CN110074100B - Method for storing pennisetum tropicalis in temperate regions in winter - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for storing tropical pennisetum alopecuroides in temperate regions in winter, which sprays mixed solution of abscisic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate in the growing period aiming at pennisetum alopecuroides to be harvested in autumn, leads the stems to be properly dehydrated and to enter dormancy in advance. Spraying formic acid solution for disinfection after cutting, bundling and placing in the pit, and storing safely for 7 months. The difference between the invention and the existing pit digging preservation method is four points: firstly, pennisetum alopecuroides 10-12 days before the pennisetum alopecuroides stops growing is selected, so that the utilization of the pennisetum alopecuroides in the year is not influenced, and the storage time in winter can be shortened; secondly, mixed solution of abscisic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed in the field before the pennisetum alopecuroides is harvested, so that conditions are created for the early dormancy and safe overwintering of the pennisetum alopecuroides; thirdly, formic acid solution is uniformly sprayed on the pennisetum alopecuroides, so that the pennisetum alopecuroides is not easy to rot and deteriorate; the invention covers the wet clay on the plastic film, which is beneficial to buffering the low temperature in winter and preventing the occurrence of freeze injury.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for storing pennisetum tropicalis in temperate regions in a fresh mode in winter, and belongs to the technical field of planting.
Background
The development of animal husbandry, the forage grass fodder is a key, and modern animal husbandry cannot be guaranteed without high-quality forage grass fodder. China is the country with the largest quantity of the herbivorous animals in the world, and therefore sufficient land is required for planting forage grass, but China is also a country with extremely limited arable land area, so that the land for planting high-quality forage grass is limited, and the resources of the forage grass for livestock and poultry cultivation are insufficient. It is required to plant high-quality forage grass with high yield and good quality on land with limited area as much as possible. Pennisetum alopecuroides from tropical zone is the well-known forage grass with highest yield and good nutritional quality, so that the planting range of the pennisetum alopecuroides is expanded, and the pennisetum alopecuroides has great significance for solving the problem of forage grass deficiency.
Pennisetum purpureum Schum (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) native Africa is a perennial excellent forage grass imported from foreign countries in China and can be continuously utilized for 3-4 years. Large-area introduction of pennisetum chinense, Jiangxi provinces, Fujian provinces, Hainan provinces and the like in China has been already carried out, the effect is good, and pennisetum chinense becomes one of the most common high-quality pasture grasses in tropical zone and subtropical zone. Years of practice prove that through the green mowing and silage feeding, herbivorous livestock and poultry such as sheep, cattle, rabbits, geese and the like eating pennisetum, other animals such as pigs, fishes and the like eating the pennisetum, and in addition, the pennisetum also becomes a paper-making material, a slope protection plant, an energy plant and a material for extracting superoxide dismutase, so the pennisetum is very important pasture with high added value in China. As early as ten years ago, the pennisetum alopecuroides is introduced into the yellow river beach area of Henan as high-quality and high-yield pasture for planting, is used for meeting the production requirements of the booming milk industry and the mutton sheep, and has better utilization effect. Production tests prove that the pennisetum alopecuroides is suitable for asexual propagation in the yellow river beach area in the south of the river, the growth is fast, the regeneration force is strong, multiple harvests can be carried out every year, the yield is up to 4-10 t/mu, and the level is close to the south. However, the production has the problems that the grass cannot live through the winter in temperate regions, the pit preservation method and the cellar preservation method are adopted in the current production, the pit preservation method and the cellar preservation method have poor effect of preserving the pennisetum alopecuroides seed stems, the overwintering rate is below 30%, so the seed stems must be purchased from the south every year, the cost is high, and the popularization and the application of the grass are influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for storing tropical pennisetum alopecuroides in temperate regions in winter, aiming at solving the problem that the technology for storing tropical pennisetum alopecuroides in temperate regions in winter is insufficient, and the method is used for properly dehydrating stems and making the stems enter dormancy in advance by spraying mixed solution of abscisic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate in the growing period of pennisetum alopecuroides to be harvested in autumn. Spraying formic acid solution for disinfection after cutting, bundling and placing in a pit, storing safely for 7 months, opening the pit, keeping the pennisetum fresh as before, planting in the spring of the next year with the average daily soil temperature above 10 ℃, and planting with the survival rate above 90%.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a method for storing pennisetum tropicalis in temperate regions in winter comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting pennisetum alopecuroides near the harvest stage;
(2) mixing 100-120 ppm of abscisic acid solution and 5000-5500 ppm of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, and uniformly spraying leaves;
(3) spraying for 1 day, and mowing the pennisetum alopecuroides without leaf peeling and tip remaining on the same ground;
(4) uniformly spraying 2500-2700 ppm formic acid solution on the pennisetum;
(5) binding 50-60 roots of pennisetum alopecuroides into 1 bundle;
(6) digging pits at the positions with higher terrain and underground water level lower than 250cm, paving saw dust with the thickness of 15-20 cm at the bottom of the pits, then placing the bundled pennisetum alopecuroides into the pits, and placing 9-12 bundles in each pit;
(7) covering straw with the thickness of 15-20 cm on the pennisetum alopecuroides bundle, and then covering a layer of plastic film;
(8) covering wet clay with the thickness of 30-40 cm on a plastic film;
(9) covering common soil on the clay, filling the pit and continuously piling a hemispherical soil pile on the ground by using the soil; preserving for 7 months, digging out cut sections to plant by 4 months in the 2 nd year.
