴条件下溶解0.5-1h后,待溶解完全,得到混合溶液A;
步骤S2:步骤S2:在混合溶液A中添加10-20重量份纳米铜空心球,水浴升温至70-80℃后,加入10-20重量份十二烷基苯磺酸钠,在搅拌的过程中滴加1mol/L稀盐酸溶液,调节pH=5-6,继续搅拌0.5-1h后,得到混合溶液B;本发明中十二烷基苯磺酸钠是一种阴离子表面活性剂,其分散在溶液中,可以引导溶液中的Fe3+、Zr4+、La3+离子与纳米铜空心球结合,形成助催化剂体系,有助于提高催化剂催化活性;
步骤S3:将30-40重量份介孔氧化铝添加到混合溶液B中,保持水浴温度70-80℃,在搅拌过程中加入20-30重量份三乙胺,溶液形成凝胶,继续搅拌2-3h后,得到混合溶液C;本发明中具有助催化剂成分的纳米铜空心球通过添加三乙胺形成凝胶后,沉积到介孔氧化铝载体的孔道结构中,再通过步骤S4中的反应釜晶化反应,塑造催化剂的表面形貌,使其更加牢固的嵌入在介孔氧化铝载体的孔道中,在催化反应过程中,催化剂不易失活,提供给反应更多的活性中心;
步骤S4:将混合溶液C添加到反应釜中,放入烘箱中160-180℃反应2-3d,取出反应釜,冷却至室温后,进行离心,去除上层滤液,再进行过滤,之后将滤饼放入烘箱80-120℃充分干燥10-15h后,转移至管式炉中氢气氛围下焙烧2-3h,冷却至室温后,筛分出60-80目,得到汽车尾气净化催化剂。
进一步地,所述介孔氧化铝的制备方法如下:
将40-50重量份异丙醇铝加入盛有20-30重量份无水乙醇溶剂的烧杯中,在水浴温度为50-60℃条件下搅拌,在搅拌过程中缓慢加入10-20重量份十二烷基三甲基溴化铵,继续搅拌0.5-1h后,添加20-30重量份氨水,搅拌至溶液形成均匀凝胶后,加入0.5mol/L的稀硝酸调节pH=6-7,继续搅拌1-2h后,得到前躯体溶液;将前躯体溶液放入冰箱中5-10℃放置15-20h后,转移至烘箱中充分干燥15-25h,再放入管式炉中通入氮气400-500℃焙烧2-3h,冷却至室温后,磨成粉末,得到介孔氧化铝;本发明所制备的介孔氧化铝,其平均孔径在10nm左右,并且其孔径大小可以调节,介孔结构具有更大的比表面积,可以吸附更多的催化剂活性组分,在催化反应过程中,提供最佳的催化活性。
进一步地,所述纳米铜空心球的制备方法如下:
将40-50重量份硝酸铜加入盛有30-40重量份去离子水的烧杯中溶解完全,添加20-30重量份葡萄糖,在水浴温度为60-70℃的条件下搅拌,搅拌过程中,添加氢氧化钠调节pH=8-9,继续搅拌1-2h后,得到纳米Cu2O实心球前躯体;在纳米Cu2O实心球前躯体中缓慢加入10-20重量份尿素,溶液形成均匀胶状物后,加入2-3重量份硼氢化钠,搅拌1-2h后,得到纳米铜空心球前躯体;将纳米铜空心球前躯体放入反应釜中,160-180℃反应1-2d,取出反应釜后,冷却至室温,离心去除上层滤液后,进行抽滤,在抽滤过程中用去离子水洗涤数次,将滤饼放入烘箱中80-100℃充分干燥10-15h后,转移至管式炉中,氮气氛围下400-500℃焙烧2-3h,冷却至室温后,磨成粉末,得到纳米铜空心球;本发明中纳米铜空心球制备过程中,葡萄糖在碱性条件下将游离在溶液中的Cu2+离子还原成Cu+离子,Cu+离子在外部环境下与氧气结合,形成Cu2O实心球,尿素与部分未与氧气结合的Cu+离子结合形成络合离子,这些络合离子附着在Cu2O实心球表面形成一层保护膜,稳定Cu2O实心球整体结构稳定,当添加还原剂硼氢化钠时,Cu2O实心球被还原成Cu,Cu颗粒大量聚集在保护膜内侧,形成稳定结构,再经过高温加热,使得保护膜脱除,形成具有稳定结构的纳米铜空心球。
本发明的有益效果:
1、本发明步骤S2中十二烷基苯磺酸钠是一种阴离子表面活性剂,其分散在溶液中,可以引导溶液中的Fe3+、Zr4+、La3+离子与纳米铜空心球结合,形成助催化剂体系,有助于提高催化剂催化活性。
