CN110030044A - 用于燃气涡轮构件的热保护系统及方法 - Google Patents

用于燃气涡轮构件的热保护系统及方法 Download PDF

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CN110030044A
CN110030044A CN201811569941.1A CN201811569941A CN110030044A CN 110030044 A CN110030044 A CN 110030044A CN 201811569941 A CN201811569941 A CN 201811569941A CN 110030044 A CN110030044 A CN 110030044A
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component
root portion
seat
ceramic
wall
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CN110030044B (zh
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H-P.博斯曼
J.克鲁科尔斯
H.布兰多
L.博达尼克
R.科恩克
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Ansaldo Energia IP UK Ltd
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    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
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Abstract

一种用于燃气涡轮构件的热保护系统(3)包括燃气涡轮(1)的构件(2)和耦合至构件(2)的壁(5)的耐高温陶瓷元件(4)；陶瓷元件(4)至少包括匹配且接合在构件(2)的壁(5)中形成的中空座(10)的根部部分(7)；根部部分(7)为钎焊入或铸入或粘接入根部部分(7)，使得根部部分(7)和构件(2)的壁(5)机械地互锁，从而限定形状耦合(11)，且还由钎焊或铸造或粘接接头(21)连接。

Description

用于燃气涡轮构件的热保护系统及方法
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请请求享有2017年12月22日提交的欧洲专利申请号17210005.9的优先权，其全部公开内容通过引用并入本文中。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于燃气涡轮构件的热保护系统及方法。
背景技术
在燃气涡轮领域中，众所周知需要对在非常高的温度下操作且还暴露于特别恶劣的环境的构件/表面进行有效的热保护，因为高温下操作且暴露于特别恶劣的环境使构件经历高水平的应力，不仅是热应力，而且有腐蚀和机械应力。
因此，迫切需要高温高效的热保护系统(TPS)。
目前可用于燃气涡轮构件的热保护的主要类型的TPS为：
1)TBC(热障涂层)：燃气涡轮构件(由特别设计的金属合金(诸如所谓超级合金)制成)的表面由热障涂层保护，热障涂层借助于绝热材料使构件绝热，能够承受支承负载的金属表面与涂层表面之间的较大温差；
2)机械固定的瓷砖：由具有低导热率的陶瓷材料制成的覆盖瓷砖机械地固定(例如，夹持或螺接)在待保护的构件表面上；
3)钎焊瓷砖：由陶瓷材料制成的覆盖瓷砖钎焊在由待保护的构件部分限定的金属基底上；通过钎焊界面确保瓷砖与基底之间的粘合。
目前可用的TPS仍具有改进空间，特别是为了提高机械阻力，提高操作温度和降低导热率，从而还减少冷却空气消耗且延长预期寿命。
例如，TBC涉及对最大操作温度以及对厚度的限制，从而还影响冷却空气的减少。
