CN110049775A - 用作疫苗的表达外泌体锚定蛋白的核苷酸序列 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及用作疫苗的表达融合蛋白的核苷酸序列或包含所述核苷酸序列的DNA表达载体,所述融合蛋白包含在C‑末端与抗原融合的外泌体锚定蛋白、或由其组成。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用作疫苗的表达外泌体(exosome)锚定蛋白的核苷酸序列。特别地,本发明涉及用作疫苗的表达融合蛋白的核苷酸序列或包含所述核苷酸序列的DNA表达载体,所述融合蛋白包含在C-末端与抗原融合的外泌体锚定蛋白、或由其组成。
背景技术
已知免疫反应可以提供对外部和内部健康威胁的保护。在许多情况下,当天然免疫不能抑制病理的发展时,通过接种免疫原引起的免疫反应可以阻断病理过程,例如通过诱导针对几种感染性病原体的中和抗体来进行。
不同的是,基于CTL的疫苗的鉴定、生产和销售受到更多限制,尽管普遍认为其对于对抗慢性感染和肿瘤疾病的发展具有潜在的用途。
引发强烈和广泛的CTL免疫反应预期对于几种病症的治疗具有治疗意义。例如,几个证据表明,细胞介导的免疫反应在控制HPV感染并且因此在控制病毒相关的瘤形成中起着重要作用。事实上,无论是一般的免疫抑制还是不良的抗HPV CTL反应,都与病毒持续性和疾病进展相关。
用于诱导抗原特异性CTL免疫的最常用的实验技术是基于病毒载体、肽和灭活病原体的使用。然而,迄今为止,市场上还没有CTL免疫原性药物。
用于产生免疫原性蛋白的DNA疫苗接种认为是成功的。例如,一种针对日本脑炎的DNA疫苗已于2010年发布供人类使用(1)。此外,已批准用于保护马免于西尼罗河病毒影响的兽用DNA疫苗(2,3)。此外,据报道,针对多发性硬化的DNA疫苗接种的初步研究是有效的(4)。总而言之,这些证据支持这样的观点,即原则上,DNA疫苗接种可以具有在人类中应用的前景。在DNA疫苗接种的优点中,应该提到的是研发和生产的简易性、储存稳定性、成本效益和免疫原的持久性。理论上的缺点表现为可能产生抗DNA抗体,以及对细胞生长的遗传控制的机制的干扰。然而,主要的限制表现为诱发免疫反应的效力不足。出于这个原因,许多疫苗接种方案(包括为了引发免疫反应使用DNA)继之在替代配方的免疫原接种以增强免疫。
外泌体是所有细胞类型组成性地释放的50-100纳米的囊泡。它们由内体膜的向内内陷产生。这些管腔内的囊泡形成可以运输至质膜的多泡体(VB),它们与质膜融合,从而释放它们的囊泡内容物至胞外环境中。已经在肌细胞中描述了显示出类似于外泌体的物理和生物化学特征,但是通过质膜的直接挤出产生的纳米囊泡(5,6)。尽管之前认为外泌体专门用于分泌废细胞材料,但现在已经认识到外泌体是细胞间通信网络的部分。它们包括了可在靶细胞中起作用的信使RNA、微RNA、DNA和蛋白质。
它们的免疫原性基本上是它们并入的抗原的数量和质量的结果。外泌体作为抗肿瘤免疫刺激剂进行了研究,并且在一些情况下它们获得了临床试验的批准(7-9)。自发地上载肿瘤抗原(主要是跨膜蛋白,如gp100、TRP-1、Her2/neu和CEA)的外泌体已经发现诱导特异性抗肿瘤T细胞免疫的激活(10,11)。临床试验证明了外泌体在肿瘤患者中作为无细胞疫苗的可行性和良好耐受性。然而,它们的治疗效果似乎非常有限,因此需要新的方法来提高其免疫原性。这个问题通过工程化外来抗原以增加它们在外泌体膜上的展示来解决。在这个方面,到目前为止已经描述了两种策略。第一种策略是利用乳粘素的C1C2结构域与外泌体脂质的结合,导致异源抗原与外泌体膜的外侧结合。另一种策略依赖于用具有高度疏水的跨膜结构域尾的金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A包被外泌体为。
HIV的出芽需要与也涉及外泌体生物发生的多种细胞因子(即Alix、Tsg101)及运输所需内体分选复合物(ESCRT)的几种其他组分的相互作用。HIV的包膜和外泌体也共有许多组分,包括脂筏,即富含胆固醇、具有饱和侧链的磷脂和鞘脂的细胞膜微结构域。外泌体和HIV生物发生的趋同意味着病毒产物掺入外泌体中的可能性。HIV-1Nef正是这样的情况,其在MVB的有限膜处通过将其N-末端豆蔻酰化锚定至脂筏微结构域而结合。Nef是缺乏酶活性的27千道尔顿(kDa)蛋白,但在触发信号转导分子的激活时充当支架/衔接体元件,在大多数情况下在与脂筏微结构域结合时。
先前已经鉴定了HIV-1颗粒、基于HIV-1的病毒样颗粒(VLP)(12)和外泌体(13)中以相当高的水平包括的V153L E177G Nef突变体。当该突变体通过G3C突变用N-末端棕榈酰化进行工程化时,外泌体掺入的效率仍然增加,预期这是与脂筏的结合提高的结果。这种Nef突变体(称为Nefmut)基本上对于所有Nef功能是有缺陷的,并且在其C-末端与外来蛋白融合时,其掺入纳米囊泡中的效率不会显著改变。操纵Nefmut允许将大量选择的抗原掺入外泌体中,其因此保持保护以免受外部中和/降解因素的影响。最近报道,体外产生的Nefmut-工程化外泌体诱导了有效的抗原特异性CTL反应(14)。特别是,使用携带HPV-E7蛋白的体外产生的外泌体作为免疫原已经获得了非常有前景的结果(14)。
然而,鉴于这些发现的潜在临床应用,该策略将面临可能的技术困难,包括工业制造的标准化、高成本效益和免疫原的储存。此外,预期体外产生的外泌体在注射时具有有限的半衰期,也通过与外泌体膜结合的“非自身”分子的识别易于从宿主的网状内皮系统中清除。关于这个问题,已经证明了离体分离或体外产生的外泌体的半衰期在注射后持续约2分钟,显示出在肝脏和脾脏中迅速积累,并且在4小时后仅检测到少量的外泌体。
因此鉴于上述情况,显然需要提供能够克服已知疗法的缺点的新免疫疗法。
发明内容
在这个技术背景下,本发明提供了一种基于内源性工程化外泌体产生的新疫苗策略,其能够克服已知的诱导CTL免疫反应以治疗传染病和肿瘤疾病的治疗策略的缺点。
根据本发明,已经发现通过肌内(i.m.)接种将表达基于Nefmut的融合蛋白的DNA载体施用于宿主动物中引发了有效的CTL免疫反应,所述免疫应答强烈抑制已经植入的肿瘤细胞的生长。几个证据表明内源工程化外泌体的产生是观察到的抗肿瘤作用的基础。
特别地,根据本发明的结果显示:i)肌细胞在DNA转染后产生工程化外泌体的能力;ii)在接种表达Nefmut/E7的载体后抗原特异性CTL免疫的可重复诱导,其在治疗环境中显示出强烈的抗肿瘤作用;和iii)在受体小鼠中再灌注的自DNA接种小鼠的血浆分离的外泌体的免疫原性。
此外,研究了Nefmut的异位表达是否以及如何有效地导致工程化外泌体的释放。用C2C12细胞获得的数据支持了这样的观点,即Nefmut累积到由小鼠肌细胞释放的外泌体样纳米囊泡中,其水平与人细胞中可检测的那些相似。研究不包括终末分化的肌细胞,即小鼠中最有可能通过i.m.接种靶向的细胞类型。已经假设在这些细胞中,囊泡细胞内运输的潜在机制不会改变,至少在定性上是这样的。
在这个问题上,来自i.m.接种基于Nefmut的DNA载体的小鼠的血浆中工程化外泌体的检测支持Nefmut也可以在分化的肌细胞释放的外泌体中累积的观点。理论上,不能排除至少部分注射的DNA可以通过例如DNA在引流淋巴结中扩散的方式靶向其他细胞类型,其中DNA可能被捕获并被树突细胞(DC)内化。然而,考虑到表达Nefmut/E7的DNA的sub-cute接种(预期其优先靶向DC)产生显著较弱的E7特异性CD8+T细胞免疫反应(未显示),合理的是DC的DNA摄取不是这里描述的CD8+T细胞激活事件的机制的相关部分。
在接种DNA的小鼠中检测到的CD8+T细胞激活的程度表现得比在注射体外产生的工程化外泌体的小鼠中观察到的那些强得多(14)。尽管由于不可能比较两种不同免疫原的量而无法进行直接比较实验,但DNA接种引发足够强的E7特异性CD8+T细胞激活以在没有小鼠用通过人细胞体外产生的外泌体接种时需要的脾细胞的体外刺激/扩增的情况下被清楚地检测到(14)。通过DNA注射获得的明显优异的结果很可能是以下事实的结果:表达接种的DNA的细胞可以建立准备被局部和远端APC内化的连续免疫原性外泌体来源。
根据本发明,提供了几个关于DNA注射后观察到的CTL免疫反应的基础机制的实验证据。特别地,用表达与Nefmut融合的GFP的载体接种的小鼠血浆中荧光外泌体的检测证明了在DNA载体注射时确实产生了工程化外泌体。此外,外泌体中Nefmut累积以外的其活性似乎对CD8+T细胞激活不重要,因为它在注射表达Nefmut的载体而不是野生型Nef的小鼠中检测到。一致地,已经观察到CTL反应不依赖于游离抗原从DNA靶向细胞的释放,如注射E7表达载体的小鼠中缺乏E7特异性CD8+T细胞反应所指示的,其中E7细胞外脱落通过抗E7抗体反应得到证明。此外,已经证明了从注射表达Nefmut/E7的载体而不是单独E7的小鼠的血浆中分离的外泌体在注射到天然的受体小鼠中时是免疫原性的。