The period close to the harvest period in the step (1) is 10-12 days before the pennisetum alopecuroides stops growing.
The pennisetum in the step (1) is 6000-7500 roots per mu.
The dosage of the abscisic acid in the step (2) is 10-20 mg/mu, and the dosage of the monopotassium phosphate is 200-300 g/mu.
The amount of formic acid used in the step (4) is 200-300 mg/mu.
And (4) in the step (6), the cross section of the pit is trapezoidal, the upper side is 3m long, the lower side is 2.5m long, the pit width is 1.2m, and the pit depth is 1.6 m.
The relative water content of the moist clay in step (8) is 70-80%.
The storage temperature in the step (9) is 7 ℃ or higher.
The water content of the pennisetum stems is 80-85 percent.
The length of the pennisetum leaf is 45-55 mm.
Abscisic acid (molecular formula: C)15H20O4) The plant growth hormone mainly plays a role in promoting the dormancy of the pennisetum alopecuroides, reducing the metabolism in the early stages of cutting, processing and sealed storage and reducing the nutrient consumption. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (molecular formula: KH)2PO4) Is a common forage grass drying agent, can promote the water loss of the pennisetum before processing and storage, and can enhance the use effect of the abscisic acid. Formic acid (molecular formula: CH)2O2) Is a fermentation inhibitor, and mainly plays a role in killing microorganisms on the surface of the stalks and in soil, reducing the anaerobic fermentation of the pennisetum alopecuroides stalks in the winter storage process, maintaining the sterile state of the stalks and reducing the energy consumption in the stalks.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the method comprises the steps of spraying mixed liquid of abscisic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate on field pennisetum, cutting stalks, reserving leaves about 50cm above the tops of the pennisetum stalks, spraying formic acid for preventing fermentation, putting 1 bundle of pennisetum which is bundled into 50-60 bundles in each pit, putting 9-12 bundles in each pit, laying saw dust with the thickness of 15-20 cm at the lower part, covering straws with the thickness of 15-20 cm, covering plastic films on the straws, and covering clay on the plastic films. The difference between the invention and the existing pit digging preservation method is four points: firstly, the pennisetum alopecuroides 10-12 days before stopping growing is selected, so that the use of the pennisetum alopecuroides in the year is not influenced, the storage time in winter can be shortened, if the pennisetum alopecuroides 1-2 days before stopping growing is selected, the nutrition in the stems can be greatly reduced, especially, a plurality of sugars are transferred to the roots, and the reduction of the sugars can influence overwintering; secondly, mixed solution of abscisic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed in the field before the pennisetum alopecuroides is harvested, so that conditions are created for the early dormancy and safe overwintering of the pennisetum alopecuroides; the 2500ppm formic acid solution is uniformly sprayed on the pennisetum, so that the pennisetum is not easy to rot and deteriorate; and fourthly, covering the plastic film with 30-40 cm thick moist clay, so that the low temperature in winter can be buffered, and the occurrence of freeze injury can be prevented.