2、本发明步骤S3中具有助催化剂成分的纳米铜空心球通过添加三乙胺形成凝胶后,沉积到介孔氧化铝载体的孔道结构中,再通过步骤S4中的反应釜晶化反应,塑造催化剂的表面形貌,使其更加牢固的嵌入在介孔氧化铝载体的孔道中,在催化反应过程中,催化剂不易失活,提供给反应更多的活性中心。
3、本发明所制备的介孔氧化铝,其平均孔径在10nm左右,并且其孔径大小可以调节,介孔结构具有更大的比表面积,可以吸附更多的催化剂活性组分,在催化反应过程中,提供最佳的催化活性。
4、本发明中纳米铜空心球制备过程中,葡萄糖在碱性条件下将游离在溶液中的Cu2+离子还原成Cu+离子,Cu+离子在外部环境下与氧气结合,形成Cu2O实心球,尿素与部分未与氧气结合的Cu+离子结合形成络合离子,这些络合离子附着在Cu2O实心球表面形成一层保护膜,稳定Cu2O实心球整体结构稳定,当添加还原剂硼氢化钠时,Cu2O实心球被还原成Cu,Cu颗粒大量聚集在保护膜内侧,形成稳定结构,再经过高温加热,使得保护膜脱除,形成具有稳定结构的纳米铜空心球。
5、本发明中汽车尾气净化装置结构简单、运行方便、内部稳定,当汽车尾气通过进气管时,引气风扇可以使尾气快速进入,然后通过通气钢板进入消声机构,可以减少噪音,再进入过滤器,尾气中含有的较大颗粒未充分燃烧的物质被吸附,当汽车尾气进入净化机构前,内部若温度较高,可通过降温机构对内部温度进行降温,当汽车尾气通过催化层时,在催化反应的作用下,对尾气进行净化,形成符合标准排放的气体,最后再经过滤器过滤,通过排气管排出。
附图说明
为了便于本领域技术人员理解,下面结合附图对本发明作进一步的说明。
图1为本发明中汽车尾气进化装置整体结构示意图。
图2为本发明中消声机构结构示意图。
图3为本发明中降温机构结构示意图。
图4为本发明中净化机构结构示意图。
图中:1、引气风扇;2、进气管;3、螺栓;4、消音机构;41、消声钢丝;42、通气钢板;43、固定板;5、过滤器;6、降温机构;61、蓬头;62、支撑壳;63、阀门;64、储液瓶;7、净化机构;71、催化层;72、外壳;73、卡套;8、壳体;9、排气管。
具体实施方式
下面将结合实施例对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其它实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
请参阅图1-4所示,一种汽车尾气净化装置,包括壳体8,壳体8内部固定设置有降温机构6和净化机构7,壳体8两端分别固定安装有两个过滤器5,一个过滤器5通过螺栓3固定连接有排气管9,另一个过滤器5固定连接在消音机构4一端,消音机构4另一端通过螺栓3固定连接在进气管2上,进气管2内部设置有引气风扇1;
消音机构4包括消声钢丝41、通气钢板42、固定板43,通气钢板42为长方形,通气钢板42上设置有通气孔,通气钢板42每个面固定设置有固定板43,斜向相对的两个固定板43上固定设置有消声钢丝41,通气钢板42通过螺栓3固定连接在进气管2上,与通气钢板42固定连接的固定板43另一端固定连接有过滤器5;
降温机构6包括蓬头61、支撑壳62、阀门63、储液瓶64,支撑壳62一侧通过螺栓固定安装有蓬头61,支撑壳62另一侧与储液瓶64底端固定连接,储液瓶64底端设置有阀门63,储液瓶64顶端固定连接在壳体8内部顶端;
净化机构7有两个,包括催化层71、外壳72、卡套73,催化层71由两层净化网组成,催化层71通过焊接嵌入连接在外壳72内表面,外壳72通过卡套73固定连接在壳体8上。
具体的,储液瓶64中为冷却液,储液瓶64的工作步骤如下:
储液瓶64通过导管从外部进液,当内部温度升高至260℃以上时,储液瓶63底端的阀门63打开,释放冷却液,当温度降至220℃,并达到稳定状态时,阀门63关闭;引气风扇1工作时转速为700-900r/min,通气钢板42中的通气孔直径为2-3cm。
