CN109967075A - 一种掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
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- KHMOASUYFVRATF-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(4+);tetrachloride;pentahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl KHMOASUYFVRATF-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 9
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Abstract
本发明公开一种掺杂金属铂的ZnO‑SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法,将四氯化锡五水合物、氢氧化钠、氯铂酸溶液、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮加入去离子水中再加入乙醇,再将硫酸锌溶液和碳酸氢氨溶液混合,将两种混合溶液混合配置成前驱液,在微波条件下进行水热反应,经过自然冷却洗涤后干燥,制得掺杂金属铂的ZnO‑SnO2复合光催化材料A,将其进行焙烧后得到掺杂金属铂的ZnO‑SnO2复合光催化材料B;本发明使用微波辅助水热法进行材料的合成,通过微波直接对样品进行加热,由内向外,与传统的水热法或者溶胶‑凝胶法相比,本方法耗时短,传热效率高,再辅以一定的压强,在高温高压的条件下会使反应速度大大提升,制备效果好。
Description
技术领域
本发明具体涉及一种掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法,该催化剂是一种复合物,可作为一种催化材料应用于光催化材料领域。
背景技术
随着时代的快速发展,工业生产所带来的负面影响正在逐渐增大。经济的发展造成了越来越严重的环境污染问题,而光催化技术是基于应对环境保护问题和可持续发展战略提出的绿色技术,其所制备的纳米材料在降解废水有机污染物方面具有重要的研究意义。但是许多光催化剂由于其较大的禁带宽度,在光催化降解污染物方面的效果往往不是很理想,因此开发具有较小禁带宽度和较低电子-空穴复合率的光催化剂具有较大的意义。
氧化锌由于其较小的禁带宽度可以作为一种光催剂应用于环保领域,其禁带宽度为3.37eV,而二氧化锡的禁带宽度为3.6eV。氧化锌较窄的禁带宽度可表现出比二氧化锡更高的光催化性能,但仍具有局限性。文献中报道,氧化锌与石墨烯复合材料在去除六价铬方面有较好的效果,刘新娟等通过紫外光光催化还原石墨烯,合成不同重量比的氧化锌/石墨烯复合材料,其对六价铬的去除率达到96%。二氧化锡由于其较宽的禁带宽度,往往达不到光催化降解污染物的要求,而氧化锌与二氧化锡的复合,通过氧化锌纳米颗粒覆盖在二氧化锡片状结构上,可以大大增强比表面积,它们之间形成的异质结可以增强光催化活性,但其光催化活性仍具有一定的限制。
发明内容
本发明提供一种掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
(1)将1.5-2.5g四氯化锡五水合物、1.0-2.0g氢氧化钠、0.1-0.4mL浓度为 2mmol/L的氯铂酸溶液、0.5-1.5g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)加入到20-40mL去离子水中,搅拌10-20min得到溶液A;
(2)在步骤(1)的溶液A中加入20-40mL乙醇,搅拌20-40min得到溶液B;
(3)将4-8g硫酸锌加入到20-40mL去离子水中,搅拌10-20min,得到溶液C;
(4)将4-6g碳酸氢铵加入到20-40mL去离子水中,搅拌10-20min,得到溶液D,将溶液D加入到步骤(3)的溶液C中,在40-60℃水浴条件下搅拌20-50min,得到溶液E;
(5)将溶液E加入到溶液B中,搅拌10-20min,得到前驱液;
(6)将步骤(5)的前驱液加入聚四氟乙烯内村的反应釜中,在微波辅助水热的条件下,140-180℃反应4-7h,反应压力为160-200MPa,反应体系自然冷却至室温,将产物洗涤后真空抽滤,并将抽滤得到的白色粉末进行干燥,得到掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料A。
步骤(6)干燥后的白色粉末掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料A在500-800℃条件下煅烧2-4h,得到掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料B。
步骤(1)-(5)中的搅拌转速为500-1000转/分钟。
步骤(3)中微波功率为1400-1700W。
步骤(6)中洗涤是用去离子水和乙醇分别洗涤3-5次。
步骤(6)干燥条件为40-60℃干燥8-12h。
本发明的有益效果体现在:
(1)本发明使用微波辅助水热法进行材料的合成,通过微波直接对样品进行加热,由内向外,相较水热法或者溶胶-凝胶法,本方法耗时短,传热效率高,再辅以压强,在高温高压的条件下会使反应速度大大提升,制备效果好。