The pennisetum stored by the method is taken out in the second year and is fresh as before, after field cutting planting, the survival rate is over 90 percent, seedlings are strong and uniform, the production cost is reduced by over 50 percent, and the production cost is saved by about 1000 yuan per mu. The method is efficient, environment-friendly, strong in operability, easy to popularize in production and beneficial to expanding the agricultural economic value.
Detailed Description
The following examples further illustrate the embodiments of the present invention in detail.
Example 1
A method for storing pennisetum tropicalis in temperate regions in winter comprises the following materials: pennisetum stems, chemical reagents and plastic films; the chemical reagents include: abscisic acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and formic acid, wherein the dosage is respectively as follows: 10 mg/mu, 200 g/mu and 200 mg/mu, when in use, 3 chemical reagents are respectively dissolved in water to prepare 100ppm abscisic acid solution, 5000ppm potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution and 2500ppm formic acid solution for spraying; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting pennisetum alopecuroides 10-12 days before stopping growing;
(2) mixing 100ppm of abscisic acid solution and 5000ppm of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, and uniformly spraying leaves;
(3) spraying for 1 day, and mowing the pennisetum alopecuroides without leaf peeling and tip remaining on the same ground;
(4) uniformly spraying 2500ppm formic acid solution on the pennisetum;
(5) binding pennisetum alopecuroides every 60 roots into 1 bundle, and folding the long stalks into 2 sections;
(6) digging pits at the positions with higher terrain and underground water level lower than 250cm, paving saw dust with the thickness of 15cm at the bottom of the pits, putting the bundled pennisetum alopecuroides into the pits, and putting 12 bundles in each pit; the cross section of each pit is trapezoidal, the length of the upper side is 3m, the length of the lower side is 2.5m, the width of each pit is 1.2m, and the depth of each pit is 1.6 m;
(7) covering 15cm thick straw on the pennisetum straw bundle, and then covering a layer of plastic film, and tightly wrapping the pennisetum and the straw as much as possible;
(8) covering clay with a thickness of 30cm and a relative water content of 75% on a plastic film;
(9) covering the clay with common soil, filling the pit and piling the semi-spherical soil pile on the ground by using the soil.
Example 2
A method for storing pennisetum tropicalis in temperate regions in winter comprises the following materials: pennisetum stems, chemical reagents and plastic films; the chemical reagents include: abscisic acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and formic acid, wherein the dosage is respectively as follows: 15 mg/mu, 250 g/mu and 250 mg/mu, when in use, 3 chemical reagents are respectively dissolved in water to prepare a 110ppm abscisic acid solution, a 5200ppm potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution and a 2600ppm formic acid solution for spraying; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting pennisetum alopecuroides 10-12 days before stopping growing;
(2) mixing a abscisic acid solution of 110ppm and a potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution of 5200ppm, and uniformly spraying leaves;
(3) spraying for 1 day, and mowing the pennisetum alopecuroides without leaf peeling and tip remaining on the same ground;
(4) uniformly spraying 2600ppm formic acid solution on the pennisetum;
(5) binding pennisetum alopecuroides every 60 roots into 1 bundle, and folding the long stalks into 2 sections;
(6) digging pits at the positions with higher terrain and underground water level lower than 250cm, paving saw dust with the thickness of 20cm at the bottom of the pits, putting the bundled pennisetum alopecuroides into the pits, and putting 12 bundles in each pit; the cross section of each pit is trapezoidal, the length of the upper side is 3m, the length of the lower side is 2.5m, the width of each pit is 1.2m, and the depth of each pit is 1.6 m;
(7) covering straw with the thickness of 20cm on the pennisetum alopecuroides bundle, and then covering a layer of plastic film, and tightly wrapping the pennisetum alopecuroides and the straw as much as possible;
(8) covering clay with a thickness of 30cm and a relative water content of 80% on a plastic film;
(9) covering the clay with common soil, filling the pit and piling the semi-spherical soil pile on the ground by using the soil.
Example 3
A method for storing pennisetum tropicalis in temperate regions in winter comprises the following materials: pennisetum stems, chemical reagents and plastic films; the chemical reagents include: abscisic acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and formic acid, wherein the dosage is respectively as follows: 20 mg/mu, 300 g/mu and 300 mg/mu, when in use, 3 chemical reagents are respectively dissolved in water to prepare 120ppm abscisic acid solution, 5500ppm potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution and 2700ppm formic acid solution; the specific procedure was the same as in example 1.