工作原理:当汽车尾气通过进气管2时,引气风扇1可以使尾气快速进入,然后通过通气钢板42进入消声机构,可以减少噪音,再进入过滤器5,尾气中含有的较大颗粒未充分燃烧的物质被吸附,当汽车尾气进入净化机构7前,内部若温度较高,可通过降温机构6对内部温度进行降温,当汽车尾气通过催化层71时,在催化反应的作用下,对尾气进行净化,形成符合标准排放的气体,最后再经过滤器5过滤,通过排气管2排出。
实施例1
催化层71由两层净化网组成,两层净化网中间含有汽车尾气净化催化剂,该汽车尾气净化催化剂通过下述步骤制得:
步骤S1:将20g硝酸铁、20g硝酸锆、10g硝酸镧添加到盛有50g去离子水的烧杯中,在50-60℃水浴条件下溶解0.5-1h后,待溶解完全,得到混合溶液A;
步骤S2:在混合溶液A中添加10g纳米铜空心球,水浴升温至70-80℃后,加入10g十二烷基苯磺酸钠,在搅拌的过程中滴加1mol/L稀盐酸溶液,调节pH=5-6,继续搅拌0.5-1h后,得到混合溶液B;
步骤S3:将30g介孔氧化铝添加到混合溶液B中,保持水浴温度70-80℃,在搅拌过程中加入20g三乙胺,溶液形成凝胶,继续搅拌2-3h后,得到混合溶液C;
步骤S4:将混合溶液C添加到反应釜中,放入烘箱中160-180℃反应2-3d,取出反应釜,冷却至室温后,进行离心,去除上层滤液,再进行过滤,之后将滤饼放入烘箱80-120℃充分干燥10-15h后,转移至管式炉中氢气氛围下焙烧2-3h,冷却至室温后,筛分出60-80目,得到汽车尾气净化催化剂。
介孔氧化铝的制备方法如下:
将40g异丙醇铝加入盛有20g无水乙醇溶剂的烧杯中,在水浴温度为50-60℃条件下搅拌,在搅拌过程中缓慢加入10g十二烷基三甲基溴化铵,继续搅拌0.5-1h后,添加20g份氨水,搅拌至溶液形成均匀凝胶后,加入0.5mol/L的稀硝酸调节pH=6-7,继续搅拌1-2h后,得到前躯体溶液;将前躯体溶液放入冰箱中5-10℃放置15-20h后,转移至烘箱中充分干燥15-25h,再放入管式炉中通入氮气400-500℃焙烧2-3h,冷却至室温后,磨成粉末,得到介孔氧化铝。
纳米铜空心球的制备方法如下:
将40g硝酸铜加入盛有30g去离子水的烧杯中溶解完全,添加20g葡萄糖,在水浴温度为60-70℃的条件下搅拌,搅拌过程中,添加氢氧化钠调节pH=8-9,继续搅拌1-2h后,得到纳米Cu2O实心球前躯体;在纳米Cu2O实心球前躯体中缓慢加入10g尿素,溶液形成均匀胶状物后,加入2g硼氢化钠,搅拌1-2h后,得到纳米铜空心球前躯体;将纳米铜空心球前躯体放入反应釜中,160-180℃反应1-2d,取出反应釜后,冷却至室温,离心去除上层滤液后,进行抽滤,在抽滤过程中用去离子水洗涤数次,将滤饼放入烘箱中80-100℃充分干燥10-15h后,转移至管式炉中,氮气氛围下400-500℃焙烧2-3h,冷却至室温后,磨成粉末,得到纳米铜空心球。
实施例2
催化层71由两层净化网组成,两层净化网中间含有汽车尾气净化催化剂,该汽车尾气净化催化剂通过下述步骤制得:
步骤S1:将30g硝酸铁、30g硝酸锆、20g硝酸镧添加到盛有60g去离子水的烧杯中,在50-60℃水浴条件下溶解0.5-1h后,待溶解完全,得到混合溶液A;
步骤S2:在混合溶液A中添加20g纳米铜空心球,水浴升温至70-80℃后,加入20g十二烷基苯磺酸钠,在搅拌的过程中滴加1mol/L稀盐酸溶液,调节pH=5-6,继续搅拌0.5-1h后,得到混合溶液B;
步骤S3:将40g介孔氧化铝添加到混合溶液B中,保持水浴温度70-80℃,在搅拌过程中加入30g三乙胺,溶液形成凝胶,继续搅拌2-3h后,得到混合溶液C;
