CN110023348B - 由前体制造物件的方法和可自由基交联树脂在增材制造法中的用途 - Google Patents
由前体制造物件的方法和可自由基交联树脂在增材制造法中的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110023348B CN110023348B CN201780075457.0A CN201780075457A CN110023348B CN 110023348 B CN110023348 B CN 110023348B CN 201780075457 A CN201780075457 A CN 201780075457A CN 110023348 B CN110023348 B CN 110023348B
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- KSBAEPSJVUENNK-UHFFFAOYSA-L tin(ii) 2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound [Sn+2].CCCCC(CC)C([O-])=O.CCCCC(CC)C([O-])=O KSBAEPSJVUENNK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1N=C=O DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/46—Polymerisation initiated by wave energy or particle radiation
- C08F2/48—Polymerisation initiated by wave energy or particle radiation by ultraviolet or visible light
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
- B29C64/112—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using individual droplets, e.g. from jetting heads
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
- B29C64/124—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using layers of liquid which are selectively solidified
- B29C64/129—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using layers of liquid which are selectively solidified characterised by the energy source therefor, e.g. by global irradiation combined with a mask
- B29C64/135—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using layers of liquid which are selectively solidified characterised by the energy source therefor, e.g. by global irradiation combined with a mask the energy source being concentrated, e.g. scanning lasers or focused light sources
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Abstract
由前体制造物件的方法,其包括步骤:I)在载体上沉积自由基交联树脂以获得与载体接合的建造材料层,所述层对应于前体的第一所选截面;II)在之前施加的建造材料层上沉积自由基交联树脂以获得另一建造材料层,其对应于前体的另一所选截面并与之前施加的层接合;III)重复步骤II)直至形成前体,其中至少在步骤II)中的自由基交联树脂沉积通过将能量作用于与物件的各自所选截面对应的可自由基交联树脂的所选区域实现,且其中所述可自由基交联树脂具有≥5 mPas至≤100000 mPas的粘度(23℃,DIN EN ISO 2884‑1)。所述可自由基交联树脂包含可固化组分,在该可固化组分中存在用封闭剂封闭的NCO基团、具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物和烯属C=C双键,其中封闭剂是异氰酸酯或选择封闭剂以使得在NCO基团解封闭后不作为游离分子或作为其它分子或分子部分的一部分释放该封闭剂。在步骤III)后进一步进行步骤IV):IV)在足以将所得前体的自由基交联树脂中存在的NCO基团至少部分解封闭并使由此获得的官能团与具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物反应的条件下处理在步骤III)后获得的前体,以获得所述物件。
Description
本发明涉及由前体制造物件的方法,其包括步骤:
I) 在载体上沉积自由基交联树脂以获得与前体的第一所选截面对应的与载体接合的建造材料层;
II) 在之前施加的建造材料层上沉积自由基交联树脂以获得与前体的另一所选截面对应并与之前施加的层接合的另一建造材料层;
III) 重复步骤II)直至形成前体;
其中至少在步骤II)中的自由基交联树脂的沉积通过将能量作用于与物件的各自所选截面对应的可自由基交联树脂的所选区域实现,并且其中所述可自由基交联树脂具有≥ 5 mPas至≤ 100000 mPas的粘度(23℃,DIN EN ISO 2884-1)。
本发明还涉及具有≥ 5 mPas至≤ 100000 mPas的粘度(23℃,DIN EN ISO 2884-1)的可自由基交联树脂在增材制造法中的用途,以及可由这种树脂的交联获得的聚合物。
为暂时保护异氰酸酯基团而封闭多异氰酸酯是早已为人所知的操作方法并例如描述在Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie XIV/2, 第61-70页中。这也包括含脲二酮基团的多异氰酸酯,其中异氰酸酯基团的两个以潜在形式存在。
US 2015/072293 A1公开了使用光聚合物的增材制造法,其中可光固化的聚氨酯组合物被认为是特别合适的材料。此类组合物含有基于脂族二异氰酸酯、聚(六亚甲基二醇间苯二甲酸酯)和任选1,4-丁二醇的聚氨酯以及多官能丙烯酸酯、光引发剂和抗氧化剂(US4,337,130)。可光固化的热塑性聚氨酯弹性体可含有光反应性丁二炔二醇作为扩链剂。