机械固定的瓷砖可受到故障的影响，从而导致过热和脱落的高风险；此外，瓷砖之间需要相对较宽的间隙来用于膨胀，间隙必须由附加的冷却空气吹扫。
基于燃气涡轮构件(诸如燃气涡轮的燃烧器或涡轮部分)的金属表面上的钎焊陶瓷的高温TPS存在特定问题。
实际上，适用于常见燃气涡轮操作状态的陶瓷材料的钎焊并不完全令人满意。金属和陶瓷材料以显著不同的热膨胀系数为特征，因此至少在一些负载状态下导致金属-陶瓷界面处的剪切应力和接近界面的区域中的陶瓷材料内的拉伸应力。
一般而言，将陶瓷材料连结至金属材料通常导致应力，且在许多情况下，导致陶瓷部分或接头的故障。
发明内容
因此，本发明的一个目的在于提供一种适用于克服现有技术的前述问题的用于燃气涡轮构件的热保护系统及方法。
具体而言，本发明的一个目的在于提供一种特别且完全适用于燃气涡轮构件的热保护的热保护系统及方法。
因此，本发明涉及一种如权利要求1中限定的用于燃气涡轮构件的热保护系统，以及一种如权利要求8中限定的用于热保护燃气涡轮构件的热保护方法。
本发明的有利优选特征是从属权利要求的主题。
基本上，本发明提供了一种基于耐高温陶瓷构件钎焊入或铸入燃气涡轮构件的金属壁中的改进的热保护系统及方法。
根据本发明，例如呈瓷砖(但设计成不同形状)形式的耐高温陶瓷元件特别设计成至少包括根部部分，根部部分构造成匹配形成在待热保护的燃气涡轮构件的金属壁中的相应的座。
陶瓷元件通过以下连结至金属壁：将陶瓷元件的根部部分直接地钎焊至座中，其中放入了钎焊膏或另一钎焊材料；或将陶瓷元件的根部部分直接地铸入座内，其中放入了界面材料，诸如金属粉末或导电水泥；或借助于(且放入)陶瓷粘合膏或另一适合的粘合材料来将陶瓷元件的根部部分粘接(即，胶合或固定)在座内。
换言之，由耐高温陶瓷材料制成的陶瓷元件不仅施加至待保护的金属构件的表面上，而且其通过将陶瓷元件的根部部分牢固地直接连结在形成于金属构件中的座中而连结至金属壁，其中放入了界面材料。
具体而言，陶瓷元件(借助于其根部部分)直接地钎焊入或铸入或粘接入金属构件的壁中，以便牢固地且有效地配合至待保护的金属构件。
因此，本发明提供了一种用于燃气涡轮构件的改进的热保护系统及方法。
由于陶瓷元件直接地钎焊入或铸入或粘接入金属构件的壁上，故本发明减小了剪切和拉伸应力。
实际上，陶瓷元件具有的热膨胀系数(CTE)低于待保护的且陶瓷元件钎焊入或铸入或粘接入其中的金属构件的热膨胀系数。
陶瓷元件在熔化温度下基本上无应力。
当冷却金属陶瓷组件时，冷却导致陶瓷材料的压应力状态(由于其相对于周围金属材料具有较低CTE)，从而形成了牢固且可靠的金属陶瓷接头。
另外，在使用中，即，在燃气涡轮的正常操作期间，保护元件的陶瓷材料和金属构件的金属材料保持不同的热膨胀系数，再次有助于接头的有效性，而在陶瓷元件与金属构件壁之间的界面处不会引起危险的应力状态。
因此，本发明在燃气涡轮的制造期间以及在其正常操作状态下使用时，消除了陶瓷材料的应力水平且尤其是拉伸应力。
本发明被证明是完全有效的，且优于已知的解决方案。
例如，相对于传统TBC，本发明实现了温度达到大于300K的能力的提升和大于50%的热通量的减小，从而还允许冷却空气消耗显著减少。
相对于传统上配合的瓷砖，本发明不但更通用，适合保护不同的燃气涡轮构件，诸如导叶和叶片，而且还显著降低了一些陶瓷元件在故障情况下损坏的风险。
在相比于传统的钎焊瓷砖时，本发明由于陶瓷元件与金属壁的牢固且安全的连结而实现了显著提高的可靠性。
附图说明
参照附图，在以下非限制性实施例中通过举例进一步描述本发明，在附图中：
- 图1为具有设有根据本发明的热保护系统的构件的燃气涡轮的局部分解视图；
- 图2为图1中的热保护系统的细节的纵截面的放大视图；
- 图3为图2中的细节的局部横截面视图；
- 图4A,4B,4C为用于根据本发明的热保护系统的不同实施例中的相应陶瓷元件的纵截面的视图；
- 图5A,5B分别为用于本发明的热保护系统的另一个实施例中的陶瓷元件的纵截面视图和平面视图。
具体实施方式
