CN112703958A - Organic cultivation method for fruiting trees of white jade loquats - Google Patents
Organic cultivation method for fruiting trees of white jade loquats Download PDFInfo
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation method of a white jade loquat fruiting tree, which comprises the steps of fertilizing, soil management, shaping and pruning, flower thinning, fruit homogenizing, bagging, pest control, freezing prevention, drainage and irrigation, harvesting, storage and the like. The invention can reduce plant diseases and insect pests in the loquat growth process, reduce unreasonable use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, simultaneously relieve the problems of soil acidification, hardening, water and soil loss and the like caused by over-fertilization and pesticide spraying, and simultaneously help farmers increase the yield and benefits.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to an organic cultivation method of a white jade loquat fruiting tree.
Background
The loquat is one of the fastest-developing varieties in small fruit trees in China, is a characteristic fruit originally produced in China, has a history of more than 2200 years, and is a typical subtropical evergreen fruit tree in the south. The wood is fine in texture and can be carved, the fruits are ripe in late spring and early summer and are just in the season with the most deficient fruits, and the flavor is good. The loquat fruit not only has rich nutrition, but also has the effects of relieving cough and reducing phlegm. According to the research of Japanese scientists, the fruit contains amygdalin (vitamin B17) and has the function of preventing cancer. Loquats are divided into two main categories according to the color of pulp and peel: white meat type and red meat type.
For many years, the yield and area of white flesh loquats have been relatively small. The white pulp loquat has fine pulp, high sugar content and large market demand, and the subsequent loquat industry development mainly adopts the types of white pulp and high sugar. However, in recent years, the quality and yield of the eriobotrya japonica white jade are affected by rainfall, drought and freezing injury, and on the other hand, the quality and yield of the eriobotrya japonica white jade are also affected in cultivation management aspects such as fertilization, pest control and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: the invention aims to provide an organic cultivation method for a white jade loquat fruiting tree, which improves the yield and quality of loquats.
The technical scheme is as follows: in order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a cultivation method of a white jade loquat fruiting tree comprises the following steps:
(1) the fertilization management method comprises the following steps:
(1a) fertilizing after picking: the nitrogenous fertilizer and the organic fertilizer are mixed and applied, and the harvested fertilizer accounts for 40-50% of the total annual fertilization mass;
(1b) fertilizing before flowering: applying the pre-flowering fertilizer in the late 9 th to the early 10 th and middle 10 th days, and applying the pre-flowering fertilizer in a mixed manner by using an organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, wherein the pre-flowering fertilizer accounts for 30-40% of the total annual fertilizer application mass; for example, 15-20kg of chicken manure per plant or 20-25kg of bio-organic fertilizer per plant.
(1c) Fruit strengthening fertilizer: applying the fertilizer in late 3 months to 4 months when fruit setting is stable, wherein the phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer accounts for 10-20% of the total fertilizer application mass all year round; .
(1d) The fertilizing method comprises the following steps:
furrow application: opening a shooting ditch or an annular ditch at the periphery of the crown, wherein the depth of the shooting ditch or the annular ditch is 300-500 mm;
broadcasting: harrowing the soil surface, fertilizing and covering soil or broadcasting in the whole garden, and then carrying out shallow intertillage;
the foliar fertilizer is usually used as a supplement for soil fertilization, has the characteristics of small dosage, simplicity, convenience and quickness in effect, and can be applied in combination with pest control and pesticide spraying.
(2) Soil management:
performing soil management by combining 'grass growing cultivation' and 'plastic film mulching', covering ground cloth around plants, selectively reserving native weeds between plant rows, or planting non-native grass and green manure crops, and performing management in the later period to enable the grass and the fruit trees to coordinately grow together;
(3) shaping and trimming: trimming time: pruning in the first ten days of 9 months as a main part, thinning excessive and dense fruiting mother branches, thinning dead branches, insect-disease branches, weak branches and cross branches, thinning flowers, thinning or cutting off a part of fruiting branches for trees with excessive flowers, and thinning the naturally shrunken fruiting branches by picking fruits;
(4) flower thinning: the time is from 10 late to 11 early days, the degree of ear thinning is determined according to the tree vigor and the tree age, the varieties with weak tree vigor or more branches are preferably more sparse, otherwise, the varieties with weak tree vigor or more branches are less sparse, the tops of the tree crowns are more sparse, and the middle parts are less sparse; young and young trees of the strong trees are sparse, and young trees of the old trees are sparse;
(5) and (3) homogenizing fruits: the fruit homogenizing time is carried out in the last ten days of 4 months or when the climate after cold injury can normally identify the frozen fruits, the fruit branches are looked at and are thick and strong, the leaves are more and can be more, otherwise, the fruits are less, 1 fruit is generally reserved on 3-4 leaves, and 2-3 fruits are reserved on 8-10 leaves;
(6) bag cover
After fruit setting, namely the last fruit thinning, the pest control is carried out for one time, and then the bagging is carried out immediately. The lower part of the bag is opened, the upper part is sealed, and two corners at the top of the bag are cut off to facilitate ventilation and observation.