总之,这些实验证据与免疫原性的内源性工程化外泌体的产生是基于CD8+T细胞激活的观点一致。值得注意的是,这种免疫反应表现得既快又强,足以有效抵消免疫前植入的同基因肿瘤细胞的生长。
基于此处提供的实验证据,通过接种表达基于Nefmut的载体的DNA载体诱导的CD8+T细胞激活的最可能的基础机制可以如图1上记载的总结。表达注射的DNA载体的肌细胞释放工程化外泌体,其被APC内化。如之前证明的,基于Nefmut的外泌体的内化导致相关抗原的交叉呈递,并因此激发抗原特异性CD8+T细胞。通过从接种的DNA所靶向的细胞连续外泌体产生增强第二次DNA注射所确保的免疫反应的增强作用。根据之前在接种体外产生的外泌体的小鼠中观察到的情况(14),在来自接种小鼠的血浆中未检测到抗E7,也未检测到抗Nef抗体,强烈表明外泌体上载的抗原基本上引发TH-1偏向的免疫反应。
最后,鉴于该发现可能应用于人乳腺癌,还研究了以下方面:i)由工程化外泌体诱导的免疫原性刺激是否可以破坏免疫耐受性,和ii)当应用于人体系统时的其有效性。特别地,为了测试由体内工程化外泌体诱导的免疫激活是否可以足够强以破坏耐受性,考虑了广泛研究的HER2/neu转基因小鼠的模型(15)。此处,rHER2/neu转基因在胸腺中表达,导致严重损害CD8+T分支的耐受性,如通过逃避耐受性的CD8+T淋巴细胞非常差地表现的事实所证明的(16)。通过IFN-γElispot测定,我们可重复地评估了两次注射表达与HER2的细胞外结构域融合的Nefmut(HER2-ECD)的DNA载体足以打破对HER2/neu的CD8+T耐受性。这些结果是相关的,因为在注射表达HER2/neu的DNA载体时,在这些转基因小鼠中从未发现显著的HER2/neu特异性CTL反应(17-19)。
有趣的是,发现这种免疫激活与肿瘤发生的延迟相关。这是第一次在HER2/neu转基因小鼠中观察到CTL相关但非抗体依赖性的肿瘤发生的抑制。另一方面,由HER2-ECD特异性CTL免疫反应产生的免疫压力不足以治愈肿瘤疾病的事实由于至少两个原因而是并不令人惊讶的。首先,在HER2/neu转基因小鼠中,所有乳腺上皮细胞同时表达致癌基因,导致多个肿瘤病变的同步发展。因此,抗肿瘤免疫可能被多重转化事件所压倒。此外,肿瘤细胞的内在遗传不稳定性可以通过由三个“Es”概括的所谓的免疫编辑机制,即消除、平衡和逃避,则导致逃避免疫压力(20)。以这种方式,抗肿瘤免疫反应对于能够逃避免疫控制的癌细胞的改变进行选择。当然,预期这种机制的效力随着并发肿瘤病变的数量而增加。
为了开辟在临床中利用本发明的工具的可能性,还证明了其在人体系统中的有效性。为此,实验使用复制先前在小鼠中描述的抗原特异性CD8+T淋巴细胞免疫反应诱导的基础机制的条件建立(21)。共焦显微镜分析的结果与人原代肌肉细胞中转染的DNA载体的产物可以通过工程化外泌体的形成被DC内化的概念一致。此外,来自交叉引发测定的数据表明,为Nefmut或其衍生物掺入而工程化的转染肌细胞的外泌体产生足以产生可良好检测的抗原特异性CTL活性。当使用外泌体生物合成抑制剂时抗原特异性交叉引发受到严重损害的事实与工程化外泌体递送至DC是抗原特异性CTL激活产生的关键步骤的概念一致。总体而言,使用离体细胞获得的结果表明在人类中使用基于Nefmut的CTL疫苗平台没有明显的限制。
基于上述内容,根据本发明的CTL疫苗平台代表了对抗实体瘤的新疗法。破坏对肿瘤相关自身抗原的耐受性以及提高针对肿瘤相关抗原的反应代表了抗肿瘤免疫疗法的下一个前沿(22)。基于根据本发明的工程化内源性外泌体的CTL疫苗平台具有满足两个终点的潜力,因此代表了在CTL免疫方面真正新颖的概念。
这里提出的基于工程化内源性外泌体诱导CTL免疫的策略利用了DNA疫苗典型的生产、储存和递送的简易性与在Nefmut融合时外泌体中上载的抗原的强免疫原性及其在免疫原选择方面的内在极大灵活性结合。
根据本发明,提供了称为“Nefmut穿梭体”的DNA载体,其设想易于插入和表达所选抗原的序列。
从结构的观点来看,根据本发明的DNA载体可以在转录效率(例如通过用更强力的其他启动子替换CMV-IE启动子和/或插入稳定的转录物序列(例如,土拨鼠肝炎病毒转录后调控元件,WPRE)和将“外泌体-锚定蛋白”减少到最小尺寸)方面进行改进,从而有利于与其融合的抗原的并入。
由于根据本发明,外泌体/纳米囊泡可以“体内”工程化以掺入大量的任何抗原,因此本发明的生物技术平台可以对任何易受特定CTL攻击的疾病具有治疗益处。
基于表达根据本发明的与“外泌体-锚定蛋白”Nefmut的融合产物的DNA载体的疫苗接种的治疗目的的用途适用于所有可受益于有效CTL免疫反应的病理。显然,可以工程化的抗原的数量和来源可以相对于待处理的治疗策略进行扩增。
因此,本发明的特定目的是用于疫苗预防和治疗的表达融合蛋白的核苷酸序列或包含所述核苷酸序列的DNA表达载体,所述融合蛋白包含在C-末端与抗原融合的序列SEQID NO:1的外泌体锚定蛋白、或由其组成,其中SEQ ID NO:1是以下序列:
MGCKWSKSSV VGWPAVRERM RRAEPAADGV GAASRDLEKH GAITSSNTAA TNADCAWLEAQEEEEVGFPV TPQVPLRPMT YKAAVDLSHF LKEKGGLEGL IHSQRRQDIL DLWIYHTQGY FPDWQNYPTGPGIRYPLTFG WCYKLVPVEP EKLEEANKGE NTSLLHPVSL HGMDDPGREV LEWRFDSRLA FHHVARELHPEYFKNC。
根据本发明的核苷酸序列或DNA表达载体可以优选肌肉内施用;其他施用途径可以是气雾剂施用(即,施用于上呼吸道)、皮内、粘膜、sub-cute施用。
抗原可以选自人乳头瘤病毒抗原(如E6和E7)、HIV抗原(如Gag和Tat)、埃博拉病毒抗原(如VP24、VP40、NP和GP)、西尼罗河病毒抗原(如NS3)、HBV抗原(如Core)、HCV抗原(如Core、NS3、E1和E2)、克里米亚-刚果病毒抗原(如GP和NP)、甲型流感病毒抗原(如NP和M1)、人黑素瘤抗原(如MAGE-A3和MART-1)、人肿瘤相关抗原(如Her2/Neu、Hox B7)。
如上所述,表达序列SEQ ID NO:1的外泌体锚定蛋白的核苷酸序列可以是以下核苷酸序列SEQ ID NO:2(Nefmut核苷酸序列):atg ggt tgc aag tgg tca aaa agt agt gtggtt gga tgg cct gct gta agg gaa aga atg aga cga gct gag cca gca gca gat ggggtg gga gca gca tct cga gac cta gaa aaa cat gga gca atc aca agt agc aat acagca gct acc aat gct gat tgt gcc tgg cta gaa gca caa gag gag gag gag gtg ggtttt cca gtc aca cct cag gta cct tta aga cca atg act tac aag gca gct gta gatctt agc cac ttt tta aaa gaa aag ggg gga ctg gaa ggg cta att cac tcc caa cgaaga caa gat atc ctt gat ctg tgg atc tac cac aca caa ggc tac ttc cct gat tggcag aac tac aca cca gga cca ggg gtt aga tat cca ctg acc ttt gga tgg tgc tacaag cta gta cca gtt gag cca gag aag tta gaa gaa gcc aac aaa gga gag aac accagc ttg tta cac cct gtg agc ctg cat gga atg gat gac ccg gcg aga gaa gtg ttagag tgg agg ttt gac agc cgc cta gca ttt cat cac gtg gcc cga gag ctg cat ccggag tac ttc aag aac tgc tga
根据本发明的核苷酸序列或DNA表达载体可用于预防和治疗选自慢性传染病(如HBV、HCV和HIV)、结核病和疟疾、急性传染病(如流感、西尼罗河、克里米亚-刚果出血热和埃博拉病)、肿瘤(如乳腺、肺、前列腺或膀胱肿瘤)的疾病。
本发明还涉及一种药物组合物,其包含以下物质或由以下物质组成:与一种或多种药物学上可接受的赋形剂和/或佐剂(如CD8+T细胞反应的佐剂(例如,IscomatrixTM佐剂))结合的表达融合蛋白的核苷酸序列或包含所述核苷酸序列的DNA表达载体,所述融合蛋白包含在C-末端与抗原融合的序列SEQ ID NO:1的外泌体锚定蛋白、或由其组成,其中SEQ ID NO:1是以下序列:
MGCKWSKSSV VGWPAVRERM RRAEPAADGV GAASRDLEKH GAITSSNTAA TNADCAWLEAQEEEEVGFPV TPQVPLRPMT YKAAVDLSHF LKEKGGLEGL IHSQRRQDIL DLWIYHTQGY FPDWQNYPTGPGIRYPLTFG WCYKLVPVEP EKLEEANKGE NTSLLHPVSL HGMDDPGREV LEWRFDSRLA FHHVARELHPEYFKNC。
如上所述,抗原可以选自人乳头瘤病毒抗原(如E6和E7)、HIV抗原(如Gag和Tat)、埃博拉病毒抗原(如VP24、VP40、NP和GP)、西尼罗河病毒抗原(如NS3)、HBV抗原(如Core)、HCV抗原(如Core、NS3、E1和E2)、克里米亚-刚果病毒抗原(如NP和GP);甲型流感病毒抗原(如NP和M1);人黑素瘤抗原(如MAGE-A3和MART-1)、人肿瘤相关抗原(如Her2/Neu、Hox B7)。
根据本发明的实施方案,表达序列SEQ ID NO:1的外泌体锚定蛋白的核苷酸序列可以是以下的序列SEQ ID NO:2:atg ggt tgc aag tgg tca aaa agt agt gtg gtt ggatgg cct gct gta agg gaa aga atg aga cga gct gag cca gca gca gat ggg gtg ggagca gca tct cga gac cta gaa aaa cat gga gca atc aca agt agc aat aca gca gctacc aat gct gat tgt gcc tgg cta gaa gca caa gag gag gag gag gtg ggt ttt ccagtc aca cct cag gta cct tta aga cca atg act tac aag gca gct gta gat ctt agccac ttt tta aaa gaa aag ggg gga ctg gaa ggg cta att cac tcc caa cga aga caagat atc ctt gat ctg tgg atc tac cac aca caa ggc tac ttc cct gat tgg cag aactac aca cca gga cca ggg gtt aga tat cca ctg acc ttt gga tgg tgc tac aag ctagta cca gtt gag cca gag aag tta gaa gaa gcc aac aaa gga gag aac acc agc ttgtta cac cct gtg agc ctg cat gga atg gat gac ccg gcg aga gaa gtg tta gag tggagg ttt gac agc cgc cta gca ttt cat cac gtg gcc cga gag ctg cat ccg gag tacttc aag aac tgc tga。
药物组合物可以优选通过肌肉内施用来施用;其他施用途径可以是气雾剂施用(即,施用于上呼吸道)、皮内、粘膜、sub-cute施用。
此外,本发明涉及如上所述用于疫苗预防和治疗的药物组合物,例如,用于预防和治疗选自慢性传染病(如HBV、HCV和HIV)、结核病和疟疾、急性传染病(如流感、西尼罗河、克里米亚-刚果出血热和埃博拉病)、肿瘤(如乳腺、肺、前列腺或膀胱肿瘤)的疾病。
根据本发明的核苷酸序列、DNA表达载体或包含其的药物组合物可用于医学领域以及兽医学领域。
附图说明
现在将根据其优选的实施方式,特别参照附图,通过说明性的而非限制性的方式来描述本发明,其中:
图1显示了通过接种基于Nefmut的DNA载体诱导的CTL激活的基础机制的方案。在注射表达与Nefmut融合的抗原的DNA载体后,转染的肌细胞释放未修饰的和工程化的外泌体。后者的内容物一旦被APC内化并交叉呈递,则诱导对于内源性工程化外泌体中上载的抗原特异性的CD8+T淋巴细胞的激发/激活。
图2显示了转染的鼠肌细胞的上清液中工程化外泌体的检测。
A.用Nefmut/GFP或NefG2A/GFP表达载体转染后两天,人293T和鼠C2C12肌细胞的FACS分析。M1标记通过模拟转染细胞的分析确定的阳性范围。报告了阳性细胞的百分比。B.通过来自相同数量(即5×106)的293T和C2C12转染细胞的上清液的差异离心回收的外泌体的AchE活性的定量。C.来自293T和C2C12转染细胞的外泌体的Western印迹分析。在细胞裂解物和外泌体中均检测到基于Nef的产物,而β-肌动蛋白和Alix分别作为细胞裂解物和外泌体的标志物。箭头标示相关的蛋白质产物。分子标志物以kDa给出。D.来自C2C12转染细胞的外泌体的FACS分析。通过FACS在正向/侧向散射(上图)和GFP荧光(下图)方面分析了来自用Nefmut-GFP-或NefG2A-GFP-表达载体转染的C2C12细胞的10mU外泌体。四分图(quadrants)表示检测到的颗粒物的尺寸(上图),或通过来自模拟转染细胞的外泌体的分析计算的阳性率范围。结果代表两个独立的实验。
图3显示了来自接种Nefmut表达DNA载体的小鼠的血浆中的荧光纳米囊泡的检测。A.接种所示DNA载体的小鼠的肌肉组织中GFP相关产物表达的分析。放大倍数:40×。B.给C57 BI/6小鼠i.m.接种表达所示产物的DNA载体,并且在3和9天后,通过差速离心从血浆中分离外泌体。然后,将等量(即,1mU)的外泌体与不含表面活性剂的白色醛/硫酸盐乳胶珠结合,并且最后测定它们的荧光。作为对照,使用从用Nefmut-GFP载体瞬时转染的293T细胞的上清液分离的10μU外泌体(Ctrl+)。四分图基于未处理珠的荧光设定。显示了阳性事件的百分比。结果表示两个测定。
图4显示了Nefmut/E7DNA载体接种在没有抗体产生的情况下诱导E7特异性CD8+T细胞免疫反应。用表达E7或Nefmut/E7的DNA载体或用空载体接种的小鼠中的CD8+T细胞免疫反应。C57 BI/6小鼠(每组六只)用不同的DNA载体接种两次。将从小鼠回收的脾细胞与或不与5μg/ml的不相关物(未显示)、E7或Nef特异性九聚物(nonamer)一起孵育。通过用105个细胞/孔一式三份进行的IFN-γElispot测定评估细胞激活程度。作为对照,未处理的细胞也与5ng/ml的PMA和500ng/ml的离子霉素一起孵育。显示了用来自每只接种小鼠的脾细胞接种的一式三份孔的IFN-γ斑点形成细胞(SFU)/105细胞的数量。还报告了SFU的组间平均值+SD。结果表示三个独立的实验。*p<0.05。B.用来自用所示载体接种的小鼠的CD8+T细胞进行的CTL测定。将从不同接种小鼠的脾细胞分离的CD8+T细胞汇合,并用预先用CFSE标记并用不相关肽或E7肽预处理16h的EL-4细胞以不同细胞比率(即,20:1至5:1)培养6小时。6小时后,通过在7-AAD标记下的FACS分析对EL-4细胞死亡率水平进行评分。显示的是表示四个独立实验的结果。C.来自用所示的DNA载体接种的小鼠血浆中的抗E7抗体检测。作为内部阳性对照标准(Ctrl+),使用1:10,000稀释的来自注射10μg重组E7或Nef蛋白加佐剂的小鼠的血浆。显示了从每组六只小鼠汇集的三份血浆的平均吸光度值+SD。
图5显示了wtNef表达DNA载体的注射不能在小鼠中引发Nef特异性CD8+T细胞免疫反应。用表达wtNef、Nefmut的DNA载体或用空载体接种的小鼠中的Nef特异性CD8+T细胞免疫反应。C57 BI/6小鼠(每组四只)用DNA载体i.m.接种两次,并在最后免疫接种后10天,处死小鼠并将脾细胞在不相关肽或Nef特异性九聚物不存在或存在的情况下在IFN-γElispot微孔中培养16小时。作为对照,未处理的细胞也与5ng/ml的PMA和500ng/ml离子霉素一起孵育。显示了SFU/105细胞的平均值+SD数。结果表示两个独立的实验。*p<0.05。
图6显示了注射了来自接种了Nefmut/E7DNA载体的小鼠的外泌体的小鼠中诱导的E7特异性CD8+T细胞免疫。接种了从先前注射表达E7、Nefmut/E7的载体或空载体的同源小鼠血浆分离的外泌体的小鼠中的CD8+T细胞免疫反应。C57 BI/6小鼠(8只一组,供体小鼠)用所示的DNA载体接种两次,且最后一次接种后10天,从眼眶后采血回收PBMC,并在IFN-γElispot测定中测试E7特异性CD8+T细胞反应的存在(上图)。两天后,处死小鼠,并通过差速离心从血浆中分离外泌体。然后使用等量的这些外泌体接种同源小鼠(每组3只)三次。最后一次接种后10天,回收脾细胞,并通过一式三份进行的IFN-γElispot测定评估CD8+T细胞激活程度(下图)。
在所有IFN-γElispot测定中,细胞也与5ng/ml的PMA和500ng/ml离子霉素一起孵育。显示了SFU/105细胞的平均值+SD数。结果表示了两个独立的实验。*p<0.05。