(2)本发明复合光催化材料具有较大的比表面积,氧化锌覆盖于二氧化锡片状材料上,片状材料大多数在2-10um,而氧化锌颗粒大多在1-10nm,抑制了光生电子-空穴的复合。金属铂作为一种良好的助催化剂,能降低二氧化锡材料的禁带宽度,增加了复合材料的活性位点数,提高了复合材料光生电子-空穴对的分离效率,增大了初始二氧化锡材料的比表面积,提高其光催化性能。
(3)本发明采用在二氧化锡/氧化锌复合材料中掺杂金属铂的方法,制备的掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料,具有较好的催化活性;在未经煅烧的情况下,在210min内对罗丹明B的降解效率为25%-30%,催化活性相对于单一的SnO2有较大的提高,单一的SnO2催化材料降解效率低于10%。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备的掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料A的SEM图;
图2为实施例1、2、3制备的掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料A光催化降解有机污染物图;
图3为实施例5制备的掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料B的X-射线衍射图谱;
图4为实施例6制备的掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料B的X-射线衍射图谱;
图5为实施例4、5、6制备的掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料B光催化降解有机污染物图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例和附图对本发明作进一步详细说明。
实施例1
一种掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
(1)将2g四氯化锡五水合物、1.0g氢氧化钠、0.2mL浓度为2mmol/L氯铂酸溶液、1.0g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)加入到30mL去离子水中,搅拌15min得到溶液A,搅拌转速为500转/分钟;
(2)在步骤(1)的溶液A中再加入30mL乙醇,搅拌20min得到溶液B,搅拌转速为500转/分钟;
(3)将6g硫酸锌加入到30mL去离子水中,搅拌15min得到溶液C,搅拌转速为500转/分钟;
(4)将4g碳酸氢铵加入到20mL去离子水中,搅拌15min得到溶液D,将溶液D加入到步骤(3)的溶液C中,在60℃水浴条件下搅拌35min,形成溶液E,搅拌转速为500转/分钟;
(5)将步骤(4)的溶液E加入到溶液B中,搅拌15min得到前驱液,搅拌转速为1000转/分钟;
(6)将步骤(5)的前驱液加入聚四氟乙烯内村的反应釜中,在微波辅助水热的条件下,180℃反应5.5h,反应压力为200MPa,微波功率为1700W,反应体系自然冷却至室温,将产物用去离子水和乙醇分别洗涤3次后,真空抽滤,并将抽滤得到的白色粉末在鼓风干燥箱中60℃干燥10h,得到掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料A。
图1为本实施例所制备的掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料A的SEM图,从图中可以看出,所合成的材料具有较大的比表面积,铂纳米粒子附着在了二氧化锡片状结构上,氧化锌覆盖于二氧化锡片状材料上,片状材料大多数在2-10um,而氧化锌颗粒大多在1-10nm之间,形成堆叠的复杂结构。
实施例2
一种掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
(1)将1.5g四氯化锡五水合物、2.0g氢氧化钠、0.1mL浓度为2mmol/L氯铂酸溶液、1.5g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)加入到40mL去离子水中,搅拌20min得到溶液A,搅拌转速为750转/分钟;
(2)在步骤(1)的溶液A中再加入40mL乙醇,搅拌30min得到溶液B,搅拌转速为750转/分钟;
(3)将4g硫酸锌加入到40mL去离子水中,搅拌20min得到溶液C,搅拌转速为750转/分钟;
(4)将6g碳酸氢铵加入到40mL去离子水中,搅拌20min得到溶液D,将溶液D加入到步骤(3)的溶液C中,在40℃水浴条件下搅拌20min,形成溶液E,搅拌转速为750转/分钟;
(5)将步骤(4)的溶液E加入到溶液B中,搅拌10min得到前驱液,搅拌转速为750转/分钟;
(6)将步骤(5)的前驱液加入聚四氟乙烯内村的反应釜中,在微波辅助水热的条件下,160℃反应4h,反应压力为160MPa,微波功率为1550W,反应体系自然冷却至室温,将产物用去离子水和乙醇分别洗涤4次后,真空抽滤,并将抽滤得到的白色粉末在鼓风干燥箱中40℃干燥12h,得到掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料A。
实施例3