Comparative example
The traditional Chinese pennisetum storage method in winter comprises 2 methods, namely a pit digging preservation method and a cellar preservation method.
1. And (4) digging a pit for preservation. Selecting a place with the underground water level lower than 2.5m and the higher topography, digging a pit with the depth of 1.5m, paving 10 cm-thick straws or sawdust, putting 50 pennisetum alopecuroides without peeling off the leaves and leaving tips into the pits in a bundle, and putting 10-15 bundles into each pit. If the weather is too dry, sprinkling water to thoroughly pour the soil when filling the pit, covering the soil with 20-30 cm by using straw or plastic film, covering the soil with 20-30 cm, keeping the temperature at 10-12 ℃, and digging out the cut sections for planting 4 months in the next year.
2. Cellar preservation method. Leaves of about 50cm are left on the tip of the pennisetum alopecuroides stalk, the pennisetum alopecuroides stalk is directly put into a cellar in a bundle of 50 roots, longer plants can be cut into two sections, the two sections are wrapped and bundled by plastic films, the plants are put into the cellar for storage, the stacked thickness is not more than 50cm, and the leaves are cut into a bud and a section for cultivation after 3 months in the next year.
Determination of nutrient content
The invention measures the nutrient content of pennisetum alopecuroides stalks after being stored for 7 months, and the result is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 comparison of the nutritional composition of pennisetum alopecuroides with the composition before mowing under different embodiments
Injecting: the same column of data is followed by lower case letters indicating significant differences (P < 0.05), as follows.
As can be seen from table 1, the nutritional ingredients of pennisetum before mowing are as follows: the contents of crude protein, crude fat, nitrogen-free extract, crude fiber and crude ash are respectively 18.07%, 1.75%, 40.68%, 28.04% and 10.51%, and the difference of the nutrition indexes of the pennisetum alopecuroides which is preserved for 7 months is not obvious.
Field test
The test is a single-factor random design, and the test has Y-1, Y-2, Y-3, Y-4 and Y-05 treatments, wherein the Y-2, Y-3, Y-4 and Y-1 treatments are respectively carried out by adopting the method of the embodiment 1-3 of the invention, Y-0 and Y-1 are used as comparison, a pit digging preservation method and a cellar preservation method are respectively used, each treatment is set to be repeated for 4 times, the overwintering rate of the pennisetum (Table 2) is counted after the preservation in winter and spring for 7 months, the soil temperature is uniformly kept at more than 10 ℃ in spring, and the survival rate of the pennisetum after cuttage (Table 3) is counted. As can be seen from tables 2 and 3, the overwintering rate and the survival rate of the treatment groups adopting the method are both obviously higher than 2 controls, and both the overwintering rate and the survival rate are over 90 percent.
TABLE 2 overwintering percentage (%) of pennisetum after 7 months of preservation
Injecting: data in the table are mean ± standard deviation.
TABLE 3 survival rate of pennisetum after cuttage (%)
Injecting: data in the table are mean ± standard deviation.
Calculation of economic benefit
1. The amount of the stalks to be stored is 1 mu of high-quality pennisetum field
3500 knots of about 160 kg of stems are needed for building 1 mu of high-quality pennisetum forage grass field;
if the traditional pit digging preservation method is adopted, 623.05 kilograms (160 kilograms/25.68 percent) of pennisetum alopecuroides are required to be stored per mu for ensuring smooth wintering. If the seedlings are all survived after cuttage, 736.21 kg (623.05 kg/84.63%) of pennisetum stems are stored in each mu.
If the traditional cellar preservation method is adopted, 546.26 kilograms (160 kilograms/29.29 percent) of pennisetum alopecuroides are required to be stored per mu for ensuring smooth wintering. If the seedlings are all survived after cuttage, 626.30 kg (546.26 kg/87.22%) of pennisetum stems are stored in each mu.
If the method of the invention is adopted, 175.65 kg (160 kg/91.09%) of pennisetum needs to be stored per mu for smooth wintering if a high-quality pennisetum forage grass field is to be built. If the seedlings are all survived after cuttage, 191.44 kg (175.65 kg/91.75%) of pennisetum alopecuroides stalks need to be stored in each mu.