参看图1，燃气涡轮1(未以其整体示出)具有设有热保护系统3的至少一个构件2。
例如，构件2是叶片2a或叶片支承部分2b。然而，应理解，燃气涡轮1的其它构件2可需要热保护，且因此可设有本发明的热保护系统3。
热保护系统3包括耐高温陶瓷元件4，其耦合至构件2的金属壁5。
构件2或至少壁5由金属材料制成。
还参看图2和图3，例如具有覆盖瓷砖形式的陶瓷元件4包括主体6和从主体6的底面8突出的根部部分7。
优选地，陶瓷元件4是由主体6和根部部分7形成且由陶瓷材料制成的单件。
具体而言，陶瓷元件4由耐高温陶瓷材料制成。
例如，陶瓷元件4可由氧化物或非氧化物陶瓷制成，例如，基于氧化铝或氧化锆的陶瓷，可使其增强或稳定来提高机械完整性和相稳定性。
陶瓷元件4可由单片陶瓷、复合陶瓷(诸如颗粒增强陶瓷，例如，氧化锆增韧的氧化铝)、陶瓷纤维增强的陶瓷(例如，陶瓷基质复合物)或它们的组合制成。
陶瓷元件4的传导性可通过选择其陶瓷材料的孔隙度来整体上或局部地(即，在特定区域中)调整。
陶瓷元件4可由任何标准工艺或由增材制造(例如，通过基于光刻的陶瓷制造工艺)来制造。
陶瓷元件4的主体6还可取决于待保护的构件2的形状而具有不同形状、尺寸和厚度。
陶瓷元件4的根部部分7也可为各种形状的。
在任何情况下，根部部分7的形状和尺寸设计成以便匹配和接合构件2的壁5中形成的中空座10，从而限定形状耦合11；换言之，根部部分7和构件2的壁5机械地互锁。
根部部分7沿轴线A延伸，轴线A例如基本上垂直于主体6的面8。围绕根部部分7，陶瓷元件4的面8限定接触表面12，其接触构件2的包绕座10的匹配表面13。
根部部分7具有脱离主体6的面8且面向座10的侧向表面15的侧向表面14，以及底端表面16，例如，其基本上是平的且垂直于轴线A，并面向座10的对应底面17。
在图2-3的实施例中，根部部分7和座10两者基本上是棱柱形的，且具有基本上多边形的横截面(例如，但不一定是矩形或正方形横截面)；且具有面向彼此且平行于彼此和轴线A的相应的基本上平的侧部。
根据本发明，陶瓷元件4的根部部分7为钎焊入或铸入或粘接入的陶瓷部分，其在构件2的制造期间直接地钎焊或铸造或粘接入座10。
因此，陶瓷元件4不仅通过形状耦合11(即，通过机械互锁)而且通过钎焊或铸造或粘接的接头21连结至金属壁5(即，连结至构件2)，所述接头21通过以下形成：将陶瓷元件4的根部部分7直接钎焊入构件2的壁5的座10中，其中放入由界面材料(即，钎焊材料)制成的粘合层22；或将根部部分7直接地铸入座10中，可选地其中放入由界面材料(诸如金属粉末或导电水泥)制成的粘合层22；或借助于放在根部部分7与壁5的座10之间的粘合材料(诸如，陶瓷粘合膏)制成的粘合层22将陶瓷元件的根部部分粘接(即，胶合或固定)入座内的陶瓷元件的根部部分。
换言之，由耐高温陶瓷材料制成的陶瓷元件4不仅施加至待保护的金属构件2的表面13上，而且其包括接合座10且配合至金属构件2的壁5的钎焊入或铸入或粘接入的根部部分7，其直接地钎焊或铸造或粘接在座10内。
优选地，如图3中所示，座10设有形成在壁5中的凹部23，以在制造过程期间接纳多余的界面材料(例如，钎焊材料或粘合材料)或铸造材料。
例如，多个凹部23诸如凹槽或腔形成在座10的侧向表面15中，在侧向表面15上彼此间隔开，且基本上平行于轴线A延伸。
陶瓷元件4且确切地说根部部分7，以及壁5且确切地说座10可为各种形状的，以便改善根部部分7与座之间且因此陶瓷元件4与构件2之间的机械互锁。
例如，图4A,4B,4C和图5A,5B中示出了不同形状的根部部分7。
具体而言，在图4B,4C的实施例中，根部部分7和座10(未示出)具有相应的附加锚固特征24，其与彼此接合，以加强陶瓷元件4与构件2之间的机械互锁。
例如，在图4B的实施例中，锚固特征24由一个或多个凹槽限定，凹槽形成在根部部分7的侧向表面14中，且基本上横向于(例如，垂直于)轴线A，且其接合从座10的侧向表面15突出的相应的脊(未示出)。
在图4C的实施例中，锚固特征24由沿径向突出的脊限定，脊从根部部分7的侧向表面14延伸，且基本上垂直于轴线A，且其接合座10的侧向表面15中形成的相应凹槽(未示出)。