步骤S4:将混合溶液C添加到反应釜中,放入烘箱中160-180℃反应2-3d,取出反应釜,冷却至室温后,进行离心,去除上层滤液,再进行过滤,之后将滤饼放入烘箱80-120℃充分干燥10-15h后,转移至管式炉中氢气氛围下焙烧2-3h,冷却至室温后,筛分出60-80目,得到汽车尾气净化催化剂。
介孔氧化铝的制备方法如下:
将50g异丙醇铝加入盛有30g无水乙醇溶剂的烧杯中,在水浴温度为50-60℃条件下搅拌,在搅拌过程中缓慢加入20g十二烷基三甲基溴化铵,继续搅拌0.5-1h后,添加30g氨水,搅拌至溶液形成均匀凝胶后,加入0.5mol/L的稀硝酸调节pH=6-7,继续搅拌1-2h后,得到前躯体溶液;将前躯体溶液放入冰箱中5-10℃放置15-20h后,转移至烘箱中充分干燥15-25h,再放入管式炉中通入氮气400-500℃焙烧2-3h,冷却至室温后,磨成粉末,得到介孔氧化铝。
纳米铜空心球的制备方法如下:
将50g硝酸铜加入盛有40g去离子水的烧杯中溶解完全,添加30g葡萄糖,在水浴温度为60-70℃的条件下搅拌,搅拌过程中,添加氢氧化钠调节pH=8-9,继续搅拌1-2h后,得到纳米Cu2O实心球前躯体;在纳米Cu2O实心球前躯体中缓慢加入20g尿素,溶液形成均匀胶状物后,加入3g硼氢化钠,搅拌1-2h后,得到纳米铜空心球前躯体;将纳米铜空心球前躯体放入反应釜中,160-180℃反应1-2d,取出反应釜后,冷却至室温,离心去除上层滤液后,进行抽滤,在抽滤过程中用去离子水洗涤数次,将滤饼放入烘箱中80-100℃充分干燥10-15h后,转移至管式炉中,氮气氛围下400-500℃焙烧2-3h,冷却至室温后,磨成粉末,得到纳米铜空心球。
实施例3
介孔氧化铝的制备方法如下:
将50g异丙醇铝加入盛有30g无水乙醇溶剂的烧杯中,在水浴温度为50-60℃条件下搅拌,在搅拌过程中缓慢加入20g十二烷基三甲基溴化铵,继续搅拌0.5-1h后,添加30g氨水,搅拌至溶液形成均匀凝胶后,加入0.5mol/L的稀硝酸调节pH=6-7,继续搅拌1-2h后,得到前躯体溶液;将前躯体溶液放入冰箱中5-10℃放置15-20h后,转移至烘箱中充分干燥15-25h,再放入管式炉中通入氮气400-500℃焙烧2-3h,冷却至室温后,磨成粉末,得到介孔氧化铝。
实施例4
催化层71由两层净化网组成,两层净化网中间含有汽车尾气净化催化剂,该汽车尾气净化催化剂通过下述步骤制得:
步骤S1:将30g硝酸铁、30g硝酸锆、20g硝酸镧添加到盛有60g去离子水的烧杯中,在50-60℃水浴条件下溶解0.5-1h后,待溶解完全,得到混合溶液A;
步骤S2:在混合溶液A中添加20g普通铜粉,水浴升温至70-80℃后,加入20g十二烷基苯磺酸钠,在搅拌的过程中滴加1mol/L稀盐酸溶液,调节pH=5-6,继续搅拌0.5-1h后,得到混合溶液B;
步骤S3:将40g介孔氧化铝添加到混合溶液B中,保持水浴温度70-80℃,在搅拌过程中加入30g三乙胺,溶液形成凝胶,继续搅拌2-3h后,得到混合溶液C;
步骤S4:将混合溶液C添加到反应釜中,放入烘箱中160-180℃反应2-3d,取出反应釜,冷却至室温后,进行离心,去除上层滤液,再进行过滤,之后将滤饼放入烘箱80-120℃充分干燥10-15h后,转移至管式炉中氢气氛围下焙烧2-3h,冷却至室温后,筛分出60-80目,得到汽车尾气净化催化剂。
介孔氧化铝的制备方法如下:
将50g异丙醇铝加入盛有30g无水乙醇溶剂的烧杯中,在水浴温度为50-60℃条件下搅拌,在搅拌过程中缓慢加入20g十二烷基三甲基溴化铵,继续搅拌0.5-1h后,添加30g氨水,搅拌至溶液形成均匀凝胶后,加入0.5mol/L的稀硝酸调节pH=6-7,继续搅拌1-2h后,得到前躯体溶液;将前躯体溶液放入冰箱中5-10℃放置15-20h后,转移至烘箱中充分干燥15-25h,再放入管式炉中通入氮气400-500℃焙烧2-3h,冷却至室温后,磨成粉末,得到介孔氧化铝。
实施例5