图7显示了由i.m.接种Nefmut/E7DNA载体诱导的治疗性抗肿瘤作用。C57 BI/6小鼠用2×105TC-1细胞激发,并且在4天后,当通过触诊可检测到肿瘤块时,接种表达Nefmut/E7的DNA载体(7只小鼠)或作为对照的Nefmut、空载体或媒介(每组4只小鼠)。肿瘤细胞植入后第11天重复DNA接种,并且随时间追踪肿瘤团块的生长。A.在最后一次免疫后7天从眼眶后采血回收并在不相关肽或E7肽存在下培养16小时的PBMC中通过IFN-γElispot分析测定的E7特异性CD8+T细胞反应。作为对照,PBMC还用5ng/ml PMA和500ng/ml离子霉素孵育。显示了用来自每只接种小鼠的脾细胞接种的一式三份孔的SFU/105细胞的数量。B.在30天观察时间期间的肿瘤大小测定。C.注射Nefmut或Nefmut/E7DNA载体的小鼠在处死时肿瘤的重量测量。
显示了对于每只接种的小鼠检测的值。结果表示两个独立的实验。
图8显示了转染细胞上清液中用HER2/neu ECD工程化的外泌体的检测。用表达Nefmut、Nefmut/HER2ECD的载体或无效载体转染的293T细胞培养物的细胞裂解物和外泌体的Western印迹分析。在细胞和外泌体中均检测到基于Nef的产物,而β-肌动蛋白和Alix分别作为细胞裂解物和外泌体的标志物。箭头标示着相关的蛋白质产物。分子标志物以kDa给出。结果表示五个独立的实验。
图9显示了来自接种小鼠的血浆中抗-HER2/neu抗体的检测。将来自注射表达Nefmut或Nefmut/HER2-ECD的载体的小鼠的血浆与两天前用HER2/neu表达载体转染的293T细胞一起孵育。与二抗Ab孵育后,细胞固定并进行FACS分析。作为阳性对照,使用来自注射组成型过表达HER2/neu的676-1-25肿瘤细胞(HER2/neu细胞)的裂解物的小鼠的血浆和抗HER2/neu mAb(Ctrl+)。结果表示为使用来自每只注射小鼠的血浆通过FACS检测的平均荧光强度(MFI)的平均值+SD,并且表示两个测定。
图10显示了注射表达Nefnut/HER2-ECD的DNA载体时小鼠中诱导的HER2/neu特异性CD8+T细胞免疫的检测。用表达Nefmut或Nefmut/HER2-ECD的DNA载体或用空载体(无效)接种的小鼠中的CD8+T细胞免疫反应。将129Sv-Neu T小鼠(每组5只)i.m.接种不同的DNA载体两次。处死时,将105个脾细胞在一式两份或一式三份的IFN-γElispot微孔中有或没有5μg/ml的不相关肽、Nef-或HER2-ECD特异性九聚物的情况下o.n.孵育。作为对照,细胞也在不存在肽(Nil)的情况下孵育。显示了IFN-γ斑点形成单位(SFU)/105的平均数+SD。结果表示了三个独立的实验。*p<0.05。在底部,显示了来自代表性测定的显影的IFN-γElispot板。
图11显示了DNA注射小鼠中诱导的HER2/neu-特异性CD8+T细胞免疫的检测与抗原特异性CTL活性偶联。用来自接种了所示载体的小鼠的CD8+T细胞进行CTL测定。CD8+T细胞从汇合的脾细胞分离,以10:1的细胞比率与先前用CFSE标记并用不相关肽、Nef-或HER2-ECD特异性肽处理16h的TC-1细胞一式两份培养6小时。6h后,在7-AAD标记时通过FACS分析对TC-1细胞死亡率进行评分。显示了从三个独立实验计算的平均值+SD。*p<0.05。背景条件(即,来自天然小鼠的CD8+T淋巴细胞与未处理的TC-1细胞的共培养物)的平均值:8.1±3.5。在底部,显示了来自共培养物的FACS分析的代表性点图。显示了双重荧光在总CFSE阳性细胞上的百分比。
图12显示了通过接种Nefmut/HER2-ECD DNA载体诱导的抗肿瘤作用。在15和17周龄时,用所示的DNA载体或媒介(Nil)接种129Sv-NeuT小鼠(每组5只)两次。A.肿瘤发生率,表示为具有至少一个直径>1mm肿瘤的小鼠的数量。B.肿瘤多重性,计算为肿瘤累积数/小鼠总数+SD。数据表示三个独立的实验。
图13显示了人原代骨骼肌细胞释放的外泌体在iDC中的内化。
A.用表达GFP、Nefmut/GFP的载体或空载体转染后2天SKMC的FACS分析。显示了在五个代表独立实验中检测的GFP荧光水平。显示了GFP阳性细胞的百分比。M1:阳性率范围。B.包含iDC和用表达GFP或Nefmut/GFP的DNA载体转染的SKMC的共培养物的共焦显微镜分析,后者在GW4869和螺环氧化物(spiroepoxide)存在或不存在下进行。在分析之前,载玻片用DAPI(蓝色荧光)和抗CD45mAb(红色荧光)染色。对于包含Nefmut/GFP转染的SKMC的共培养物,报告了相同视野的两个切片,第一个突出显示CD45阳性细胞(上图,黑色箭头),而在底部图像中,指示了表达Nefmut/GFP的SKMC(深绿色箭头)和荧光累积到iDC中的区域(白色箭头)。
图14显示了通过用表达基于Nefmut的DNA载体的肌细胞共培养的人DC引发的Nef特异性CTL活性。A.交叉引发分析的方案。SKMC进行转染,并且在48小时后,与iDC共培养,其在另外24小时后分离并成熟。然后将自体PBL加入mDC中,并且共培养进行7天。然后,重复PBL刺激,并且在另外7天后,分离CD8+T淋巴细胞并通过与同基因靶细胞共培养在CTL测定中进行测试。B.来自亲本或Nefmut稳定转染的MCF-7细胞的细胞裂解物的Western印迹分析。将过滤器与抗Nef或抗-β肌动蛋白Ab一起孵育。箭头标示相关的蛋白质产物。分子标志物以kDa给出。C.通过将激发的CD8+T淋巴细胞与表达或不表达Nefmut的MCF-7细胞以10:1的细胞比率共培养进行的CTL测定。结果表示为从三个独立实验的三重条件计算的平均值+SD。*p<0.05。背景条件(即,天然CD8+T淋巴细胞与MCF-7的共培养物)的平均值:11.9±5。
图15显示外泌体合成抑制剂的处理阻断了由从转染的SKMC的共培养物分离的DC诱导的交叉引发。SKMC用表达Nefmut/MART-1融合产物的DNA载体转染,2天后,在GW4869和螺环氧化物存在或不存在的情况下与iDC共培养。16小时后,分离iDC,成熟,并与自体PBL共培养。在两个刺激循环后,分离CD8+T淋巴细胞并在CTL测定中通过与先前用不相关或MART-1特异性肽处理的CFSE标记的同基因B-LCL的10:1共培养来激发。显示了从三个独立实验的三重条件计算的靶细胞死亡率的平均百分比+SD。背景条件(即,天然CD8+T淋巴细胞与未处理同基因B-LCL的共培养)的平均值:7.3±2.1。
具体实施方式
实施例1:通过DNA接种产生的体内工程化外泌体引发的抗肿瘤HPV E7特异性CTL活性的研究
材料和方法
分子构建体和细胞培养物
所有分子构建体均基于IE-CMV启动的载体。已经描述了表达Nefmut(13)、Nefmut-GFP(13)、NefG2A-GFP(23)、wtNef(24)和HPV-E7(25)的载体的构建。将293T、鼠肌肉C2C12和表达HPV-E7的TC-1肿瘤细胞在Dulbecco’s改良的Eagle's培养基加10%热灭活胎牛血清(FCS)中生长。使用基于Lipofectamine 2000的方法进行转染试验,其在C2C12细胞的情况中,通过在新胰蛋白酶化的细胞上添加脂质体来改进。小鼠脾细胞和EL-4细胞,即,最初从9,10-二甲基-1,2-苯并蒽处理时的C57BI/6小鼠获得的鼠胸腺淋巴瘤CD4+T细胞,在补充有10%FCS的RPMI培养基中培养。
外泌体分离、检测和表征
通过差速离心从细胞上清液分离外泌体。详细地,将上清液以500×g离心10分钟。然后,将上清液进行由10,000×g下30分钟的第一超速离心组成的差速离心。然后收集上清液,用0.22μM孔径过滤,并以70,000×g超速离心1小时。将沉淀的囊泡重悬于1×PBS中,并再次以70,000×g离心1h。然后,将沉淀重悬于1:100的初始体积的1×PBS中。以相似的方式从接种小鼠的血浆回收外泌体,除了样品在开始离心之前5倍稀释,其运行时间加倍。按照制造商的推荐,通过Amplex Red试剂盒(Molecular Probes)测量乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)(即经典外泌体标志物)的活性来评估回收的外泌体的量。AchE活性作为mU/mL来测量,其中1mU定义为在pH 8.0和37℃下每分钟将1皮摩尔乙酰胆碱水解为胆碱和乙酸酯的酶量。
来自转染细胞培养物的荧光外泌体通过FACS(Gallios,Beckman Coulter)直接检测,或者在从血浆分离的外泌体的情况下,在与醛/硫酸盐乳胶珠(Invitrogen MolecularProbes)结合时进行分析。为此,将样品与5μl珠在室温下在旋转平板上孵育过夜,然后洗涤,重悬于1×PBS-2%v/v甲醛中,并进行FACS分析.