一种掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
(1)将2.5g四氯化锡五水合物、1.5g氢氧化钠、0.4mL浓度为2mmol/L氯铂酸溶液、0.5g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)加入到20mL去离子水中,搅拌10min得到溶液A,搅拌转速为1000转/分钟;
(2)在步骤(1)的溶液A中再加入20mL乙醇,搅拌40min得到溶液B,搅拌转速为1000转/分钟;
(3)将8g硫酸锌加入到20mL去离子水中,搅拌10min得到溶液C,搅拌转速为1000转/分钟;
(4)将5g碳酸氢铵加入到30mL去离子水中,搅拌10min得到溶液D,将溶液D加入步骤(3)的溶液C中,在50℃水浴条件下搅拌50min,形成溶液E,搅拌转速为1000转/分钟;
(5)将步骤(4)的溶液E加入到溶液B中,搅拌20min得到前驱液,搅拌转速为500转/分钟;
(6)将步骤(5)的前驱液加入聚四氟乙烯内村的反应釜中,在微波辅助水热的条件下,140℃反应7h,反应压力为180MPa,微波功率为1400W,反应体系自然冷却至室温,将产物用去离子水和乙醇分别洗涤5次后,真空抽滤,并将抽滤得到的白色粉末在鼓风干燥箱中55℃干燥8h,得到掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料A。
图2为实施例1、2、3制备的掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料A光催化降解有机污染物图,实施例1得到的材料降解罗丹明B的催化活性为28%,同样未经煅烧的掺杂铂的二氧化锡材料(掺杂金属pt的SnO2材料,制备过程:与实施例3相同的氯铂酸、氯化亚锡、柠檬酸钠、氢氧化钠加入到乙醇与去离子水的混合溶液(体积比1:1)中,得到前驱液,175℃下进行水热反应24h后干燥得到)降解罗丹明B的效率低于5%,几乎没有任何效果,可见实施例1、2、3得到的复合光催化材料的催化效果高于掺杂铂的二氧化锡材料。
实施例4
一种掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
(1)将2.5g四氯化锡五水合物、2.0g氢氧化钠、0.4mL浓度为2mmol/L氯铂酸溶液、0.5g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)加入到20mL去离子水中,搅拌10min得到溶液A,搅拌转速为750转/分钟;
(2)在步骤(1)的溶液A中再加入20mL乙醇,搅拌30min得到溶液B,搅拌转速为750转/分钟;
(3)将6g硫酸锌加入到30mL去离子水中,搅拌10min得到溶液C,搅拌转速为750转/分钟;
(4)将5g碳酸氢铵加入到30mL去离子水中,搅拌10min得到溶液D,将溶液D加入步骤(3)的溶液C中,在40℃水浴条件下搅拌50min,形成溶液E,搅拌转速为750转/分钟;
(5)将步骤(4)的溶液E加入到溶液B中,搅拌10min得到前驱液,搅拌转速为750转/分钟;
(6)将步骤(5)的前驱液加入聚四氟乙烯内村的反应釜中,在微波辅助水热的条件下,140℃反应7h,反应压力为160MPa,微波功率为1400W,反应体系自然冷却至室温,将产物用去离子水和乙醇分别洗涤4次后,真空抽滤,并将抽滤得到的白色粉末在鼓风干燥箱中50℃干燥12h;
(7)将步骤(6)干燥后的白色粉末在500℃条件下煅烧4h,得到掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料B。
实施例5
一种掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
(1)将1.5g四氯化锡五水合物、1.5g氢氧化钠、0.1mL浓度为2mmol/L氯铂酸溶液、1.5g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)加入到40mL去离子水中,搅拌20min得到溶液A,搅拌转速为1000转/分钟;
(2)在步骤(1)的溶液A中再加入40mL乙醇,搅拌40min得到溶液B,搅拌转速为1000转/分钟;
(3)将8g硫酸锌加入到40mL去离子水中,搅拌15min得到溶液C,搅拌转速为1000转/分钟;
(4)将4g碳酸氢铵加入到20mL去离子水中,搅拌20min得到溶液D,将溶液D加入步骤(3)的溶液C中,在50℃水浴条件下搅拌20min,形成溶液E,搅拌转速为1000转/分钟;
(5)将步骤(4)的溶液E加入到溶液B中,搅拌20min得到前驱液,搅拌转速为500转/分钟;
(6)将步骤(5)的前驱液加入聚四氟乙烯内村的反应釜中,在微波辅助水热的条件下,160℃反应5h,反应压力为180MPa,微波功率为1700W,反应体系自然冷却至室温,将产物用去离子水和乙醇分别洗涤5次后,真空抽滤,并将抽滤得到的白色粉末在鼓风干燥箱中40℃干燥10h;
(7)将步骤(6)干燥后的白色粉末在650℃条件下煅烧3h,得到掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料B。
图3为本实施例所制备的掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料B的X-射线衍射图谱,与ZnO和SnO2的标准卡片的衍射峰进行比对,复合光催化材料B的XRD图谱与其标准卡片相对应,样品纯度较高,由图可以看出SnO2由较窄的半高宽,体现出其较好的结晶性,ZnO也具有较好的结晶性。