US 2016/136889 A1和US 2016/137838 A1同样涉及使用光聚合物的增材制造法。可以使用可经由两段机制固化并含有被封闭的官能团和可热裂解的封闭基团的可聚合液体。在一些实施方案中存在可通过二异氰酸酯与(甲基)丙烯酸氨基酯单体封闭剂,如甲基丙烯酸叔丁基氨基乙酯(TBAEMA)、甲基丙烯酸叔戊基氨基乙酯(TPAEMA)、甲基丙烯酸叔己基氨基乙酯(THAEMA)、甲基丙烯酸叔丁基氨基丙酯(TBAPMA)、它们的丙烯酸酯类似物或其混合物的反应获得的反应性封闭预聚物(US 2013/0202392 A1)。详述了在热固化过程中裂解封闭剂并重新获得二异氰酸酯预聚物。其迅速与扩链剂或进一步的软链段反应以形成热塑性或热固性聚氨酯、聚脲或其共聚物。可UV固化的(甲基)丙烯酸酯封闭聚氨酯在这些公开中被称为“ABPU”。
可裂解的此类封闭剂的缺点在于它们可能作为挥发性有机化合物(VOC,volatileorganic compounds)释放,或如在ABPU的情况下,虽然可聚合到聚合物网络中,但由于这一边界条件而限制在用于增材制造法的材料选择时的设计自由度。
本发明的一个目的是至少部分克服现有技术的至少一个缺点。本发明的另一目的是提供增材制造法,其中制成的物件可同时具有高分辨率和高强度,而不释放挥发性有机化合物。最后,本发明的一个目的是能够以尽可能成本有效和/或个性化和/或节约资源的方式制造此类物件。
根据本发明通过如权利要求1中所述的方法和如权利要求13中所述的用途实现该目的。由此可得的聚合物是权利要求15的主题。在从属权利要求中说明了有利的扩展方案。它们可以任意组合,除非从上下文中清楚看出相反的意思。
根据本发明的由前体制造物件的方法包括步骤:
I) 在载体上沉积自由基交联树脂以获得与前体的第一所选截面对应的与载体接合的建造材料层;
II) 在之前施加的建造材料层上沉积自由基交联树脂以获得与前体的另一所选截面对应并与之前施加的层接合的另一建造材料层;
III) 重复步骤II)直至形成前体;
其中至少在步骤II)中的自由基交联树脂沉积通过将能量作用于与物件的各自所选截面对应的可自由基交联树脂的所选区域实现,并且其中所述可自由基交联树脂具有≥5 mPas至≤ 100000 mPas的粘度(23℃,DIN EN ISO 2884-1)。
该可自由基交联树脂包含可固化组分,在该可固化组分中存在用封闭剂封闭的NCO基团、具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物和烯属C=C双键,其中封闭剂是异氰酸酯或选择封闭剂以使得在NCO基团的解封闭后不作为游离分子或作为其它分子或分子部分的一部分释放该封闭剂。
在根据本发明的方法中,在步骤III)后进一步进行步骤IV):
IV) 在足以将所得前体的自由基交联树脂中存在的NCO基团至少部分解封闭并使由此获得的官能团与具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物反应的条件下处理在步骤III)后获得的前体,以获得所述物件。
在根据本发明的方法中,由此以两个制造阶段获得物件。第一制造阶段可被视为构建阶段。这一构建阶段可以借助射线光学增材制造法,如立体光刻法或DLP(数字光处理)法或通过与辐射交联组合的喷墨打印法实现并且是步骤I)、II)和III)的主题。第二制造阶段可被视为固化阶段并且是步骤IV)的主题。在此,在构建阶段后获得的前体或中间物件在不进一步改变其形状的情况下转化成更机械耐用的物件。在本发明中,在增材制造法中用于获得前体的材料通常被称为“建造材料”。
在该方法的步骤I)中在载体上沉积自由基交联树脂。这通常是立体光刻法和DLP法中的第一步骤。由此获得与前体的第一所选截面对应的与载体接合的建造材料层。
根据步骤III)的指示,重复步骤II)如此之久直至形成所需前体。在步骤II)中在之前施加的建造材料层上沉积自由基交联树脂以获得与前体的另一所选截面对应并与之前施加的层接合的另一建造材料层。所述之前施加的建造材料层可以是来自步骤I)的第一层或来自前一道次的步骤II)的层。
根据本发明设置,至少在步骤II)中(优选也在步骤I)中)的自由基交联树脂沉积通过照射和/或辐照与物件的各自所选截面对应的可自由基交联树脂的所选区域实现。在本发明的上下文中,使用术语“可自由基交联树脂”和“自由基交联树脂”。可自由基交联树脂在此通过引发自由基交联反应的照射和/或辐照转化成自由基交联树脂。“照射”在此被理解为是指近红外和近紫外光(波长1400 nm至315 nm)之间的光进行作用。剩余的较短波长范围被术语“辐照”涵盖,例如远紫外光、x光辐射、γ辐射以及电子辐射。
适宜地通过CAD程序实现各自截面的选择,用该CAD程序生成要制造的物件的模型。这一操作也被称为“剖切(Slicing)”并充当控制可自由基交联树脂的照射和/或辐照的基础。
所述可自由基交联树脂具有≥ 5 mPas至≤ 100000 mPas的粘度(23℃,DIN ENISO 2884-1)。其因此至少对于增材制造用途而可被视为液体树脂。该粘度优选为≥ 50mPas至≤ 20000 mPas,更优选≥ 200 mPas至≤ 5000 mPas。
在该方法中,可自由基交联树脂进一步包含可固化组分,在该可固化组分中存在用封闭剂封闭的NCO基团、具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物和烯属C=C双键,其中封闭剂是异氰酸酯或选择封闭剂以使得在NCO基团的解封闭后不作为游离分子或作为其它分子或分子部分的一部分释放该封闭剂。
除可固化组分外,所述可自由基交联树脂还可包含不可固化组分,在该不可固化组分中包括例如稳定剂、填料等。在所述可固化组分中,封闭的NCO基团和烯属C=C双键可以存在于分开的分子和/或同一分子中。当封闭的NCO基团和烯属C=C双键存在于分开的分子中时,在根据本发明的方法的步骤IV)后获得的物体(Körper)可具有互穿聚合物网络。
在该方法中,在步骤III)后进一步接着步骤IV)。在这一步骤中,在足以将所得前体的自由基交联树脂中存在的NCO基团至少部分解封闭并使由此获得的官能团与具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物反应的条件下处理在步骤III)后获得的前体,以获得所述物件。就此而言,NCO基团的解封闭在本发明中不一定强制性地意味着重新获得NCO基团。相反,这也意味着解封闭后可获得与其它具有泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的官能团反应形成共价键的官能团,如酰基正离子基团。