(7) Pest control
Spot disease, angular leaf spot, gray leaf spot: when the spring tip, the summer tip and the autumn tip are pulled out, 1: 1: 200-betaldol liquid or 40% benefu wettable powder 1: 1000-fold liquid or 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1: 800 times of liquid;
anthracnose: the pesticide is sprayed for protection one month before the fruit is colored, and the pesticide is the same as the leaf disease.
Yellow caterpillar: in the larva hatching period, 20 percent of 4000-fold 5000-fold liquid for killing pyrethrin or 90 percent of dipterex 1: 1500 times of liquid, once every 5 days, and continuously for 2-3 times;
b, longhorn beetle: and (4) removing the feces from the two adjacent feces discharging holes which are drilled through newly, and then hooking the larva out by using a lead wire. For the larvae with deeper galleries to be difficult to hook out, cotton balls dipped with 20-50 times of dipterex pesticide should be plugged in, or injected by an injector.
Oyster scale insect: in the second generation nymph incubation prosperous period in the last 8 months, 25% of pediculicide 1: spraying 1000-2000 times of the solution for 2 times continuously at intervals of 10-15 days.
(8) Anti-freezing device
Watering, grass covering, film covering protection, and top dressing on leaf surfaces to improve the cold resistance of the tree body;
hilling and protecting the stems, whitening the trunks, preventing young fruits from freezing damage by bundling branches and leaves, irrigating and preventing dryness and freezing, and shaking snow to prevent big branches from being crushed.
(9) Drainage and irrigation
Draining: the loquat is drought-resistant and afraid of water accumulation, and can drain the ground water and reduce the underground water level in time. The depth of the ditches is more than 400mm, so that the water drainage is smooth, and no water is accumulated when the rain stops.
And (3) irrigation: in the middle of 4 months, the fruit is in the rapid expansion period and is irrigated in time when the fruit is dry in normal times.
(10) Harvesting
Selecting yellow and green, picking in batches, and folding by hand during picking to pinch the stems by hand without touching the fruit surface, so as to prevent the fruit surface from rotting caused by hair and antler falling off or fruit surface injury. The fruit handle should not be too long to avoid damaging the fruit during shipment. It is not suitable to harvest in rain, dew, fog, high temperature or water on the fruit surface; when emergency collection is needed, the materials are washed with water, quick-frozen and stored. The fresh edible fruits should be picked with light handle and placed lightly. The diseased and malformed fruits should be collected and placed separately.
(11) Storage of
After the fruits are harvested, precooling treatment is immediately carried out to reduce the temperature of the fruits to be below 0 ℃ so as to remove the heat of the fruits and effectively prevent the fruits from rotting. The pre-cooling mode is preferably vacuum cooling or cold air cooling.
In the step (1 a), the mass ratio of the nitrogen fertilizer to the organic fertilizer is 1: 10.
in the step (1 b), the mass ratio of the organic fertilizer to the chemical fertilizer is 3: 1.
has the advantages that: the invention discloses a cultivation method of a white jade loquat fruiting tree, which carries out cultivation management according to the growth and development rules and nutrient absorption rules of loquats in Suzhou areas, can reduce plant diseases and insect pests in the growth process of the loquats, reduce unreasonable use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, simultaneously can relieve the problems of soil acidification, hardening, water and soil loss and the like caused by excessive fertilization and pesticide application, and can help farmers to increase the yield and benefit.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
Test site: the loquat base in Toshitownship, Tokyo, Wenzhou, Wuzhou, Jiangsu province is 'white jade', and the age of the tree is 10 years.
1. A cultivation method of a white jade loquat fruiting tree comprises the following steps:
fruit tree management:
(1) fertilizing
And (3) applying organic fertilizer to the harvested fertilizer, wherein the organic fertilizer accounts for 40-50% of the annual fertilizer application.
The pre-flowering fertilizer (namely base fertilizer) is applied from last 9 to last 10 months and middle ten days to meet the nutritional requirements of flowering and fruiting and nutritional autumn tips extraction and improve the cold resistance of plants, mainly takes organic fertilizer or farmyard manure as the main material, and accounts for 30-40% of the whole year, such as 15 kg of chicken manure per plant or 20kg of bio-organic fertilizer per plant.
The fruit-strengthening fertilizer is mainly biological organic fertilizer which accounts for 20 percent of the total fertilizing amount all year around when fruit setting is stable, namely, the fertilizer is applied in 3 to 4 months later, so as to meet the requirement of young fruit expansion and also promote the growth of spring tips, namely roots.