例如，锚固特征24围绕轴线A而沿侧向表面14,15延伸，具有连续的环形构造或包括不连续的可能交错的腔。
在其它实施例(诸如图5A,5B中所示的实施例)中，根部部分7大体上是锥形的，侧向表面14至少包括锥形部分；具体而言，根部部分7定形为截头角锥，具有多边形横截面，或具有基本上截头圆锥形，具有圆形(例如，圆)横截面。
例如，在图5A,5B的实施例中，根部部分7具有六边形横截面，且渐缩为截头角锥。
热保护系统3通过实施本发明的热保护方法来制造，该方法包括以下步骤：
- 对燃气涡轮1的构件2提供座10，座10形成在构件2的壁5中，且定形为以便与陶瓷元件4的根部部分7匹配；
- 将陶瓷元件4且确切地说根部部分7钎焊或铸造或粘接入座10中，可选地，其中放入由界面材料(如果根部部分7被钎焊入座10中，则为钎焊材料；或如果根部部分7被铸造在座10内，则为金属粉末或导电水泥；或如果根部部分7通过粘接、胶合等结合入座10中，则为粘合材料)制成的粘合层22。
最后，尽管关于以上提及的优选实施例阐释了本发明，但应理解，可作出许多其它可能的改型和变型，而不脱离所附权利要求的范围。

Claims (17)

1.一种用于燃气涡轮构件的热保护系统(3)，包括燃气涡轮(1)的构件(2)，以及耦合至所述构件(2)的壁(5)的耐高温陶瓷元件(4)；所述系统的特征在于，所述陶瓷元件(4)至少包括根部部分(7)，所述根部部分(7)基本上沿轴线(A)延伸，且匹配和接合在所述构件(2)的所述壁(5)中形成的中空座(10)；并且所述根部部分(7)为钎焊入或铸入或粘接入的根部部分(7)，使得所述根部部分(7)和所述构件(2)的所述壁(5)机械地互锁，从而限定形状耦合(11)，且还由钎焊或铸造或粘接的接头(21)连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述座(10)设有形成在所述壁(5)中的凹部(23)，以在所述热保护系统(3)的制造过程期间接纳多余界面材料或铸造材料。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的系统，其特征在于，所述根部部分(7)和所述座(10)具有相应附加锚固特征(24)，其与彼此接合以加强所述陶瓷元件(4)与所述构件(2)之间的机械互锁。
4.根据权利要求3所述的系统，其特征在于，所述锚固特征(24)围绕所述轴线(A)而沿所述根部部分(7)和所述座(10)的相应侧向表面(14,15)延伸，且优选具有连续的环形构造；所述锚固特征(24)包括一个或多个凹槽，其基本上横向于所述轴线(A)且形成在所述根部部分(7)的侧向表面(14)中，并接合从所述座(10)的侧向表面(15)突出的相应的脊，或反之亦然。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的系统，其特征在于，所述根部部分(7)是锥形的，具有包括至少锥形部分的侧向表面(14)。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的系统，其特征在于，所述构件(2)或至少所述壁(5)由金属材料制成；并且所述陶瓷元件(4)由耐高温陶瓷材料制成。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的系统，其特征在于，所述陶瓷元件(4)由下者制成：单片陶瓷；或复合陶瓷，诸如颗粒增强的陶瓷，例如，氧化锆增韧的氧化铝；或陶瓷纤维增强的陶瓷，例如，陶瓷基质复合物；或它们的组合。
8.一种用于热保护燃气涡轮构件的热保护方法，包括以下步骤：
- 对燃气涡轮(1)的构件(2)提供在所述构件(2)的壁(5)中形成的中空座(10)；
- 提供至少包括基本上沿轴线(A)延伸且与所述座(10)匹配的根部部分(7)的陶瓷元件(4)；