将实施例3中汽车尾气净化催化剂的制备过程中介孔氧化铝换成普通氧化铝。
对比例1
表1实施例1-5中催化剂的比表面积和平均孔径
催化剂 比表面积(m<sup>2</sup>/g) 平均孔径(nm)
实施例1 342 8.6
实施例2 359 8.4
实施例3 426 12.5
实施例4 312 9.5
实施例5 287 7.6
由表1可知:本发明中合成的催化剂比表面积较大,在反应过程中可以提供更多的活性中心;其平均孔径在介孔范围内,可用作纳米级的反应场所。
对比例2
在温度为220℃、发动机转速2800r/min、空速4000h-1的条件下,进行催化活性考察。
表2实施例1、2、4、5中催化剂的催化活性考察
由表2可知:采用介孔氧化铝作为载体制备的催化剂催化效果优于普通氧化铝作为载体所制备的催化剂;采用纳米铜空心球作为活性组分所制备的催化剂催化活性优于普通铜粉作为活性组分所制备的催化剂。
高催化活性的原因是由于:本发明步骤S2中十二烷基苯磺酸钠是一种阴离子表面活性剂,其分散在溶液中,可以引导溶液中的Fe3+、Zr4+、La3+离子与纳米铜空心球结合,形成助催化剂体系,有助于提高催化剂催化活性;本发明步骤S3中具有助催化剂成分的纳米铜空心球通过添加三乙胺形成凝胶后,沉积到介孔氧化铝载体的孔道结构中,再通过步骤S4中的反应釜晶化反应,塑造催化剂的表面形貌,使其更加牢固的嵌入在介孔氧化铝载体的孔道中,在催化反应过程中,催化剂不易失活,提供给反应更多的活性中心;本发明所制备的介孔氧化铝,其平均孔径在10nm左右,并且其孔径大小可以调节,介孔结构具有更大的比表面积,可以吸附更多的催化剂活性组分,在催化反应过程中,提供最佳的催化活性;本发明中纳米铜空心球制备过程中,葡萄糖在碱性条件下将游离在溶液中的Cu2+离子还原成Cu+离子,Cu+离子在外部环境下与氧气结合,形成Cu2O实心球,尿素与部分未与氧气结合的Cu+离子结合形成络合离子,这些络合离子附着在Cu2O实心球表面形成一层保护膜,稳定Cu2O实心球整体结构稳定,当添加还原剂硼氢化钠时,Cu2O实心球被还原成Cu,Cu颗粒大量聚集在保护膜内侧,形成稳定结构,再经过高温加热,使得保护膜脱除,形成具有稳定结构的纳米铜空心球。
以上公开的本发明优选实施例只是用于帮助阐述本发明。优选实施例并没有详尽叙述所有的细节,也不限制该发明仅为所述的具体实施方式。显然,根据本说明书的内容,可作很多的修改和变化。本说明书选取并具体描述这些实施例,是为了更好地解释本发明的原理和实际应用,从而使所属技术领域技术人员能很好地理解和利用本发明。本发明仅受权利要求书及其全部范围和等效物的限制。

Claims (6)

1.一种汽车尾气净化装置,包括壳体(8),其特征在于,所述壳体(8)内部固定设置有降温机构(6)和净化机构(7),所述壳体(8)两端分别固定安装有两个过滤器(5),一个过滤器(5)通过固定连接有排气管(9),另一个过滤器(5)固定连接在消音机构(4)一端,所述消音机构(4)另一端通过螺栓(3)固定连接在进气管(2)上,所述进气管(2)内部设置有引气风扇(1);
所述消音机构(4)包括消声钢丝(41)、通气钢板(42)、固定板(43),所述通气钢板(42)为长方形,通气钢板(42)上设置有通气孔,通气钢板(42)每个面固定设置有固定板(43),所述斜向相对的两个固定板(43)上固定设置有消声钢丝(41),所述通气钢板(42)通过螺栓(3)固定连接在进气管(2)上,所述与通气钢板(42)固定连接的固定板(43)另一端固定连接有过滤器(5);
所述降温机构(6)包括蓬头(61)、支撑壳(62)、阀门(63)、储液瓶(64),所述支撑壳(62)一侧通过螺栓固定安装有蓬头(61),所述支撑壳(62)另一侧与储液瓶(64)底端固定连接,所述储液瓶(64)底端设置有阀门(63),所述储液瓶(64)顶端固定连接在壳体(8)内部顶端;