优选进行该反应直至可固化组分中最初存在的封闭异氰酸酯基团的≤ 50%,优选≤ 30%,更优选≤ 20%仍存在。这可通过表面红外光谱学测定。进一步优选的是,在步骤IV)中可固化组分中解封闭的NCO基团的≥ 50%、≥ 60%、≥ 70%或≥ 80%与具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物反应。
优选地,在前体的整个建造材料达到其胶凝点时才进行步骤IV)。当在使用板/板振荡粘度计根据ISO 6721-10在20℃下的动态力学分析(DMA)中储能模量G'和损耗模量G''的曲线相交时,认为达到胶凝点。任选对前体施以进一步照射和/或辐射以完成自由基交联。自由基交联树脂可具有≥ 106 Pa的储能模量G'(DMA,板/板振荡粘度计,根据ISO6721-10在20℃和1/s的剪切速率下)。
可自由基交联树脂可进一步含有添加剂,如填料、紫外线稳定剂、自由基抑制剂、抗氧化剂、脱模剂、水清除剂、滑爽添加剂、消泡剂、流平剂、流变添加剂、阻燃剂和/或颜料。除填料和阻燃剂外,这些辅助剂和添加剂通常以基于可自由基交联树脂计的小于10重量%,优选小于5重量%,特别优选最多3重量%的量存在。阻燃剂通常以最高70重量%,优选最高50重量%,特别优选最高30重量%的量存在,作为所用阻燃剂的总量计算且基于可自由基交联树脂的总重量计。
合适的填料是例如炭黑、二氧化硅、AlOH3、CaCO3、金属颜料如TiO2和其它已知的常规填料。这些填料优选以最高70重量%,优选最高50重量%,特别优选最高30重量%的量使用,作为所用填料的总量计算且基于可自由基交联树脂的总重量计。
合适的紫外线稳定剂可优选选自哌啶衍生物,例如4-苯甲酰氧基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶、4-苯甲酰氧基-1,2,2,6,6-五甲基哌啶、癸二酸双(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶基)酯、癸二酸双(1,2,2,6,6-五甲基-1-4-哌啶基)酯、辛二酸双(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶基)酯、十二烷二酸双(2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-哌啶基)酯;二苯甲酮衍生物,例如2,4-二羟基-、2-羟基-4-甲氧基-、2-羟基-4-辛氧基-、2-羟基-4-十二烷氧基-或2,2'-二羟基-4-十二烷氧基二苯甲酮;苯并三唑衍生物,例如2-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4,6-二-叔戊基酚、2-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-6-十二烷基-4-甲基酚、2-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4,6-双(1-甲基-1-苯基乙基)酚、2-(5-氯-2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-6-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-甲基酚、2-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4-(1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基)酚、2-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-6-(1-甲基-1-苯基乙基)-4-(1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基)酚、3-(3-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-5-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-羟基苯基丙酸)异辛酯、2-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4,6-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)酚、2-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4,6-双(1-甲基-1-苯基乙基)酚、2-(5-氯-2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4,6-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)酚;草酰苯胺,例如2-乙基-2'-乙氧基-或4-甲基-4'-甲氧基草酰苯胺;水杨酸酯,例如水杨酸苯酯、水杨酸4-叔丁基苯基酯、水杨酸4-叔辛基苯基酯;肉桂酸酯衍生物,例如α-氰基-β-甲基-4-甲氧基肉桂酸甲酯、α-氰基-β-甲基-4-甲氧基肉桂酸丁酯、α-氰基-β-苯基肉桂酸乙酯、α-氰基-β-苯基肉桂酸异辛酯;和丙二酸酯衍生物,如4-甲氧基亚苄基丙二酸二甲酯、4-甲氧基亚苄基丙二酸二乙酯、4-丁氧基亚苄基丙二酸二甲酯。这些优选的光稳定剂既可独自使用,也可以与彼此的任意组合使用。
特别优选的紫外线稳定剂是吸收大部分的波长< 400 nm的辐射的那些。这些包括例如所提到的苯并三唑衍生物。非常特别优选的紫外线稳定剂是2-(5-氯-2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-6-(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-甲基酚、2-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4-(1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基)酚和/或2-(5-氯-2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4,6-双(1,1-二甲基乙基)酚。
任选将一种或多种举例提到的紫外线稳定剂添加到可自由基交联树脂中,优选以0.001至3.0重量%,特别优选0.005至2重量%的量,作为所用紫外线稳定剂的总量计算且基于可自由基交联树脂的总重量计。