其中所述根部部分(7)是钎焊入或铸入或粘接入的根部部分(7)，其直接地钎焊或铸造或粘接在所述座(10)内，使得所述根部部分(7)和所述构件(2)的所述壁(5)机械地互锁，且由钎焊或铸造或粘接的接头(21)连接。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，所述陶瓷元件(4)通过形状耦合(11)，即，通过机械互锁，并还通过以下连结至所述构件(2)的所述金属壁(5)：将所述陶瓷元件(4)的所述根部部分(7)直接地钎焊在所述构件(2)的所述壁(5)的所述座(10)中，其中放入由界面材料，即，钎焊材料制成的粘合层(22)；或将所述根部部分(7)直接地铸造在所述座(10)内，可选放入由诸如金属粉末或传导水泥之类的界面材料制成的粘合层(22)；或借助于放在所述根部部分(7)与所述座(10)之间的粘合材料来将所述根部部分(77)粘接入所述座(10)内。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括以下步骤：将由界面材料制成的粘合层(22)定位在所述陶瓷元件(4)的所述根部部分(7)和所述构件(2)的所述座(10)的相应侧向表面(14,15)之间的所述座(10)中。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其特征在于，如果所述根部部分(7)为钎焊入的，则所述界面材料为钎焊材料；或如果所述根部部分(7)为铸入的，则所述界面材料为铸造材料或金属粉末或导电水泥；或如果所述根部部分(7)为粘接入的，则所述界面材料为粘合材料。
12.根据权利要求8至权利要求11中的一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括对所述座(10)提供在所述壁(5)中形成的用来接纳多余界面材料或铸造材料的凹部(23)的步骤。
13.根据权利要求8至权利要求12中的一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括以下步骤：对所述根部部分(7)和所述座(10)提供相应附加锚固特征(24)，其与彼此接合以加强所述陶瓷元件(4)与所述构件(2)之间的机械互锁。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其特征在于，所述锚固特征(24)围绕所述轴线(A)而沿所述根部部分(7)和所述座(10)的相应侧向表面(14,15)延伸，且优选具有连续的环形构造；所述锚固特征(24)包括一个或多个凹槽，其基本上横向于所述轴线(A)且形成在所述根部部分(7)的侧向表面(14)中，并接合从所述座(10)的侧向表面(15)突出的相应的脊，或反之亦然。
15.根据权利要求8至权利要求14中的一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述根部部分(7)是锥形的，具有包括至少锥形部分的侧向表面(14)。
16.根据权利要求8至权利要求15中的一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述构件(2)或至少所述壁(5)由金属材料制成；并且所述陶瓷元件(4)由耐高温陶瓷材料制成。
17.根据权利要求8至权利要求16中的一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述陶瓷元件(4)由下者制成：单片陶瓷；或复合陶瓷，诸如颗粒增强的陶瓷，例如，氧化锆增韧的氧化铝；或陶瓷纤维增强的陶瓷，例如，陶瓷基质复合物；或它们的组合。
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CN113008933A (zh) * 2021-02-26 2021-06-22 西北工业大学 用于陶瓷基复合材料传热冷却实验的云母板固定夹持装置

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