对于外泌体的western印迹分析,将等量的纳米囊泡在抗蛋白水解剂存在下在PBS,1%Trion X-100中裂解,和然后能去10%SDS-PAGE分离。同时,通过用1×PBS(pH 7.4)洗涤细胞两次并用裂解缓冲液(20mM HEPES pH 7.9,50mM NaCl,10mM EDTA,2mM EGTA,0.5%非离子型去污剂IGEPAL CA-630,补充有抗蛋白水解剂)在冰上裂解20分钟,对转染细胞的裂解物进行western印迹分析。将全细胞裂解物在4℃下以6,000×g离心10分钟。通过Lowry蛋白定量分析测定了细胞提取物的蛋白质浓度。通过10%SDS-PAGE解析等分试样的30至50μg总蛋白质。蛋白质使用Bio-Rad Trans-Blot通过在0.45μm孔径的硝酸纤维素膜(Amersham)上的电印迹过夜来转移。滤器使用1:1000稀释的绵羊抗Nef抗血清ARP 444(M.Harris,University of Leeds,Leeds,UK惠赠)以及来自Sigma的1:250稀释的抗β肌动蛋白AC-74mAb和来自Santa Cruz的抗Alix H-270多克隆Ab来显示。
小鼠免疫和IFN-γ产生CD8+T淋巴细胞的检测
在此所述的所有动物研究均已根据Legislative Decree 116/92获得EthicalCommittee of Istituto Superiore di Sanità,Rome,Italy的批准(协议n.555/SA/2012),所述法令已在意大利实施关于实验室动物保护的欧盟指令86/609/EEC。研究中使用的动物已根据上述立法中插入的指南进行饲养和处理。C57 BI/6小鼠购自Charles RiverLaboratories,并用每条后腿无内毒素的Qiagen试剂盒纯化的50μg质粒DNA以10天间隔i.m接种两次。小鼠还皮下(s.c.)接种6mU AchE活性当量的从以10天间隔注射DNA载体三次并在最后一次免疫后10天处死的小鼠的血浆纯化的外泌体。为了检测E7-和Nef-特异性CD8+T细胞免疫反应,将脾细胞在5μg/ml的HPV-E7或HIV-1 Nef 8-或9-mer肽的存在下置于IFN-γElispot微孔(Millipore)培养中,所述肽早已鉴定为有效结合C57 BI/6小鼠的H-2Kb复合物,即对于E7(HPV-16 Gene Bank登录号n.AAD33252.1)的DLYCYEQL(aa 21-28)(SEQ IDNO:3)和RAHYNIVTF(aa 49-57)(SEQ ID NO:4),以及对于Nef(HIV-1,F12株,登录号EMBLZ11530)的TAATNADCA(aa 48-56)(SEQ ID NO:5)。将结合HPV E6特异性KLPQLCTEL(aa.18-26)(SEQ ID NO:6)和YDFAFRDL(aa 50-57)(SEQ ID NO:7)肽(HPV-16Gene Bank登录号n.AAD33253.1)的H-2Kb用作不相关肽。在o.n.孵育后,IFN-γElispot平板(Mabtech AB)显影,并且斑点形成细胞使用Elispot阅读器(A.EL.VIS.Elispot reader and Analysissoftware GmbH)分析和计数。
荧光显微镜分析
为了通过荧光显微镜进行分析,来自接种小鼠四头肌的7μM切片通过冷冻切片机(Leika CM 3050)切片进行制备并置于载玻片上。然后将切片与4',6'-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI,Vector Laboratories)以及抗褪色封固介质一起孵育。最后,将盖玻片安装在载玻片上,其然后用Zeiss Axioskop 2Plus荧光显微镜观察。
CTL测定
通过阳性免疫磁性选择(Miltenyi Biotec)从接种小鼠的脾细胞分离CD8+T细胞。将它们在RPMI 10%FCS中与预先用羧基荧光素琥珀酰亚胺酯(CFSE,Invitrogen)标记并用E7或无关肽处理过夜的EL-4细胞共培养6小时。共培养物在U形底96孔板中的200μl RPMI20%中以不同细胞比率(即,20:1至5:1效应细胞/靶细胞)进行。然后,在以终浓度1μg/ml添加7-AAD后不久,通过FACS分析对EL-4细胞死亡率进行评分。
血浆中抗E7和抗Nef抗体的检测
合并来自接种小鼠的血浆,并测定从1:10开始的两倍连续稀释液的抗-E7Ab的存在。终点稀释对应于450nm处的<0.1OD吸光度。每份血浆一式三份进行测定,并将吸光度值的平均值作为最终读数。重组E7和Nef均用于测定。将蛋白质在4℃下在碳酸盐缓冲液(pH9.4)中以0.25g/孔浓度过夜吸附至Maxisorp微量滴定平板(NUNC)中。在含有3%脱脂奶粉(NFDM)的PBS中37℃下2h的封闭步骤后,将平板在37℃下与1%NFDM-PBS中的100μL连续稀释的血浆一起孵育1小时。使用四甲基联苯胺作为底物通过过氧化物酶偶联的山羊抗小鼠IgG(GE Healthcare Ltd)检测特异性抗原-抗体复合物。在室温下30min后,通过加入50μl的1M硫酸/孔终止酶反应。在自动洗涤器中用200μl/孔的含0.05%Tween-20的PBS进行洗涤步骤。
Nefmut/E7外泌体的抗肿瘤作用
在先前用2×105TC-1细胞激发的小鼠中评估由接种Nefmut/E7表达载体诱导的抗肿瘤活性。按照以上记载的方案,在肿瘤细胞激发后4和11天进行DNA接种,并且仅在产生可触知肿瘤的小鼠中进行。通过视觉检查、触诊和以(长度×宽度2)/2计算的肿瘤结节直径的测量来监测肿瘤生长。在观察时间结束时,分离肿瘤并称重。
统计学分析
适当时,数据表示为平均值+标准偏差(SD)。在某些情况下,使用配对Student’s T检验并使用非参数Wilcoxon秩和检验进行验证。p<0.05被认为是显著的。
结果
由DNA转染的鼠肌细胞释放的工程化外泌体的检测
肌细胞代表了体内施用时异位DNA的有效和稳定表达的理想靶标。目的是在体内表达基于Nefmut的DNA载体以工程化由表达接种的DNA的细胞组成型释放的外泌体。预期这些内源性外泌体在诱导抗原特异性CTL免疫反应方面显示出至少与组织培养物中产生的那些相似的特征。
如早已在不同来源的人细胞类型中评估的,已经初步研究了鼠肌细胞中Nefmut表达DNA载体的内化是否足以产生工程化外泌体。值得注意的是,鼠肌细胞释放具有外泌体样特征的纳米囊泡,然而其生物发生不同于MVB生成的外泌体。为了清楚起见,将由鼠肌细胞释放的外泌体样纳米囊泡在此定义为外泌体。
将鼠C2C12肌细胞和作为对照的人293T细胞用表达在Nefmut或已经表征为不足以与外泌体结合的Nef亚型(即Nefc2A)的C末端融合的GFP的载体转染(26)。监测转染的细胞培养物相应的转染效率(图2A),其在肌细胞中表现为超过293T细胞中检测到的50%。收集上清液,并通过差速离心分离外泌体。外泌体制备物然后就AchE活性进行滴定(图2B)。无论转染条件如何,两种细胞类型产生明显相似水平的AchE阳性纳米囊泡。等量外泌体的western印迹分析显示,用Nefmut-GFP而非NefG2A-GFP载体转染的293T和C2C12细胞的外泌体中Nef衍生分子的存在(图2C)。外泌体制备物的FACS分析证实了荧光与从用Nefmut-GFP而非NefG2A-GFP转染的C2C12细胞回收的纳米囊泡的相关性(图2D)。
总之,已经证明了由鼠肌细胞释放的外泌体样纳米囊泡可以通过Nefmut衍生物进行工程化,如先前在上皮样转化人293T细胞中所证明的。
在来自DNA接种小鼠的血浆的外泌体中可以检测到Nefmut衍生的产物
基于用鼠肌细胞获得的体外结果,已尝试体内基于Nefmut的载体的表达。为此,将50μg的Nefmut-GFP、NefG2A-GFP或空载体接种于C57 BI/6小鼠的每个股四头肌中。三天后,处死多个接种的小鼠并将其腿冷冻保存。然后,从接种区获得的切片分析GFP相关产物的表达。与已经描述的Nef及其突变体/衍生物的特征一致,Nefmut明显累积在质膜上,同时也以细胞内点状模式布置。不同的是,由于缺乏N-末端豆蔻酰化,NefG2A突变体以更扩散的胞质内分布布置(图3A)。接种后3天和9天,从剩余的接种小鼠中回收血浆,并通过差速离心分离外泌体。外泌体制备物然后就AchE活性进行滴定,并将相同量的外泌体与白色醛/硫酸盐乳胶珠结合。通过这种方法,甚至可以通过FACS分析检测到稀有荧光的纳米囊泡。在注射Nefmut-GFP而非NefG2A-GFP载体后3天和9天,在包含从小鼠血浆分离的外泌体的样品中对阳性信号进行评分(图3B)。这些结果表明,在小鼠中接种表达Nefmut-衍生物的载体可以导致工程化外泌体的产生。
i.m.接种表达Nefmut/E7的DNA载体时HPV-E7特异性CTL反应
接着,评估通过接种表达Nefmut-衍生物的DNA载体产生的工程化外泌体中上载的抗原的免疫原性。为此,C57 BI/6小鼠(每组6只)在每条后腿中用50μg单独表达Nefmut或E7的载体或用空载体i.m.接种。值得注意的是,注射单独表达E7的载体后的免疫反应的分析有助于评估Nefmut-融合体在CD8+T细胞免疫原性方面的益处。10天后重复接种,且再10天后处死小鼠,并且脾细胞在不相关肽、Nef-或E7-特异性H-2Kb九聚物存在下在IFN-γElispot微孔中o.n.培养。在使用不相关肽的培养物中观察到的CD8+T细胞激活水平保持在背景水平,并且与不存在肽的情况下培养的脾细胞中检测到的水平(未显示)相似。另一方面,用E7或Nef九聚物孵育后,来自接种Nefmut/E7表达载体的小鼠的脾细胞中可清楚地检测到细胞激活(图4A)。相反,无论使用何种肽,在来自接受E7表达载体或空载体的小鼠的脾细胞的培养物中均未检测到CD8+T细胞反应。
为了评估CD8+T细胞反应是否与可测量的CTL活性相关,从脾细胞库分离CD8+T细胞,然后以不同的细胞比率(即,20:1到5:1)与用不相关肽或E7九聚物o.n.预处理的CFSE标记的EL-4细胞共培养6h。然后,共培养物用7-AAD标记,并通过FACS分析评估靶细胞的死亡率水平。图4B中报告的结果显示了包含仅来自接种Nefmut/E7-表达载体的小鼠的CD8+T淋巴细胞与用E7特异性九聚物预处理的EL-4的20:1和10:1共培养物中靶细胞死亡率的明显增加。该结果证明,通过IFN-γElispot测定在接种Nefmut/E7-表达载体的小鼠中检测的激活CD8+T淋巴细胞具有E7特异性细胞毒性活性。值得注意的是,在用单独表达E7的载体接种的小鼠的血浆中仅检测到抗E7抗体(图4C)。
总之,这些数据表明i.m.接种表达与Nefmut融合的异源抗原的载体导致在没有抗体产生的情况下诱导强烈的抗原特异性CTL反应。
表达野生型Nef亚型的DNA载体的接种不引发Nef特异性CD8+T细胞激活