合适的抗氧化剂优选是位阻酚,其可优选选自2,6-二-叔丁基-4-甲基酚(紫罗兰醇)、季戊四醇四(3-(3,5-二-叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸酯)、3-(3,5-二-叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸十八烷基酯、三乙二醇双(3-叔丁基-4-羟基-5-甲基苯基)丙酸酯、2,2'-硫代双(4-甲基-6-叔丁基酚)和双[3-(3,5-二-叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸]2,2'-硫代二乙酯。这些既可视需要独自使用,也可以与彼此的任意组合使用。
这些抗氧化剂优选以0.01至3.0重量%,特别优选0.02至2.0重量%的量使用,作为所用抗氧化剂的总量计算且基于可自由基交联树脂的总重量计。
下面阐述本发明的实施方案和进一步方面。它们可任意互相组合,除非从上下文中清楚看出相反的意思。
在一个优选实施方案中,封闭剂选自有机异氰酸酯、内酰胺、甘油碳酸酯、根据通式(I)的化合物或其中至少两种的组合:
其中X是吸电子基团,R1和R2互相独立地代表基团H、C1-C20-(环)烷基、C6-C24-芳基、C1-C20-(环)烷基酯或-酰胺、C6-C24-芳基酯或酰胺、也可作为4至8元环的一部分的具有1至24个碳原子的混合脂族/芳族基团且n是0至5的整数。
吸电子基团X可选自导致α位氢的CH酸度的所有取代基。这些可包括例如酯基团、酰胺基团、亚砜基团、砜基团、硝基、膦酸酯基团、腈基团、异腈基团、多卤代烷基、卤素如氟、氯或羰基。腈基团和酯基团是优选的,羧酸甲酯基团和羧酸乙酯基团是特别优选的。其环任选含有杂原子如氧原子、硫原子或氮原子的通式(I)的化合物也合适。式(I)的活化环酮优选具有5(n = 1)和6(n = 2)的环尺寸。
优选的通式(I)的化合物是环戊酮-2-羧甲基酯和-羧乙基酯、环戊酮-2-甲腈、环己酮-2-羧甲基酯和-羧乙基酯或环戊酮-2-羰基甲基。环戊酮-2-羧甲基酯和-羧乙基酯以及环己酮-2-羧甲基酯和-羧乙基酯是特别优选的。环戊酮体系在工业上容易通过己二酸二甲酯或己二酸二乙酯的Dieckmann缩合获得。环己酮-2-羧甲基酯可通过水杨酸甲酯的氢化制成。
在(I)型化合物的情况下,NCO基团的封闭、解封闭和与多元醇或多胺的反应根据下列示例性图式进行:
A代表任意基团,优选氢或烷基。基团X将该分子的烯基部分与该分子的其余部分相连并且特别是羰基。基团R代表另一任意基团。例如用于上列图式的起始分子可被理解为是指一分子(甲基)丙烯酸羟烷基酯如甲基丙烯酸2-羟烷基酯(HEMA)加成到二异氰酸酯或二官能NCO封端预聚物上以形成氨基甲酸酯基团的加成产物。其中R1和R2代表H且X代表C(O)OCH3的通式(I)的β-二酮经其C−H酸性C原子加成到游离NCO基团上以形成进一步的氨基甲酸酯基团。由此获得具有封闭的NCO基团的可自由基聚合分子。C=C双键的自由基聚合导致形成聚合物,其链在上列图式中示意性表示为“Poly”。NCO基团可随后再解封闭。此外打开环戊酮环,由此在形式上形成碳负离子和酰基正离子。这通过方括号中所示的中间体表示。n ≥ 2且m ≥ 2的多元醇Y(OH)n或多胺Z(NH2)m(仲胺当然也有可能)经由它们的OH基团或氨基在形式上加成到酰基正离子上,其中H原子进一步迁移到碳负离子C原子。可容易看出,封闭剂保持共价键合在聚合物分子中。
从甘油碳酸酯起始的NCO基团的封闭、其解封闭和在解封闭后获得的官能团与多元醇或多胺的反应示例性显示在下列图式中:
在此A也代表任意基团,优选氢或烷基。基团X将该分子的烯基部分与该分子的其余部分相连并且特别是羰基。基团R代表另一任意基团。例如用于上列图式的起始分子可被理解为是指一分子(甲基)丙烯酸羟烷基酯如甲基丙烯酸2-羟烷基酯(HEMA)加成到二异氰酸酯或二官能NCO封端预聚物上以形成氨基甲酸酯基团的加成产物。甘油碳酸酯经其游离OH基团加成到游离NCO基团上以形成进一步的氨基甲酸酯基团。由此获得具有封闭的NCO基团的可自由基聚合分子。C=C双键的自由基聚合导致形成聚合物,其链在上列图式中示意性表示为“Poly”。NCO基团可随后再解封闭。此外打开环状碳酸酯环实现,由此在形式上形成醇盐离子和酰基正离子。这通过方括号中所示的中间体表示。n ≥ 2且m ≥ 2的醇Y(OH)n或胺Z(NH2)m(仲胺当然也有可能)经由它们的OH基团或氨基在形式上加成到酰基正离子上,其中质子进一步迁移到碳负离子C原子。可容易看出,封闭剂保持共价键合在聚合物分子中。
在内酰胺的情况下,ε-己内酰胺是优选的。封闭和解封闭类似上示两个图式进行。内酰胺的N-H基团加成到游离NCO基团上以形成脲基团。在C=C双键聚合后,可打开内酰胺环。这重新在形式上形成酰基正离子和带负电荷的N原子。醇或胺可加成到酰基正离子上并将过剩的质子转移给带负电荷的N原子。在此封闭剂也保持共价键合在聚合物分子中。
优选的是封闭剂是有机异氰酸酯的情况。此时,要封闭的NCO基团可与封闭剂的NCO基团反应以形成脲二酮。在该方法的步骤IV)的过程中的逆反应导致重新形成NCO基团,其与可得的扩链剂反应。特别优选的是,封闭剂和具有要封闭的NCO基团的化合物相同。此时,封闭包括所涉化合物的二聚。这和与多元醇和多胺的反应示例性显示在下列图式中。
A和A'在此代表任意基团,优选氢或烷基。基团X和X'将该分子的烯基部分与该分子的其余部分相连并且特别是羰基。基团R和R'代表另一任意基团。例如用于上列图式的单体起始分子可被理解为是指一分子(甲基)丙烯酸羟烷基酯如甲基丙烯酸2-羟烷基酯(HEMA)加成到二异氰酸酯或二官能NCO封端预聚物上以形成氨基甲酸酯基团的加成产物。不同于上文更详细阐明的封闭剂,通过二聚,即通过形成四元脲二酮环实现NCO基团被其它NCO基团封闭。在C=C双键的自由基聚合后,将具有相互(wechselseitig)封闭的NCO基团的二聚物并入相同或两个不同的聚合物链“Poly”中。解封闭导致脲二酮环打开以重新形成两个NCO基团。这些然后可与醇或胺反应。n ≥ 2且m ≥ 2的醇Y(OH)n或胺Z(NH2)m(仲胺当然也有可能)加成到NCO基团上以形成氨基甲酸酯基团或脲基团。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,可固化组分中的具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物选自多胺、多元醇或其组合。这可以是例如低分子量二醇(例如1,2-乙二醇、1,3-或1,2-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇)、三醇(例如甘油、三羟甲基丙烷)和四醇(例如季戊四醇)、短链多胺、以及更高分子量的多羟基化合物,如聚醚多元醇、聚酯多元醇、聚碳酸酯多元醇、聚硅氧烷多元醇、多胺和聚醚多胺和聚丁二烯多元醇。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,可固化组分包含具有用封闭剂封闭的NCO基团和烯属C=C双键的可固化化合物。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,烯属双键至少部分以(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的形式存在于可固化化合物中。