The fertilizing method comprises the following steps: and (4) furrow application, namely ditching and girdling the periphery of the crown.
(2) Soil management
Soil management is carried out by adopting a 'grass growing cultivation' mode. And (3) selecting and remaining primary weeds among plant rows, planting clovers and common scouring rush herbs, and enabling the weeds and fruit trees to coordinately grow.
(3) Pruning and pruning
Pruning is carried out in 9-10 months. Pruning dead branches, insect-disease branches, weak branches, cross branches and the like, and cutting off a part of bearing branches for trees with excessive flowers.
(4) Even fruit
And (4) homogenizing fruits at 4 months, reserving 1-4 fruits at each branch, homogenizing fruits according to actual conditions, and judging the number of the reserved fruits.
(5) Bag cover
After fruit setting, namely the last fruit thinning, the pest control is carried out for one time, and then the bagging is carried out immediately. The lower part of the bag is opened, the upper part is sealed, and two corners at the top of the bag are cut off to facilitate ventilation and observation.
(6) Pest control
(6a) Physical prevention and control technical measures. Screening and whitening agent, whitening the trunk to prevent the invasion of trunk borers such as anoplophora chinensis, loquat bark beetle and the like, and physically trapping and killing by using an insecticidal lamp, a sex attractant and the like according to the occurrence rule of insect pests.
(6b) Agricultural management measures for controlling flower rot by cultivation measures such as pruning, rain sheltering and the like; the pest overwintering environment is controlled by agricultural measures such as scraping old barks, turning over soil and the like; and (3) protecting natural enemies, screening and putting the natural enemies, scleroderma guani, dastarcus helophoroides and the like by adopting a pest control technology.
(6c) Screening biological pesticide, and adopting biological control technical means of bacillus thuringiensis and the like to control pests.
(7) Anti-freezing device
(7a) Watering, grass covering, film covering protection, and top dressing on leaf surfaces to improve the cold resistance of the tree body;
(7b) hilling and protecting the stems, whitening the trunks, preventing young fruits from freezing damage by bundling branches and leaves, irrigating and preventing dryness and freezing, and shaking snow to prevent big branches from being crushed.
(8) Drainage and irrigation
Draining: the loquat is drought-resistant and afraid of water accumulation, and can drain the ground water and reduce the underground water level in time. The depth of the ditches is more than 400mm, so that the water drainage is smooth, and no water is accumulated when the rain stops.
And (3) irrigation: in the middle of 4 months, the fruit is in the rapid expansion period and is irrigated in time when the fruit is dry in normal times.
(9) Harvesting
Selecting yellow and green, picking in batches, folding by hand during picking, pinching the stems by hand, and not touching the fruit surfaces.
TABLE 1 organic cultivation vs. conventional cultivation
| Cultivation method | Weight per unit | Sugar degree | Rate of consumption |
| Conventional cultivation | 34.72 | 13.01 | 0.71 |
| Organic cultivation | 34.16 | 14.27 | 0.71 |
Claims (6)
1. The cultivation method of the fruiting tree of the white jade loquat is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) the fertilization management method comprises the following steps:
(1a) fertilizing after picking: the nitrogenous fertilizer and the organic fertilizer are mixed and applied, and the harvested fertilizer accounts for 40-50% of the total annual fertilization mass;
(1b) fertilizing before flowering: applying the pre-flowering fertilizer in the late 9 th to the early 10 th and middle 10 th days, and applying the pre-flowering fertilizer in a mixed manner by using an organic fertilizer and a chemical fertilizer, wherein the pre-flowering fertilizer accounts for 30-40% of the total annual fertilizer application mass;
(1c) fruit strengthening fertilizer: applying the fertilizer in late 3 months to 4 months when fruit setting is stable, wherein the phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer accounts for 10-20% of the total fertilizer application mass all year round;
(1d) the fertilizing method comprises the following steps:
furrow application: opening a shooting ditch or an annular ditch at the periphery of the crown, wherein the depth of the shooting ditch or the annular ditch is 300-500 mm;
broadcasting: harrowing the soil surface, fertilizing and covering soil or broadcasting in the whole garden, and then carrying out shallow intertillage;
(2) soil management:
performing soil management by combining 'grass growing cultivation' and 'plastic film mulching', covering ground cloth around plants, selectively reserving native weeds between plant rows, or planting non-native grass and green manure crops, and performing management in the later period to enable the grass and the fruit trees to coordinately grow together;
(3) shaping and trimming: trimming time: pruning in the first ten days of 9 months as a main part, thinning excessive and dense fruiting mother branches, thinning dead branches, insect-disease branches, weak branches and cross branches, thinning flowers, thinning or cutting off a part of fruiting branches for trees with excessive flowers, and thinning the naturally shrunken fruiting branches by picking fruits;