结果提供了i.m.注射表达Nefmut-衍生物的DNA载体导致与诱导针对掺入外泌体中的外来抗原的CTL反应相关的上载Nefmut产物的外泌体的产生的证据。为了支持外泌体中高水平的Nefmut掺入必须引发抗原特异性CD8+T细胞反应的观点,然而通过用表达野生型Nef亚型的载体接种小鼠来复制免疫原性实验,所述载体与Nefmut相比以低得多的程度掺入外泌体中(13)。为此,C57 BI/6小鼠(每组4只)在每条后腿i.m.注射50μg表达wtNef或Nefmut的载体或空载体。10天后重复接种,并且再10天后处死小鼠。然后分离脾细胞并在不相关肽或Nef特异性九聚物的存在下,在IFN-γElispot微孔中o.n.培养。如图5中所示,接种表达wtNef的载体的小鼠,与接受Nefmut-载体的小鼠不同,未能产生可检测的CD8+T Nef特异性反应。
这些结果表明,抗原在外泌体中上载的效率对免疫反应的诱导至关重要,也表明wtNef的功能本身并不参与我们观察到的CD8+T细胞激活。
从用表达Nefmut/E7的DNA载体免疫的小鼠的血浆分离的外泌体在同源小鼠中诱导
E7特异性CD8+T细胞反应
为了强化在Nefmut表达载体接种时检测到的CD8+T细胞免疫反应依赖于工程化外泌体的体内产生的假设,对从接种小鼠的血浆中纯化的外泌体在受体天然小鼠中是否具有免疫原性进行评估。为此目的,按照上述详细方案,用表达E7、Nefmut/E7的载体或空载体接种8只小鼠。最后一次免疫后8天,通过眼眶后采血回收PBMC,并置于IFN-γElispot微孔中以检查E7特异性CD8+T细胞反应。如早已观察到的,注射NefmutE7表达载体,而不是单独表达E7的载体,产生可良好检测的E7特异性CD8+T细胞反应(图6A)。合并来自同源组的血浆,并且通过差速离心分离外泌体。然后,就AchE活性对外泌体进行滴定,并以10天的间隔在同基因小鼠中s.c.注射6mU当量AchE活性的外泌体。最后,处死小鼠,并且测试脾细胞的E7特异性CD8+T细胞反应。有趣的是,通过在IFN-γElispot微孔中培养,我们仅在用从注射Nefmut/E7表达载体的小鼠纯化的外泌体接种的小鼠的脾细胞培养物中注意到E7特异性细胞激活(图6B)。
这些结果表明i.m.注射表达Nefmut/E7的DNA导致免疫原性外泌体的产生,因此进一步支持了DNA指导的内源性工程化外泌体产生是基于观察到的强E7特异性CD8+T细胞免疫反应的观点。
通过i.m.接种表达Nefmut/E7的DNA载体诱导的HPV-E7特异性CTL反应的治疗性抗
肿瘤作用
最后,评估了通过注射Nefmut/E7表达载体引发的CD8+T细胞免疫反应在抗肿瘤作用方面的效力。为此,建立了对s.c.接种2×105TC-1细胞的C57 BI/6小鼠的治疗性免疫测定。随后在细胞植入后第4天和第11天给产生了通过触诊可检测到的肿瘤块(即,直径约2mm)的小鼠接种50μg/后腿的表达空载体、Nefmut(每组4只小鼠)或Nefmut/E7(6只小鼠)的载体。作为对照,4只肿瘤植入小鼠仅注射媒介。在第21天,对注射Nefmut-或Nefmut/E7-表达载体的小鼠进行的眼眶后出血用于评估E7特异性CD8+T细胞免疫反应的诱导(图7A)。监测肿瘤生长30天,并且随后处死小鼠,取出肿瘤并称重。图7B清楚地显示,虽然注射对照DNA载体不影响植入的肿瘤细胞的生长,但是其扩增在接种Nefmut/E7载体的小鼠中严重受损,肿瘤细胞仍在3只小鼠中明确清除,如肿瘤重量评估所证实的(图7C)。
从这些数据可以得出结论,表达Nefmut/E7的DNA载体的接种在肿瘤细胞的存在下也引发CD8+T细胞免疫反应。最重要的是,这种免疫反应既强又快,足以强烈抑制之前植入的同基因肿瘤细胞的生长。
总之,这些结果表示了基于Nefmut基内源性外泌体的免疫策略的可能的治疗应用的相关里程碑。
实施例2:通过体内接种表达与Nefmu融合的抗原的载体引发的CD8+T细胞免疫的研究
基于接种表达与Nefmut的C末端融合的抗原的DNA载体的免疫策略也成功应用于多种其他病毒抗原(参见表1)。详细地,按照上述方案,将表达与Nefmut融合的这类抗原的载体注射到C57 BI/6或Balb/c小鼠中。在最后一次接种后10至15天,使用表1中列出的肽对来自注射小鼠的脾细胞进行了IFNγELISPOT测定。
表1.在接种表达与Nefmut融合的不同抗原的载体的小鼠中诱导的抗原特异性CD8+T细胞免疫
a显示了减去背景值的平均值±SD,如从使用四只接种小鼠的脾细胞获得的数据计算的,每只小鼠在一式三份的孔中测试。
该结果支持注射表达与Nefmut融合的抗原的DNA有助于诱导对抗大范围的全长抗原的CTL免疫的观点。
实施例3:乳腺癌中通过根据本发明的体内工程化外泌体引发的CTL活性的研究
材料和方法
分子构建体
通过对从N202.1A细胞(即源自rHER-2/neu转基因的FVB小鼠的细胞系)提取的总RNA进行的RT-PCR回收编码激活的rHER2/neu的细胞外结构域(ECD)的DNA(27)。使用以下在各自的5'末端包含Nhe I和Eco RI限制性位点的引物:正向(正好在信号肽下游)5'CTAGCTAGCACCCAAGTGTGTACCGGC 3'(SEQ ID NO:18);反向:5'CCGGAATTCTCAGTGGGTCAGTTGATGGG 3'(SEQ ID NO:19)。为了获得表达Nefmut/HER2-ECD融合产物的载体,PCR产物被Nhe I/Eco RI切割,并且在Nhe I/Eco RI消化的表达Nefmut的基于pcDNA3的载体的3'末端框内插入。通过该策略,预期大鼠和小鼠HER2-ECD序列两者在所得分子构建体中与Nefmut融合。选择基于rHER2/neu序列的存在进行。已经描述了表达Nefmut、Nefmut/GFP和Nefmut/MART-1的载体(13)。表达rHER2/neu的IE-CMV促进载体由A.Amici,University of Urbino,Italy友情提供。
细胞培养物和转染
将293T、MCF-7、鼠肌肉C2C12(均获自美国典型培养物保藏中心)以及TC-1细胞(28)在Dulbecco’s改良的Eagle’s培养基加10%热灭活的胎牛血清(FCS)中生长。通过基于Lipofectamine 2000的方法(Invitrogen,Thermo Fisher Scientific)进行转染分析,其在C2C12细胞的情况下通过在新鲜胰蛋白酶化的细胞上添加脂质体来改进。HLA-A.02B-LCL(29)、鼠脾细胞和CD8+T淋巴细胞在RPMI培养基加10%FCS中培养。从Lonza获得人原代骨骼肌细胞(SKMC),并用推荐的培养基培养。
通过Fycoll-Hypaque密度梯度从健康供体分离人PBMC。使用免疫磁性单核细胞选择试剂盒(Miltenyi)从PBMC分离单核细胞。使用PE偶联的抗CD-mAb(Becton Dickinson)通过FACS分析测定回收的细胞群体的纯度。在补充有20%FCS、30ng/mL粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)(Serotec Ltd)和500单位/mL IL-4(R&D Systems)的RPMI培养基中培养4-5天时,单核细胞分化成iDC。通过用10ng/mL脂多糖(LPS)的o.n.处理获得了DC成熟。
外泌体制备和纯化
如前所述(30),从转染后48至72小时的293T细胞的上清液开始,通过差异离心分离外泌体。按照制造商的推荐,通过Amplex Red试剂盒(Molecular Probes,ThermoFisher)测量乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE,即经典外泌体标地物)(31)的活性来评估回收的外泌体的量。
Western印迹
如所述的进行了细胞裂解物和外泌体的Western印迹分析(13)。滤器使用1:1000稀释的绵羊抗Nef抗血清ARP 444(MRC)、1:250稀释的来自Sigma的抗-β肌动蛋白AC-74mAb和1:100稀释的来自Santa Cruz的抗Alix H-270多克隆抗体显示。
小鼠模型
本文所述的所有动物研究均已根据Legislative Decree 116/92获得了EthicalCommittee of ISS批准(协议编号n.107/2016-PR),所述法令已在意大利实施关于实验室动物保护的欧盟指令86/609/EEC。我们研究中使用的动物已根据上述法令中插入的指南进行饲养和处理。使用在ISS动物设施中产生和繁殖的129Sv-NeuT转基因小鼠的群落(32)。在这些小鼠中,激活的rHER-2/neu基因由MMLV LTR促进,并且原始雌鼠自发地发展成乳腺癌,在15-20周龄时变得可触知。如所述的,通过PCR常规检查rHER2/neu转基因的存在(32)。小鼠在15和17周龄时i.m.接种每个四头肌50μg用无内毒素Qiagen试剂盒纯化的质粒DNA两次。每周检查一次乳腺用于肿瘤监测。处死携带直径超过30mm肿瘤的小鼠。
抗体检测
将来自接种小鼠的血浆1:20稀释,并在两天前用HER2/neu表达载体转染的293T细胞上测试抗HER2/neu抗体的存在。在4℃下孵育2小时后,洗涤细胞并用FITC偶联的抗小鼠IgG孵育,并在1小时后进行FACS分析。作为阳性对照,使用了1:20稀释的抗HER2/neu mAb克隆7.16.4(Sigma)。
ELISPOT分析
为了检测HER2/neu-和Nef-特异性CD8+T细胞免疫反应,在5μL/ml的HER2/neu或结合129Sv转基因小鼠的H-2Kb复合物的HIV-1 Nef 9-mer肽(即,分别为ILHDGAYSL(aa 436-444)(33)和TAATNADCA(aa 48-56)(34))的存在下,将脾细胞置于IFN-γElispot微孔(Millipore)中。将H-2Kb结合异源肽(35)用作对照。在o.n.孵育后,将IFN-γElispot平板(Mabtech)显影,并计数斑点形成单位(SFU)。
交叉引发分析
用10μg基于Nefmut的或对照载体转染总共106个SKMC。48小时后,将细胞与iDC以1:5的细胞比率共培养,并且在一些情况下,在2μM的外泌体生物合成抑制剂GW4869和螺环氧化物的存在下(36-41)。孵育过夜后,分离iDC并通过LPS处理成熟24小时。之后,洗涤iDC,并以1:10的细胞比率与自体外周血淋巴细胞(PBL)共培养。一周后,重复刺激程序,并且在另外一周后,回收CD8+T细胞用于CTL分析。
CTL分析
通过阳性免疫磁性选择(Miltenyi)从脾细胞分离CD8+T细胞来进行鼠细胞的CTL测定。将它们在RPMI 10%FCS中与之前根据制造商的推荐用羧基荧光素琥珀酰亚胺酯(CFSE,Invitrogen,Thermo Fisher)标记的TC-1细胞共培养6小时,并用HER2/neu、Nef或不相关肽处理过夜。共培养在U形底96孔板中的200μL RPMI 20%中以10:1的效应/靶细胞比率进行。此后,在加入终浓度为1μg/ml的7-AAD后不久,通过FACS分析对TC-1细胞死亡率进行评分。除了将MCF-7或B-LCL用作靶细胞外,以类似的方式进行人细胞的CTL分析。