可固化化合物优选是可由二异氰酸酯二聚产生NCO封端脲二酮、接着NCO基团与(甲基)丙烯酸羟烷基酯反应获得的化合物。
适用于制造NCO封端脲二酮的二异氰酸酯是例如具有140至400 g/mol的分子量、具有脂族、脂环族、芳脂族和/或芳族键合的异氰酸酯基团的那些,例如1,4-丁烷二异氰酸酯(BDI)、1,5-戊烷二异氰酸酯(PDI)、1,6-己烷二异氰酸酯(HDI)、2-甲基-1,5-戊烷二异氰酸酯、1,5-二异氰酸根合-2,2-二甲基戊烷、2,2,4-或2,4,4-三甲基-1,6-己烷二异氰酸酯、1,10-癸烷二异氰酸酯、1,3-和1,4-环己烷二异氰酸酯、1,4-二异氰酸根合-3,3,5-三甲基环己烷、1,3-二异氰酸根合-2-甲基环己烷、1,3-二异氰酸根合-4-甲基环己烷、1-异氰酸根合-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸根合甲基环己烷(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯;IPDI)、1-异氰酸根合-1-甲基-4(3)-异氰酸根合甲基环己烷、2,4'-和4,4'-二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯(H12MDI)、1,3-和1,4-双(异氰酸根合甲基)环己烷、双(异氰酸根合甲基)降冰片烷(NBDI)、4,4'-二异氰酸根合-3,3'-二甲基二环己基甲烷、4,4'-二异氰酸根合-3,3',5,5'-四甲基二环己基甲烷、4,4'-二异氰酸根合-1,1'-二(环己基)、4,4'-二异氰酸根合-3,3'-二甲基-1,1'-二(环己基)、4,4'-二异氰酸根合-2,2',5,5'-四甲基-1,1'-二(环己基)、1,8-二异氰酸根合-对薄荷烷、1,3-金刚烷二异氰酸酯、1,3-二甲基-5,7-金刚烷二异氰酸酯、1,3-和1,4-双(异氰酸根合甲基)苯(苯二亚甲基二异氰酸酯;XDI)、1,3-和1,4-双(1-异氰酸根合-1-甲基乙基)苯(TMXDI)和双(4-(1-异氰酸根合-1-甲基乙基)苯基)碳酸酯、2,4-和2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)、2,4'-和4,4'-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)、1,5-萘二异氰酸酯和此类二异氰酸酯的任意混合物。
此外,根据本发明还可以使用带有脂族和/或芳族异氰酸酯端基的预聚物,例如带有脂族或芳族异氰酸酯端基的聚醚、聚酯、聚丙烯酸酯、多环氧化物或聚碳酸酯预聚物作为用于形成脲二酮的反应物。
合适的(甲基)丙烯酸羟烷基酯尤其是在羟烷基中具有2至12个碳原子的(甲基)丙烯酸烷氧基烷基酯。优选的是丙烯酸2-羟乙酯、在将环氧丙烷加成到丙烯酸上时形成的异构体混合物或丙烯酸4-羟丁酯。
可由常规氨基甲酸酯化催化剂如DBTL催化(甲基)丙烯酸羟烷基酯和NCO封端脲二酮之间的反应。所得可固化化合物可具有≥ 200 g/mol至≤ 5000 g/mol的数均分子量Mn。这一分子量优选为≥ 300 g/mol至≤ 4000 g/mol,更优选≥ 400 g/mol至≤ 3000 g/mol。
特别优选的是由NCO封端脲二酮与(甲基)丙烯酸羟乙酯的反应获得的可固化化合物,其中NCO封端脲二酮由1,6-己二异氰酸酯、1,5-戊二异氰酸酯或IPDI的二聚获得。这种可固化化合物具有≥ 400 g/mol至≤ 3000 g/mol的数均分子量Mn。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,可自由基交联树脂进一步包含自由基起始剂、任选催化剂和/或抑制剂。为了防止可自由基交联树脂的粘度的不合意提高,可以在根据本发明的方法临开始前才将自由基起始剂添加到树脂中。
可考虑的自由基起始剂是热和/或光化学自由基起始剂(光引发剂)。也可以同时使用热和光化学自由基起始剂。合适的热自由基起始剂是例如偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)、过氧化二苯甲酰(DBPO)、过氧化二叔丁基和/或无机过氧化物,如过氧二硫酸盐。
光引发剂原则上分成两种类型,单分子类型(I)和双分子类型(II)。合适的(I)型体系是芳族酮化合物,例如与叔胺组合的二苯甲酮、烷基二苯甲酮、4,4'-双(二甲基氨基)二苯甲酮(米蚩酮)、蒽酮和卤代二苯甲酮或所列类型的混合物。(II)型引发剂也合适,如苯偶姻及其衍生物、苯偶酰缩酮、酰基氧化膦、2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基二苯基氧化膦、双酰基氧化膦、苯基乙醛酸酯、樟脑醌、α-氨基烷基苯酮、α,α-二烷氧基苯乙酮和α-羟基烷基苯酮。具体实例是Irgacure®500(二苯甲酮和(1-羟基环己基)苯基酮的混合物,Ciba公司,Lampertheim, DE)、Irgacure®819 DW(苯基双(2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基)氧化膦,Ciba公司, Lampertheim, DE)或Esacure® KIP EM(低聚-[2-羟基-2-甲基-1-[4-(1-甲基乙烯基)苯基]丙酮],Lamberti公司, Aldizzate, 意大利)和双(4-甲氧基苯甲酰基)二乙基锗。也可使用这些化合物的混合物。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,自由基起始剂选自:α-羟基苯基酮、苯偶酰二甲基缩酮、双(4-甲氧基苯甲酰基)二乙基锗和/或2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基二苯基氧化膦。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,该树脂中的游离NCO基团与泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的摩尔比≤ 0.05(优选≤ 0.01,更优选≤ 0.005)。NCO基团与泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的摩尔比也被称为NCO指数或指数。可考虑的泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的载体特别是具有O-H、N-H或S-H键的化合物。