所述净化机构(7)有两个,包括催化层(71)、外壳(72)、卡套(73),所述催化层(71)由两层净化网组成,所述催化层(71)通过焊接嵌入连接在外壳(72)内表面,所述外壳(72)通过卡套(73)固定连接在壳体(8)上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种汽车尾气净化装置,其特征在于,所述储液瓶(64)中为冷却液,所述储液瓶(64)的工作步骤如下:
储液瓶(64)通过导管从外部进液,当内部温度升高至260℃以上时,储液瓶(63)底端的阀门(63)打开,释放冷却液,当温度降至220℃,并达到稳定状态时,阀门(63)关闭。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种汽车尾气净化装置,其特征在于,所述引气风扇(1)工作时转速为700-900r/min,所述通气钢板(42)中的通气孔直径为2-3cm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种汽车尾气净化装置,所述催化层(71)由两层净化网组成,两层净化网中间含有汽车尾气净化催化剂,该汽车尾气净化催化剂通过下述步骤制得:
步骤S1:将硝酸铁、硝酸锆、硝酸镧添加到盛有去离子水的烧杯中,在50-60℃水浴条件下溶解0.5-1h后,待溶解完全,得到混合溶液A;
步骤S2:在混合溶液A中添加纳米铜空心球,水浴升温至70-80℃后,加入十二烷基苯磺酸钠,在搅拌的过程中滴加1mol/L稀盐酸溶液,调节pH=5-6,继续搅拌0.5-1h后,得到混合溶液B;
步骤S3:将介孔氧化铝添加到混合溶液B中,保持水浴温度70-80℃,在搅拌过程中加入三乙胺,溶液形成凝胶,继续搅拌2-3h后,得到混合溶液C;
步骤S4:将混合溶液C添加到反应釜中,放入烘箱中160-180℃反应2-3d,取出反应釜,冷却至室温后,进行离心,去除上层滤液,再进行过滤,之后将滤饼放入烘箱80-120℃充分干燥10-15h后,转移至管式炉中氢气氛围下焙烧2-3h,冷却至室温后,筛分出60-80目,得到汽车尾气净化催化剂。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种汽车尾气净化装置,其特征在于,所述介孔氧化铝的制备方法如下:
将异丙醇铝加入盛有无水乙醇溶剂的烧杯中,在水浴温度为50-60℃条件下搅拌,在搅拌过程中缓慢加入十二烷基三甲基溴化铵,继续搅拌0.5-1h后,添加氨水,搅拌至溶液形成均匀凝胶后,加入0.5mol/L的稀硝酸调节pH=6-7,继续搅拌1-2h后,得到前躯体溶液;将前躯体溶液放入冰箱中5-10℃放置15-20h后,转移至烘箱中充分干燥15-25h,再放入管式炉中通入氮气400-500℃焙烧2-3h,冷却至室温后,磨成粉末,得到介孔氧化铝。
6.根据权利要求4所述的一种汽车尾气净化装置,其特征在于,所述纳米铜空心球的制备方法如下:
将硝酸铜加入盛有去离子水的烧杯中溶解完全,添加葡萄糖,在水浴温度为60-70℃的条件下搅拌,搅拌过程中,添加氢氧化钠调节pH=8-9,继续搅拌1-2h后,得到纳米Cu2O实心球前躯体;在纳米Cu2O实心球前躯体中缓慢加入尿素,溶液形成均匀胶状物后,加入硼氢化钠,搅拌1-2h后,得到纳米铜空心球前躯体;将纳米铜空心球前躯体放入反应釜中,160-180℃反应1-2d,取出反应釜后,冷却至室温,离心去除上层滤液后,进行抽滤,在抽滤过程中用去离子水洗涤数次,将滤饼放入烘箱中80-100℃充分干燥10-15h后,转移至管式炉中,氮气氛围下400-500℃焙烧2-3h,冷却至室温后,磨成粉末,得到纳米铜空心球。
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