(4) flower thinning: the time is from 10 late to 11 early days, the degree of ear thinning is determined according to the tree vigor and the tree age, the varieties with weak tree vigor or more branches are preferably more sparse, otherwise, the varieties with weak tree vigor or more branches are less sparse, the tops of the tree crowns are more sparse, and the middle parts are less sparse; young and young trees of the strong trees are sparse, and young trees of the old trees are sparse;
(5) and (3) homogenizing fruits: the fruit homogenizing time is carried out in the last ten days of 4 months or when the climate after cold injury can normally identify the frozen injury fruit, the fruit branches are thick and strong according to the head of the fruit, the leaves are more, and more can be left, otherwise, the fruit branches are less left;
(6) bagging:
after fruit setting, namely after the last fruit thinning, performing pest control for one time, and then immediately bagging; the lower part of the bag is opened, the upper part is sealed, and two corners at the top of the bag are cut off to facilitate ventilation and observation;
(7) and (3) pest control:
the control method of spot disease, angular leaf spot and gray leaf spot comprises the following steps: when the hair is sucked in spring shoots, summer shoots and autumn shoots, the Bordeaux mixture, the Lingfu wettable powder and the carbendazim wettable powder are selected for spraying;
yellow caterpillar: spraying killing pyrethrin or chlorfenapyr once every 5 days for 2-3 times in a larva incubation period;
b, longhorn beetle: removing excrement from two adjacent excrement discharge holes drilled through newly, and hooking out larvae by using lead wires;
for the larvae with deeper galleries to be difficult to hook out, cotton balls dipped with 20-50 times of dipterex pesticide are plugged in the larvae, or the larvae are injected by an injector;
oyster scale insect: spraying the second-generation nymphs in the full incubation period of the last ten days of 8 months with the delphacidyl, and continuously spraying for 2 times at intervals of 10-15 days;
(8) and (3) freezing prevention:
watering, grass covering, film covering protection or foliage dressing are carried out, so that the cold resistance of the tree body is improved;
hilling and protecting the stems, whitening the trunks, bundling the branches and bundling the leaves to prevent the young fruits from being frozen, irrigating to prevent dryness and freezing, and shaking snow to prevent the big branches from being crushed;
(9) draining and irrigating:
draining: the depth of the ditches is more than 400mm, so that the drainage is smooth, and no water is accumulated when the rain stops;
and (3) irrigation: in the middle of 4 months, the fruits are irrigated in time in the rapid expansion period and in case of drought at ordinary times;
(10) harvesting:
(11) and (3) storage:
after the fruits are harvested, precooling treatment is immediately carried out to reduce the temperature of the fruits to be below 0 ℃ so as to remove the heat of the fruits and effectively prevent the fruits from rotting; the pre-cooling mode is preferably vacuum cooling or cold air cooling.
2. The method for cultivating white jade loquat fruiting trees as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (1 a), the mass ratio of nitrogen fertilizer to organic fertilizer is 1: 10.
3. the method for cultivating white jade loquat fruiting trees as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (1 b), the mass ratio of the organic fertilizer to the chemical fertilizer is 3: 1.
4. the method for cultivating the fruiting tree of white jade loquat as claimed in claim 1 wherein in step (5), 1 fruit is retained in 3-4 leaves and 2-3 fruits are retained in 8-10 leaves.
5. The method for cultivating the fruiting tree of white jade loquat as claimed in claim 1 wherein in step (10), the harvesting is performed according to the following method: selecting yellow and green, picking in batches, folding by hand during picking, pinching stems by hand without touching fruit surfaces, preventing hairy antler on the fruit surfaces from falling off or the fruit surfaces from being injured to cause rottenness, and preventing fruit stalks from being overlong so as to avoid damaging fruits by touch during shipment; it is not suitable to harvest in rain, dew, fog, high temperature or water on the fruit surface; when emergency collection is needed, washing, quick-freezing and storing are needed; picking fresh edible fruits by light holding and placing; the diseased and malformed fruits should be collected and placed separately.
6. The method for cultivating the fruiting tree of white jade loquat as claimed in claim 1 wherein in step (11), the storing is performed as follows: after the fruits are harvested, precooling treatment is immediately carried out to reduce the temperature of the fruits to be below 0 ℃ so as to remove the heat of the fruits and effectively prevent the fruits from rotting; the pre-cooling mode is preferably vacuum cooling or cold air cooling.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113396766A (en) * | 2021-07-21 | 2021-09-17 | 江苏丘陵地区镇江农业科学研究所 | Loquat greenhouse cultivation method |
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