共焦显微镜分析
在存在或不存在GW4869和螺环氧化物的情况下,以1:5的细胞比例进行包含两天前用表达GFP或Nefmut/GFP的载体转染的iDC和SKMC的过夜共培养。此后,首先用抗CD45(即,iDC的标记物)在4℃下染色细胞1小时,然后用Alexa-Fluor 610-偶联的二抗染色。最后,用4',6'二氨基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI,Vector Laboratories)标记共培养物,并在缓冲的甲醛(2%v/v)中固定。用Olympus IX-81装置记录相差和荧光图像。
统计学分析
适当时,数据表示为平均值+标准偏差(SD)。在某些情况下,使用了配对Student’st-检验并使用非参数Wilcoxon秩和检验进行确认。认为p<0.05是显著的。
结果
rHER2/neu的细胞外结构域在与Nefmut融合时在外泌体中有效上载
在IE-CMV促进的真核载体的情况中,除去信号肽的rHER2/neu的ECD在Nefmut的C末端融合。为了检查融合产物的稳定性和外泌体掺入,用表达Nefmut或Nefmut/HER2-ECD的载体或用无效载体瞬时转染293T细胞。48小时后,裂解细胞,并将上清液进行差速离心以分离外泌体。通过western印迹分析细胞和外泌体裂解物(图8)。融合产物看起来是稳定的并在外泌体中以有价值的程度上载。通过转染C2C12鼠肌细胞获得了类似的结果(未显示)。
rHER2/neu转基因小鼠中注射表达Nefmut/HER2-ECD的DNA载体在不存在抗体反应
的情况下诱导特异性CD8+T淋巴细胞激活
已经假定,如早已针对其他基于Nefmut的融合产物证实的(21),在小鼠中i.m.注射Nefmut/HER2-ECD表达载体导致掺入Nefmut/HER2-ECD融合产物的免疫原性的内源性工程化外泌体的产生。问题是这些外泌体的预期CD8+T淋巴细胞免疫原性是否足以破坏对HER2/neu的耐受性。
首先测试了抗HER2/neu抗体的诱导,即已在注射rHER2/neuDNA载体的小鼠中描述的效果(42,43)。为此,HER2/neu转基因小鼠注射表达Nefmut或Nefmut/HER2-ECD的DNA载体(每组3只)。在第二次注射后15天,回收血浆并使用用表达HER2/neu的DNA载体瞬时转染293T作为指示细胞测试抗HER2/neu Ab的存在。如图9中所报告的,HER2/neu特异性抗体在来自注射表达Nefmut/HER2-ECD的DNA载体的小鼠的血浆中不可检测到。不同地,如前所述的(32),Ab在来自注射rHER2/neu表达细胞的裂解物的小鼠的血浆中可检测到。这些结果表现为与我们之前报道的关于缺乏对掺入工程化外泌体中的产物的抗体反应的结果完全一致(14,21)。
接下来,通过用H2b限制性Nef和HER2-ECD九聚物刺激时进行的IFN-γElispot测定分析来自注射小鼠的抗原特异性CD8+T淋巴细胞反应测试脾细胞。如图10中所示,来自注射Nefmut表达DNA的小鼠的脾细胞用Nef肽而非HER2-ECD肽刺激时,检测到淋巴细胞激活。另一方面,Nef和HER2-ECD肽均诱导来自注射Nefmut/HER2-ECD的小鼠的脾细胞培养物中的淋巴细胞激活。测试通过眼眶后采血回收的PBMC获得了类似的结果(未显示)。
这些数据证明了在注射Nefmut/HER2-ECD DNA载体的小鼠中Nef和HER/neu特异性CD8+T淋巴细胞反应的诱导。
注射Nefmut/HER2-ECD表达DNA载体的rHER2/neu转基因小鼠中抗原特异性CTL活性
的诱导
接下来,该研究的目的是评估Nefmut/HER2-ECD表达DNA载体的注射是否可以诱导HER2/neu特异性CTL活性。为此,从接种无效载体或表达Nefmut或Nefmut/HER2-ECD的载体的HER2/neu转基因小鼠的脾细胞分离CD8+T淋巴细胞。然后将CD8+T淋巴细胞与用适当肽预处理的同基因的CFSE标记的TC-1细胞共培养。5小时后,停止共培养,用7-AAD标记,并通过FACS进行分析以评估死TC-1靶细胞的百分比。如图11中所示,当来自注射Nefmut DNA载体的小鼠的CD8+T淋巴细胞与用Nef肽预处理的TC-1共培养时,可检测到靶细胞死亡率的提高。更重要的是,当来自注射Nefmut/HER2-ECD DNA载体的小鼠的CD8+T淋巴细胞与用Nef-或HER2-特异性的H2b限制性肽预处理的TC-1共培养时,CTL活性也很明显。
这些结果在Nefmut/HER2-ECD DNA载体的i.m.递送和HER2/neu-特异性CTL活性的诱导之间建立了关联。
HER2/neu耐受性的破坏与抗肿瘤活性相关
接下来,该研究的目的是评估HER2-ECD特异性CTL活性是否与可检测的抗肿瘤活性相偶联。15周龄仍然没有可触及病变的129Sv-Neu T转基因小鼠注射媒介或表达Nefmut和Nefmut/HER2-ECD的DNA载体。注射两周后重复,并且每周监测可触知肿瘤的出现。如图12中所报告的,Nefmut/HER2-ECD表达DNA的注射与肿瘤发展的显著延迟相关。出于道德原因的要求,在第一个处死时停止监测。
这些数据突出了由DNA i.m.注射诱导的HER2-ECD特异性CTL活性与抗肿瘤活性之间的直接关系。
将CTL疫苗平台转移到人体:通过工程化外泌体诱导抗原特异性CTL活性
为了开辟在临床中利用我们的CTL疫苗平台的可能性,必须证明其在人体系统中的有效性。为此,建立了使用至少部分复制先前在注射Nefmut表达DNA载体的小鼠中所述的抗原特异性CD8+T淋巴细胞免疫反应诱导的基础机制的条件的实验(1)。首先证明了外泌体从转染的肌细胞向iDC的转移。SKMC用GFP或Nefmut/GFP DNA载体转染,并且通过FACS分析检查转染效率(图13A)。在此主题上,先前已经证明了Nefmut/GFP的表达导致荧光外泌体的产生(13)。在转染的SKMC与iDC共培养后,在用抗CD45mAb标记受体iDC时通过共聚焦显微镜分析证明了荧光聚集物在iDC中的存在(图13B,中图)。同时,当使用GFP转染的SKMC时,以及当用外泌体生物合成抑制剂GW4869和螺环氧化物处理共培养物时,CD45+细胞群体内未检测到GFP荧光(图13B,分别左和右图)。该结果支持Nefmut/GFP分子进入iDC中是由外泌体的细胞间传递介导的观点。
接下来,进行如图14A中总结的旨在评估抗原特异性CTL活性诱导的交叉引发分析。详细地,SKMC用表达Nefmut-衍生物的DNA载体转染,然后与HLA-A.02iDC共培养。24小时后,分离iDC,LPS成熟,且然后与自体PBL共培养。成熟(m)DC-PBL共培养进行7天,并且此后分离淋巴细胞并通过添加预先与转染的SKMC共培养的新鲜mDC进行第二刺激循环。另外7天后,从共培养物回收淋巴细胞,分离CD8+T部分,并在用HLA-A.02MCF-7细胞进行的CTL测定的情况下共培养,所述细胞是亲本的或针对稳定表达Nefmut工程化的(图14B)。来自CTL分析的结果(图14C)显示了与通过来自用对照载体转染的SKMC共培养的DC刺激的CD8+T细胞的共培养物中检测到的相比,用通过与Nefmut表达SKMC共培养的DC刺激的CD8+T细胞激发时MCF-7/Nefmut靶细胞的死亡率更高。另一方面,在使用亲本MCF-7作为靶细胞的整个过程中没有检测到抗原特异性CTL活性。
接下来,这些研究扩展到与Nefmut融合的抗原。此外,验证了工程化外泌体的产生是否确实基于抗原特异性CTL活性的诱导。为此,使用表达与MART-1(即,人黑素瘤相关抗原)融合的Nefmut的DNA载体(44),并且按照图14A中描绘的程序,复制了交叉引发分析,除了SKMC-iDC共培养在存在或不存在外泌体生物合成抑制剂GVV4869和螺环氧化物的情况下进行。CTL分析最后通过将CD8+T淋巴细胞与预先用HLA-A.02限制性MART-1(即,AAGIGILTV(SEQ ID NO:20),aa 27-35)(45)或不相关肽处理的HLA-A.02 B-LCL共培养来进行。如图15中所报告的,刺激的CD8+T淋巴细胞显示出MART-1特异性CTL活性。然而,当通过来自与SKMC共培养的DC刺激的CD8+T淋巴细胞在外泌体抑制剂存在下进行分析时,MART-1特异性CTL活性是不可检测的。
这些数据表明通过转染的肌细胞产生针对Nefmut或其衍生物掺入而工程化的外泌体是我们用人类细胞观察到的抗原特异性CTL活性诱导的基础机制的部分。因此,这些发现支持CTL疫苗平台有可能针对肿瘤抗原应用于人体中的观点。
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Claims (12)
1.表达融合蛋白的核苷酸序列或包含所述核苷酸序列的DNA表达载体,所述融合蛋白包含在C末端与免疫原性抗原融合的序列SEQ ID NO:1的外泌体锚定蛋白、或由其组成,其通过诱导CTL免疫反应用于疫苗预防和治疗中,其中SEQ ID NO:1是以下序列:
MGCKWSKSSV VGWPAVRERM RRAEPAADGV GAASRDLEKH GAITSSNTAA TNADCAWLEAQEEEEVGFPV TPQVPLRPMT YKAAVDLSHF LKEKGGLEGL IHSQRRQDIL DLWIYHTQGY FPDWQNYPTGPGIRYPLTFG WCYKLVPVEP EKLEEANKGE NTSLLHPVSL HGMDDPGREV LEWRFDSRLA FHHVARELHPEYFKNC。
2.根据权利要求1的用于所述用途的核苷酸序列或DNA表达载体,其中所述核苷酸序列或DNA表达载体通过肌肉内施用来施用。