替代性地或附加地,可通过该树脂含有基于树脂质量计≤ 20重量%(优选≤ 10重量%,更优选≤ 5重量%)的量的具有游离NCO基团的化合物来表示这一情况。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,可固化组分具有≥ 200 g/mol至≤ 5000 g/mol的数均分子量Mn。这一分子量优选为≥ 300 g/mol至≤ 4000 g/mol,更优选≥ 400 g/mol至≤ 3000 g/mol。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,在步骤IV)中,在足以将所得前体的自由基交联树脂中存在的NCO基团至少部分解封闭并使由此获得的官能团与具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物反应的条件下处理在步骤III)后获得的前体包括将所述物体加热到≥60℃的温度。这一温度优选为≥ 80℃至≤ 250℃,更优选≥ 90℃至≤ 190℃。步骤IV)中的所选温度或所选温度范围可保持例如≥ 5分钟至≤ 48小时,优选≥ 15分钟至≤ 24小时,更优选≥ 1小时至≤ 12小时。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,使在步骤III)后获得的前体和/或在步骤IV)后获得的物件的表面与具有泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物接触,其中排除在包围所述前体和/或所述物件的气氛中作为天然空气湿度存在的水。在仍可得的封闭或解封闭的NCO基团与这些化合物的反应中,可实现表面的官能化。可通过例如浸渍、喷涂或抹涂使具有泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物与前体的表面接触。另一可能性是经由气相,例如借助氨或水蒸气接触。催化剂可任选加速该反应。
适合作为官能化试剂的化合物的实例是醇、胺、酸及其衍生物、环氧化物,特别是多元醇,例如糖、聚丙烯酸酯多元醇、聚酯多元醇、聚醚多元醇、聚乙烯醇、聚碳酸酯多元醇、聚醚碳酸酯多元醇和聚酯碳酸酯多元醇。进一步实例是聚丙烯酸、聚酰胺、聚硅氧烷、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚酮、聚醚酮、聚缩醛和多胺。胺也可用于有针对性地形成脲。
优选使用长链烷基醇、长链(仲)烷基胺、脂肪酸、环氧化脂肪酸酯、(全)氟化长链醇或其混合物。“长链”在此被理解为是指在该化合物的最长链中6个碳原子以上,优选8个碳原子以上,更优选10个碳原子以上。改性多异氰酸酯的制造原则上是已知的并描述在例如EP-A 0 206 059和EP-A 0 540 985中。其优选在40℃至180℃的温度下实施。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,该方法具有下列附加特征:
- 所述载体布置在容器内并可在重力方向上垂直下降,
- 所述容器提供含有可自由基交联树脂,
- 在各步骤II)之前将所述载体下降预定距离,由此在以垂直方向看最上面的建造材料层上方形成所述可自由基交联树脂的层,和
- 在步骤II)中,能量束照射和/或辐照与物件的各自所选截面对应的可自由基交联树脂层的所选区域。
因此,根据这一实施方案涵盖立体光刻(SLA)的增材制造法。载体在每种情况下可以例如下降≥ 1 µm至≤ 2000 µm的预定距离。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,该方法具有下列附加特征:
- 所述载体布置在容器内并可与重力方向相反地垂直升高,
- 所述容器提供可自由基交联树脂,
- 在各步骤II)之前将所述载体升高预定距离,由此在以垂直方向看最下面的建造材料层下方形成所述可自由基交联树脂的层,和
- 在步骤II)中,多个能量束同时照射和/或辐照与物件的各自所选截面对应的可自由基交联树脂层的所选区域。
因此,当多个能量束借助可独立控制的微镜的阵列生成要通过照射和/或辐照提供的图像时,根据这一实施方案涵盖DLP技术的增材制造法。载体在每种情况下可以例如升高≥ 1 µm至≤ 500 µm的预定距离。
在该方法的另一个优选的实施方案中,在步骤I)中在基底上施加与物件的第一所选截面对应的可自由基交联树脂,且在步骤II)中在之前施加的建造材料层上施加与物件的另一所选截面对应的可自由基交联树脂。随后将能量至少作用于所述可自由基交联树脂。
因此,根据这一实施方案涵盖喷墨法的增材制造法:经由一个或多个打印头选择性施加可交联树脂(任选与催化剂分开),通过辐照和/或照射的随后固化可以是非选择性的,例如借助UV灯。用于施加可交联建造材料的所述一个或多个打印头可以是用于喷墨打印法的(改良)打印头。载体可配置成可移动离开打印头,或打印头可配置成可移动离开载体。载体和打印头之间的间距移动(Abstandsbewegung)的增量可为例如≥ 1 µm至≤ 2000µm。
本发明还涉及具有≥ 5 mPas至≤ 100000 mPas的粘度(23℃,DIN EN ISO 2884-1)的可自由基交联树脂在增材制造法中的用途,其中所述可自由基交联树脂包含可固化组分,在该可固化组分中存在用封闭剂封闭的NCO基团、具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物和烯属C=C双键,且其中封闭剂是异氰酸酯或选择封闭剂以使得在NCO基团的解封闭后不作为游离分子或作为其它分子或分子部分的一部分释放该封闭剂。
在该用途的一个优选实施方案中,该树脂进一步包含自由基起始剂和/或异氰酸酯三聚催化剂。优选的是,自由基起始剂选自:α-羟基苯基酮、苯偶酰二甲基缩酮和/或2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基二苯基氧化膦
和/或
异氰脲酸酯三聚催化剂选自:乙酸钾、与冠醚组合的乙酸钾、与聚乙二醇组合的乙酸钾、与聚丙二醇组合的乙酸钾、辛酸锡、三辛基膦和/或氧化三丁基锡。
就可固化化合物而言,如之前关于本发明方法的相同考量和优选实施方案适用于本发明的用途。为避免不必要的重复,不再复述它们。只是要指出,在另一个优选的实施方案中,烯属双键至少部分以(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的形式存在于可固化化合物中,并且在另一个优选的实施方案中,可固化化合物可由NCO封端多异氰酸酯,优选聚异氰脲酸酯与基于游离NCO基团计摩尔不足的(甲基)丙烯酸羟烷基酯的反应获得。