2. The storage cost required for constructing 1 mu of high-quality pennisetum field
If the traditional pit digging preservation method is adopted, 736.21 kg of straw needs to be stored, the material cost is 0.15 yuan, the labor cost is 2.63 yuan, the total cost is 2.78 yuan and the total cost is 2046.66 yuan for each 1 kg of straw;
if the traditional cellar storage method is adopted, 626.30 kg of straw needs to be stored, the cost of materials is 0.12 yuan, the labor cost is 2.97 yuan, the total cost is 3.09 yuan and the total cost is 1935.27 yuan for each 1 kg of straw;
if the method of the invention is adopted, 191.44 kg of stalks need to be stored, the reagent cost is 1.25 yuan, the material cost is 0.25 yuan, the labor cost is 3.16 yuan, the cost is 4.66 yuan in total, and the cost is 892.11 yuan for each 1 kg of stalks;
therefore, if the method is adopted to construct a 1 mu high-quality pennisetum field, compared with the traditional cellar storage method and pit digging storage method, the method saves the storage cost by 1043.16-1154.55 yuan and the cost by 53.90-56.41 percent respectively.
The comparison shows that the method for storing the pennisetum alopecuroides in the temperate zone in winter has the following advantages: firstly, the cost is low. The materials are convenient to obtain, and the investment is low; secondly, the fresh-keeping effect is good. After 7 months of storage, the nutrient components in the stalks are hardly influenced, and have no obvious difference compared with the nutrient components before cutting; thirdly, the overwintering rate is high. Compared with the traditional pit digging preservation method and cellar preservation method, the method saves the storage cost of 1043.16-1154.55 yuan per mu and saves the cost by 53.90-56.41 percent. The method has the advantages of low investment and simple management, and is suitable for planting pennisetum alopecuroides in enterprises and farmers.
Claims (9)
1. A method for storing pennisetum tropicalis in temperate regions in winter is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting pennisetum alopecuroides 10-12 days before stopping growing;
(2) mixing 100-120 ppm of abscisic acid solution and 5000-5500 ppm of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, and uniformly spraying leaves;
(3) spraying for 1 day, and mowing the pennisetum alopecuroides without leaf peeling and tip remaining on the same ground;
(4) uniformly spraying 2500-2700 ppm formic acid solution on the pennisetum;
(5) binding 50-60 roots of pennisetum alopecuroides into 1 bundle;
(6) digging pits at the positions with higher terrain and underground water level lower than 250cm, paving saw dust with the thickness of 15-20 cm at the bottom of the pits, then placing the bundled pennisetum alopecuroides into the pits, and placing 9-12 bundles in each pit;
(7) covering straw with the thickness of 15-20 cm on the pennisetum alopecuroides bundle, and then covering a layer of plastic film;
(8) covering wet clay with the thickness of 30-40 cm on a plastic film;
(9) covering common soil on the clay, filling the pit and continuously piling a hemispherical soil pile on the ground by using the soil; preserving for 7 months, digging out cut sections to plant by 4 months in the 2 nd year.
2. The method for storing the tropical pennisetum alopecuroides in the temperate region in the winter according to claim 1, wherein the pennisetum alopecuroides in step (1) is 6000-7500 roots/mu.
3. The method for storing pennisetum tropicalis in temperate regions in a fresh mode in winter according to claim 1, wherein the dosage of abscisic acid in the step (2) is 10-20 mg/mu, and the dosage of monopotassium phosphate is 200-300 g/mu.
4. The method for storing pennisetum tropicalis in temperate regions in a fresh manner in winter according to claim 1, wherein the amount of formic acid used in step (4) is 200-300 mg/mu.
5. The method for storing pennisetum tropicalis in temperate regions in a fresh mode in winter according to claim 1, wherein in the step (6), the cross section of the pit is trapezoidal, the upper side is 3m long, the lower side is 2.5m long, the pit is 1.2m wide, and the pit depth is 1.6 m.
6. The method for the fresh storage of pennisetum tropicalis in temperate regions in winter according to claim 1, wherein the relative water content of the moist clay in step (8) is 70% to 80%.
7. The method for storing pennisetum tropicalis in temperate regions in winter according to claim 1, wherein the storage temperature in step (9) is 7 ℃ or higher.
8. The method for the fresh storage of pennisetum tropicalis in temperate regions in winter according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the water content of pennisetum alopecuroides stalks is 80% to 85%.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the length of the pennisetum alopecuroides leaves is 45-55 mm.
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