3.根据权利要求1-2任一项的用于所述用途的核苷酸序列或DNA表达载体,其中所述抗原选自人乳头瘤病毒抗原如E6和E7,HIV抗原如Gag和Tat,埃博拉病毒抗原如VP24、VP40、NP和GP,西尼罗河病毒抗原如NS3,HBV抗原如Core,HCV抗原如Core、NS3、E1和E2,克里米亚-刚果病毒抗原如GP和NP,甲型流感病毒抗原如NP和M1,人黑素瘤抗原如MAGE-A3和MART-1,人肿瘤相关抗原如Her2/Neu、Hox B7。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项的用于所述用途的核苷酸序列或DNA表达载体,其中表达序列SEQ ID NO:1的外泌体锚定蛋白的核苷酸序列是以下核苷酸序列SEQ ID NO:2:atg ggttgc aag tgg tca aaa agt agt gtg gtt gga tgg cct gct gta agg gaa aga atg agacga gct gag cca gca gca gat ggg gtg gga gca gca tct cga gac cta gaa aaa catgga gca atc aca agt agc aat aca gca gct acc aat gct gat tgt gcc tgg cta gaagca caa gag gag gag gag gtg ggt ttt cca gtc aca cct cag gta cct tta aga ccaatg act tac aag gca gct gta gat ctt agc cac ttt tta aaa gaa aag ggg gga ctggaa ggg cta att cac tcc caa cga aga caa gat atc ctt gat ctg tgg atc tac cacaca caa ggc tac ttc cct gat tgg cag aac tac aca cca gga cca ggg gtt aga tatcca ctg acc ttt gga tgg tgc tac aag cta gta cca gtt gag cca gag aag tta gaagaa gcc aac aaa gga gag aac acc agc ttg tta cac cct gtg agc ctg cat gga atggat gac ccg gcg aga gaa gtg tta gag tgg agg ttt gac agc cgc cta gca ttt catcac gtg gcc cga gag ctg cat ccg gag tac ttc aag aac tgc tga。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一项的用于所述用途的核苷酸序列或DNA表达载体,其用于预防和治疗选自慢性传染病如HBV、HCV和HIV,结核病和疟疾,急性传染病如流感、西尼罗河、克里米亚-刚果出血热和埃博拉病,肿瘤如乳腺、肺、前列腺或膀胱肿瘤的疾病。
6.免疫原性的药物组合物,其包含与一种或多种药物学上可接受的赋形剂和/或佐剂结合的表达融合蛋白的核苷酸序列或包含所述核苷酸序列的DNA表达载体、或由其组成,所述融合蛋白包含在C-末端与抗原融合的序列SEQ ID NO:1的外泌体锚定蛋白、或由其组成,其中SEQ ID NO:1是以下序列:
MGCKWSKSSV VGWPAVRERM RRAEPAADGV GAASRDLEKH GAITSSNTAA TNADCAWLEAQEEEEVGFPV TPQVPLRPMT YKAAVDLSHF LKEKGGLEGL IHSQRRQDIL DLWIYHTQGY FPDWQNYPTGPGIRYPLTFG WCYKLVPVEP EKLEEANKGE NTSLLHPVSL HGMDDPGREV LEWRFDSRLA FHHVARELHPEYFKNC。
7.根据权利要求6的药物组合物,其中所述抗原选自人乳头瘤病毒抗原如E6和E7,HIV抗原如Gag和Tat,埃博拉病毒抗原如VP24、VP40、NP和GP,西尼罗河病毒抗原如NS3,HBV抗原如Core,HCV抗原如Core、NS3、E1和E2,克里米亚-刚果病毒抗原如GP和NP,甲型流感病毒抗原如NP和M1,人黑素瘤抗原如MAGE-A3和MART-1,人肿瘤相关抗原如Her2/Neu、Hox B7。
8.根据权利要求6-7任一项的药物组合物,其中表达序列SEQ ID NO:1的外泌体锚定蛋白的核苷酸序列是以下核苷酸序列SEQ ID NO:2:atg ggt tgc aag tgg tca aaa agt agtgtg gtt gga tgg cct gct gta agg gaa aga atg aga cga gct gag cca gca gca gatggg gtg gga gca gca tct cga gac cta gaa aaa cat gga gca atc aca agt agc aataca gca gct acc aat gct gat tgt gcc tgg cta gaa gca caa gag gag gag gag gtgggt ttt cca gtc aca cct cag gta cct tta aga cca atg act tac aag gca gct gtagat ctt agc cac ttt tta aaa gaa aag ggg gga ctg gaa ggg cta att cac tcc caacga aga caa gat atc ctt gat ctg tgg atc tac cac aca caa ggc tac ttc cct gattgg cag aac tac aca cca gga cca ggg gtt aga tat cca ctg acc ttt gga tgg tgctac aag cta gta cca gtt gag cca gag aag tta gaa gaa gcc aac aaa gga gag aacacc agc ttg tta cac cct gtg agc ctg cat gga atg gat gac ccg gcg aga gaa gtgtta gag tgg agg ttt gac agc cgc cta gca ttt cat cac gtg gcc cga gag ctg catccg gag tac ttc aag aac tgc tga。
9.根据权利要求6-8任一项的药物组合物,其中所述药物组合物是适用于肌肉内施用途径的形式。
10.根据权利要求6-9任一项的药物组合物,其中所述佐剂是CD8+T细胞反应的佐剂。
11.根据权利要求6-10任一项的药物组合物,用于疫苗预防和治疗中。
12.根据权利要求11的药物组合物,其用于根据权利要求11所述的用途,该药物组合物用于选自慢性传染病如HBV、HCV和HIV,结核病和疟疾,急性传染病如流感、西尼罗河、克里米亚-刚果出血热和埃博拉病,肿瘤如乳腺、肺、前列腺或膀胱肿瘤的疾病的预防和治疗。
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IT202000009688A1 (it) | 2020-05-04 | 2021-11-04 | Biovelocita S R L | Proteine di fusione di ancoraggio a esosomi |
WO2021224429A1 (en) | 2020-05-06 | 2021-11-11 | Biovelocita S.R.L | Exosome-anchoring coronavirus fusion proteins and vaccines |
IT202000030740A1 (it) | 2020-12-14 | 2022-06-14 | St Superiore Di Sanita | SEQUENZA NUCLEOTIDICA ESPRIMENTE UNA PROTEINA ANCORANTE VESCICOLE EXTRACELLULARI FUSA AD ANTIGENI DI SARS-CoV-2 E RELATIVA PROTEINA DI FUSIONE PER L’USO COME VACCINO |
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US6534285B1 (en) * | 1984-12-24 | 2003-03-18 | Genentech, Inc. | Molecularly cloned acquired immunodeficiency syndrome polypeptides and their methods of use |
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WO2011159814A2 (en) | 2010-06-15 | 2011-12-22 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Novel live recombinant booster vaccine against tuberculosis |
BR112016023778A2 (pt) | 2014-04-24 | 2017-10-17 | Statens Seruminstitut | proteína de fusão ou coquetel antígeno, uso de uma proteína de fusão ou coquetel antígeno, vacina, e método para a imunização de um animal, incluindo um ser humano, contra a tuberculose causada por micobactérias virulentas |
IT201600101794A1 (it) | 2016-10-11 | 2018-04-11 | St Superiore Di Sanita | Sequenza nucleotidica esprimente una proteina ancorante esosomi per uso come vaccino. |
IT201600131935A1 (it) | 2016-12-29 | 2018-06-29 | Enea Agenzia Naz Per Le Nuove Tecnologie Lenergia E Lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile | Sequenza segnale di proteina vegetale come coadiuvante in vaccini a DNA. |
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DK3389701T3 (da) | 2020-08-03 |
JP2019536473A (ja) | 2019-12-19 |
RU2761642C2 (ru) | 2021-12-13 |
KR102620487B1 (ko) | 2024-01-03 |
BR112019007343A2 (pt) | 2019-10-01 |
US20230364211A1 (en) | 2023-11-16 |
WO2018069947A8 (en) | 2019-07-04 |
CA3040035A1 (en) | 2018-04-19 |
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IL265942B2 (en) | 2023-11-01 |
EP3389701B1 (en) | 2020-04-29 |
HUE050492T2 (hu) | 2020-12-28 |
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