实施例6
一种掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法,具体步骤如下:
(1)将2g四氯化锡五水合物、1.0g氢氧化钠、0.2mL浓度为2mmol/L氯铂酸溶液、1.0g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)加入到30mL去离子水中,搅拌15min得到溶液A,搅拌转速为500转/分钟;
(2)在步骤(1)的溶液A中再加入30mL乙醇,搅拌20min得到溶液B,搅拌转速为500转/分钟;
(3)将4g硫酸锌加入到20mL去离子水中,搅拌20min得到溶液C,搅拌转速为500转/分钟;
(4)将5g碳酸氢铵加入到30mL去离子水中,搅拌15min得到溶液D,将溶液D加入步骤(3)的溶液C中,在60℃水浴条件下搅拌35min,形成溶液E,搅拌转速为500转/分钟;
(5)将步骤(4)的溶液E加入到溶液B中,搅拌15min得到前驱液,搅拌转速为1000转/分钟;
(6)将步骤(5)的前驱液加入聚四氟乙烯内村的反应釜中,在微波辅助水热的条件下,180℃反应4h,反应压力为200MPa,微波功率为1550W,反应体系自然冷却至室温,将产物用去离子水和乙醇分别洗涤3次后,真空抽滤,并将抽滤得到的白色粉末在鼓风干燥箱中60℃干燥10h;
(7)将步骤(6)干燥后的白色粉末在800℃条件下煅烧2h,得到掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料B。
图4为本实施例制备的掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料B的X-射线衍射图谱,由图可知,经过煅烧处理后复合材料结晶完好,样品纯度较高,可以看出有微量的铂元素存在。
图5为实施例4、5、6制备的掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料B光催化降解有机污染物图,由图可知,煅烧后得到的材料B相比于未经煅烧的材料A具有更高的光催化活性,实施例6所制备的材料在210min内可降解37%的罗丹明B,而未掺杂氧化锌的复合材料(掺杂金属pt的SnO2材料,其制备过程:与实施例6相同的氯铂酸、氯化亚锡、柠檬酸钠、氢氧化钠加入到乙醇与去离子水的混合溶液(体积比1:1)中,得到前驱液,175℃下进行水热反应24h后干燥,600℃煅烧2h得到)在210min内罗丹明B降解效率接近15%,没有实施例4、5、6的催化效果好。
Claims (6)
1.一种掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于,具体步骤如下:
(1)将1.5-2.5g四氯化锡五水合物、1.0-2.0g氢氧化钠、0.1-0.4mL浓度为 2mmol/L的氯铂酸溶液、0.5-1.5g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮加入到20-40mL去离子水中,搅拌10-20min得到溶液A;
(2)在溶液A中加入到20-40mL乙醇,搅拌20-40min得到溶液B;
(3)将4-8g硫酸锌加入到20-40mL去离子水中,搅拌10-20min,得到溶液C;
(4)将4-6g碳酸氢铵加入到20-40mL去离子水中,搅拌10-20min,得到溶液D,将溶液D加入到溶液C中,在40-60℃水浴条件下搅拌20-50min,得到溶液E;
(5)将溶液E加入到溶液B中,搅拌10-20min,得到前驱液;
(6)将前驱液在微波辅助水热的条件下,140-180℃反应4-7h,反应压力为160-200MPa,反应体系自然冷却至室温,将产物洗涤后真空抽滤、干燥,得到掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料A。
2.根据权利要求1所述掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于,将步骤(6)得到的掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料A在500-800℃煅烧2-4h,得到掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料B。
3.根据权利要求1所述掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)-(5)中的搅拌转速为500-1000转/分钟。
4.根据权利要求1所述掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中微波功率为1400-1700W。
5.根据权利要求1所述掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(6)中洗涤是用去离子水和乙醇分别洗涤3-5次。
6.根据权利要求1所述掺杂金属铂的ZnO-SnO2复合光催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(6)干燥条件为40-60℃干燥8-12h。
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