在该用途的另一个优选的实施方案中,增材制造法包括可自由基交联树脂的之前所选的区域或施加的区域的照射和/或辐照。增材制造法可以是例如立体光刻法或DLP(数字光处理)法。其同样可以是喷墨法。“照射”在此被理解为是指近红外和近紫外光(波长1400 nm至315 nm)之间的光进行作用。剩余的较短波长范围被术语“辐照”涵盖,例如远紫外光、x光辐射、γ辐射以及电子辐射。
本发明进一步提供可通过具有≥ 5 mPas至≤ 100000 mPas的粘度(23℃,DIN ENISO 2884-1)的可自由基交联树脂的交联获得的聚合物,其中所述可自由基交联树脂包含可固化组分,在该可固化组分中存在用封闭剂封闭的NCO基团、具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物和烯属C=C双键,且其中封闭剂是异氰酸酯或选择封闭剂以使得在NCO基团的解封闭后不作为游离分子或作为其它分子或分子部分的一部分释放该封闭剂。为避免不必要的重复,关于可自由基交联树脂、可固化组分、封闭剂、多异氰酸酯和具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物的细节参考上文的详述。
实施例:
实施例1: 具有封闭异氰酸酯和丙烯酸酯官能的预聚物的制造
在玻璃烧瓶中,在室温下最初装入130.0克获自德国Covestro Deutschland AG的线性多亚丙基醚多元醇Desmophen® 1111BD。最初将0.043克获自德国Sigma-Aldrich的月桂酸二丁基锡添加到该多元醇中,随后经大约30分钟的时间段逐滴加入101.9克获自德国Covestro Deutschland AG的基于己二异氰酸酯的脲二酮Desmodur® XP 2730。随后使用经调温的油浴将反应混合物加热至80℃直至实现4.71%的理论残留NCO含量。为此,定期从反应容器中提取样品并根据DIN EN ISO 11909通过滴定测定。
在达到理论残留NCO含量后,加入0.20克获自德国Sigma-Aldrich的引发剂丁基羟基甲苯并将该混合物均化15分钟。在冷却到50℃后,随后逐滴加入33.8克获自德国Sigma-Aldrich的甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯并将该混合物进一步搅拌直至达到0%的残留NCO含量。然后加入143.2克获自德国Sigma-Aldrich的丙烯酸异冰片酯(IBOA)并使该混合物冷却到室温。将该预聚物装入金属罐中并储存在室温下直至进一步使用。
一方面,根据实施例1的预聚物在不加入胺作为交联剂的情况下用作对比例。
在与如下列实施例中阐明的胺组合的情况下,用作本发明的树脂的基础。
实施例2: 包含20% IPDA交联剂的可自由基交联树脂的制造
将100.0克来自实施例1的预聚物和3.00克来自IGM Resins的光引发剂Omnirad®1173称入带盖的塑料杯中。这些原料在Thinky ARE250行星式搅拌机中在室温下以2000转/分钟的转数混合大约2分钟。随后加入2.17克获自德国Covestro Deutschland AG的双官能交联剂异佛尔酮二胺(IPDA)并用刮勺手动混合。在化学计量上,通过这些量在混合物中含有比率为1:5的胺基团与脲二酮基团。
实施例3: 包含20% Jeffamine T403交联剂的可自由基交联树脂的制造
将100.0克来自实施例1的预聚物和3.00克如实施例2中的光引发剂Omnirad®1173称入带盖的塑料杯中并混合。随后加入3.72克获自德国Sigma-Aldrich的三官能交联剂Jeffamine® T403并用刮勺手动混合。在化学计量上,通过这些量在混合物中含有比率为1:5的胺基团与脲二酮基团。
实施例4: 包含30% Jeffamine T403交联剂的可自由基交联树脂的制造
将100.0克来自实施例1的预聚物和3.00克如实施例2中的光引发剂Omnirad®1173称入带盖的塑料杯中并混合。然后加入5.59克三官能交联剂Jeffamine® T403并用刮勺手动混合。在化学计量上,通过这些量在混合物中含有比率为3:10的胺基团与脲二酮基团。
实施例5: 可自由基交联树脂的固化
使用具有400 µm缝隙的刮刀将来自实施例1至4的可自由基固化树脂涂覆到玻璃板上。该玻璃板预先用1%大豆卵磷脂/乙酸乙酯溶液处理并干燥。大豆卵磷脂充当脱模剂以使得固化薄膜稍后再从基底上剥离。
经涂覆的玻璃基底随后在Superfici公司的UV固化设备中在5 m/min的带速度下用汞辐射源和镓辐射源固化。由灯功率和带速度产生1300 mJ/cm²的辐射强度,其作用于经涂覆的基底。
玻璃基底上的UV固化薄膜随后在干燥炉中在空气气氛中在120℃下后固化60分钟。对于一些薄膜,在150℃而非120℃下进行固化以研究温度的影响。
在冷却到室温后,将固化薄膜小心地从玻璃基底上剥离以制备用于机械和热表征的试样。
实施例6: 交联树脂的表征
对于机械表征,将来自实施例5的自立式固化薄膜通过冲头准备为根据DIN ENISO 527的S2型拉伸试验试样。根据DIN EN ISO 527研究薄膜的各5个试样。断裂伸长率、拉伸强度和弹性模量的平均结果概括在表1中。
对于热表征,根据DIN EN ISO 11357-1使用动态差示热分析(DSC)研究大约10毫克固化薄膜的小样品。对于实施例的所有薄膜,由DSC测定的玻璃化转变温度(TG)也概括在表1中。注:对这些薄膜通过DSC测定两个玻璃化转变温度。
表1:自由基固化树脂的机械和热性质实施例编号 | 胺:脲二酮比率 | 后固化温度[℃] | 断裂伸长率[%] | 拉伸强度[MPa] | 弹性模量[MPa] | T<sub>G</sub>[℃] |
1 (对比例) | 0 | 室温 | 94 | 9.6 | 26 | -20/+8 |
2 | 1:5 | 120 | 80 | 17.0 | 143 | -14/+23 |
2 | 1:5 | 150 | 78 | 16.8 | 141 | -6.5/+31.5 |
3 | 1:5 | 120 | 85 | 13.5 | 81.4 | -8/+26 |
3 | 1:5 | 150 | 72 | 11.0 | 98.4 | -13/+20 |
4 | 3:10 | 120 | 65 | 12.0 | 110 | -6.5/+30 |
4 | 3:10 | 150 | 72 | 12.6 | 95.6 | -20/+8 |
与非本发明的实施例1相比,本发明的实施例2至4表现出明显提高的拉伸强度和模量,其中断裂伸长率保持在可比拟的水平。
实施例7: 通过IR光谱学研究脲二酮开环
为了研究在炉固化过程中脲二酮环的打开以及解封闭的异氰酸酯基团与胺基团的反应,在炉固化之前和之后借助IR光谱学研究根据实施例2的薄膜。使用Bruker公司的FTIR光谱仪(Tensor II)进行分析。使试样薄膜与铂ATR单元接触。样品的接触面积为2 x 2mm。在测量过程中,IR辐射根据波长渗透到样品中3至4 µm。然后由样品建立吸收光谱。为了补偿不同硬度的样品的不一致接触,在所有光谱上进行基线校正和在波长范围2600-3200(CH2、CH3)内的归一化。在1786-1750 cm-1(C=O振动)的波长范围内进行脲二酮基团的插值。在脲二酮基团的信号下的积分面积概括在表2中:
表2:
脲二酮信号面积 | |
在炉固化前 | 26.797 |
在炉固化后 | 15.105 |
根据属于脲二酮的信号面积的降低,可以推断通过开环将异氰酸酯基团解封闭和解封闭的异氰酸酯基团与胺的交联反应。
Claims (15)
1.由前体制造物件的方法,其包括步骤:
I) 在载体上沉积自由基交联树脂以获得与所述前体的第一所选截面对应的与载体接合的建造材料层;
II) 在之前施加的建造材料层上沉积自由基交联树脂以获得与所述前体的另一所选截面对应并与之前施加的层接合的另一建造材料层;
III) 重复步骤II)直至形成所述前体;
其中至少在步骤II)中的自由基交联树脂的沉积通过将能量作用于与所述物件的各自所选截面对应的可自由基交联树脂的所选区域实现,且
其中根据DIN EN ISO 2884-1,所述可自由基交联树脂在23℃具有≥ 5 mPa· s至≤100000 mPa· s的粘度,
其特征在于
所述可自由基交联树脂包含可固化组分,在所述可固化组分中存在用封闭剂封闭的NCO基团、具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物和烯属C=C双键,
其中所述封闭剂是异氰酸酯,或选择所述封闭剂以使得在NCO基团的解封闭后不作为游离分子或作为其它分子或分子部分的一部分释放该封闭剂,
且在步骤III)后进一步进行步骤IV):
IV) 在足以将所得前体的自由基交联树脂中存在的NCO基团至少部分解封闭并使由此获得的官能团与具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物反应的条件下处理在步骤III)后获得的前体,以获得所述物件。
3.如权利要求1或2中所述的方法,其中所述可固化组分中的具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物选自多胺、多元醇或其组合。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述可固化组分包含具有用封闭剂封闭的NCO基团和烯属C=C双键的可固化化合物。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述可自由基交联树脂进一步包含自由基起始剂。
6.如权利要求5中所述的方法,其中所述自由基起始剂选自:α-羟基苯基酮、苯偶酰二甲基缩酮、双(4-甲氧基苯甲酰基)二乙基锗和/或2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基二苯基氧化膦。
7.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述树脂中的游离NCO基团与泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的摩尔比≤ 0.05。
8.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中在步骤IV)中,在足以将所得前体的自由基交联树脂中存在的NCO基团至少部分解封闭并使由此获得的官能团与具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物反应的条件下处理在步骤III)后获得的前体包括将所述物体加热到≥60℃的温度。
9.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中使在步骤III)后获得的前体和/或在步骤IV)后获得的物件的表面与具有泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物接触,其中排除在包围所述前体和/或所述物件的气氛中作为天然空气湿度存在的水。
10.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中:
- 所述载体布置在容器内并可在重力方向上垂直下降,
- 所述容器提供可自由基交联树脂,
- 在各步骤II)之前将所述载体下降预定距离,由此在以垂直方向看最上面的建造材料层上方形成所述可自由基交联树脂的层,和
- 在步骤II)中,能量束照射和/或辐照与所述物件的各自所选截面对应的可自由基交联树脂层的所选区域。
11.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中:
- 所述载体布置在容器内并可与重力方向相反地垂直升高,
- 所述容器提供可自由基交联树脂,
- 在各步骤II)之前将所述载体升高预定距离,由此在以垂直方向看最下面的建造材料层下方形成所述可自由基交联树脂的层,和
- 在步骤II)中,多个能量束同时照射和/或辐照与所述物件的各自所选截面对应的可自由基交联树脂层的所选区域。
12.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中在步骤I)中在基底上施加与所述物件的第一所选截面对应的可自由基交联树脂,且在步骤II)中在之前施加的建造材料层上施加与所述物件的另一所选截面对应的可自由基交联树脂,并且此后将能量至少作用于所述可自由基交联树脂。
13.根据DIN EN ISO 2884-1在23℃具有≥ 5 mPa· s至≤ 100000 mPa· s的粘度的可自由基交联树脂在增材制造法中的用途,
其特征在于
所述可自由基交联树脂包含可固化组分,在所述可固化组分中存在用封闭剂封闭的NCO基团、具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物和烯属C=C双键,
其中所述封闭剂是异氰酸酯,或选择所述封闭剂以使得在NCO基团的解封闭后不作为游离分子或作为其它分子或分子部分的一部分释放该封闭剂。
14.如权利要求13中所述的用途,其中所述增材制造法包括照射和/或辐照所述可自由基交联树脂的之前所选的区域或施加的区域。
15.可通过根据DIN EN ISO 2884-1在23℃具有≥ 5 mPa· s至≤ 100000 mPa· s的粘度的可自由基交联树脂的交联获得的聚合物,
其特征在于
所述可自由基交联树脂包含可固化组分,在所述可固化组分中存在用封闭剂封闭的NCO基团、具有至少两个泽列维季诺夫活性H原子的化合物和烯属C=C双键,
其中所述封闭剂是异氰酸酯,或选择所述封闭剂以使得在NCO基团的解封闭后不作为游离分子或作为其它分子或分子部分的一部分释放该封闭剂。
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