CN109892328A - A kind of compound for improving thrips female adult and luring rate and indoor egg laying amount - Google Patents
A kind of compound for improving thrips female adult and luring rate and indoor egg laying amount Download PDFInfo
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- CN109892328A CN109892328A CN201910341146.5A CN201910341146A CN109892328A CN 109892328 A CN109892328 A CN 109892328A CN 201910341146 A CN201910341146 A CN 201910341146A CN 109892328 A CN109892328 A CN 109892328A
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Abstract
The present invention provides the compounds that a kind of raising thrips female adult lures rate and indoor egg laying amount, it is made of octanal, n-hexyl alcohol, geraniol, benzyl alcohol, cis- 3- hexenyl acetate, proportion mixing successively is carried out according to 1 ~ 5:1 of mass ratio ~ 20:1 ~ 20:5 ~ 25:1 ~ 25 of its solution, each component solution concentration is 30ug/ml.The compound is the active material screened from a variety of host plant volatility of thrips, has the characteristics that function and effect are significant, harmless to polypide itself.The reproductive behavio(u)r that thrips can be excited under the compound existence condition, greatly improves thrips egg laying amount, compared with male worm traps rate, is remarkably improved the attractive activity to thrips female adult, improves 50% or more compared with male worm.Important technological approaches is provided for the population quantity breeding and integrated control of indoor thrips, also provides a large amount of stable worm sources for research thrips biological invasion mechanism and drug resistance.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to insect biologies and field of ecology, and in particular to a kind of raising thrips female adult lures rate and interior
The compound of egg laying amount.
Background technique
Thrips is the general designation of Thysanoptera (Thysanoptera) insect, and polypide is small, often hides in Yu Huayu tender leaf and causes harm,
It is not easy to prevent and treat.Currently, the thrips that has recorded of the whole world is up to more than 7700, China account for more than 570 [Majid et al.,
2011; Mound et al., 2014].So far, the Thripidae type of whole world record is under the jurisdiction of 4 up to more than 2000
Subfamily about 276 belongs to, and China accounts for 315 kinds of 79 category [Hu Qingling, 2013].Thrips is a variety of including propagating spot dwarf virus at present
The important carrier of virus and the important Alien Invasive Species of population outbreak, belong to the big evil of typical small worm.
Thrips is prevented and treated at present and is still relied on based on chemical pesticide, unscientific use causes drug resistance to greatly improve, with
The appearance of the related environmentally friendly law & policy of country, foreign trade increasingly frequently and people to green non-pollution realize by
Step is reinforced, and it is extremely urgent to find thrips prevention and treatment new way.And botanical components are handed over as a kind of semiochemical in regulation insect
With playing an important role in behavior, Assembling Behavior and tritrophic interactions.It is transmitted between insect population by semiochemical
Information maintains the stabilization of population.Insect pheromone can be not only used for pest population dynamics as a kind of non-chemical control measure
Monitoring, while pest controling effect can also be improved in conjunction with other control measures, insect pheromone Prevention Technique also by
It is widely used in the comprehensive treatment of pest.The research in terms of thrips biology and chemical ecology is sent out by project team's early period
Existing Cucumber not only has attracting action to thrips, but also also plays an important role in terms of improving thrips egg laying amount, such as
Geraniol.The plant volatile that the present invention screens can combine thrips property to having remarkable result in the trapping of thrips female adult
Pheromones greatly improve the trapping effect to thrips on multiple populations.
For a long time, thrips indoor scale, Steady breed remain the global problem that scientific research personnel faces, due to Ji
Horse raising can not be bred using feed, can only be raised by Fresh Plants or blade, such as long bean, petal etc., these are posted
It is main that there is very strong seasonality, and commercially available host's pesticide residue is serious, raising thrips with it is difficult to survive, and population is difficult to continue
In generation, worm sources are unstable, can not ensure the orderly development of test.By the way that different quality proportion host's volatile matter is discharged into thrips kind
In group's test, the egg laying amount of discovery offspring thrips is increased significantly.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide the compounds that a kind of raising thrips female adult lures rate and indoor egg laying amount, this is compound
Object is the volatile materials screened from a variety of host plants of thrips, has function and effect significant, harmless to polypide itself
The features such as.The reproductive behavio(u)r of thrips can be excited under the compound existence condition, improved thrips egg laying amount, significantly improved to Ji
The attractive activity of horse female adult provides important technological approaches for the population quantity breeding and integrated control of indoor thrips, also to grind
Study carefully thrips biological invasion mechanism and drug resistance provides a large amount of stable worm sources.
To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
It is a kind of that improve thrips female adult to lure the compound of rate and indoor egg laying amount be using atoleine as solvent, by 30 μ g/ml
Myrcene solution, methyl nicotinate solution, methyl jasmonate solution, spiceleaf alcoholic solution, L-citrene solution composition, successively according to
1 ~ 5:1 of mass ratio ~ 20:1 ~ 20:5 ~ 25:1 ~ 25 carry out proportion mixing.
Preferably, the compound is made of myrcene, methyl nicotinate, methyl jasmonate, geraniol, L-citrene,
Successively proportion mixing is carried out according to its solution quality ratio 2:10:10:20:10.
Myrcene recited above, methyl nicotinate, methyl jasmonate, geraniol, this 5 kinds of n-compounds of L-citrene are equal
For thrips host plant volatile component.
The preparation method for improving thrips female adult and luring the compound of rate and indoor egg laying amount, comprising the following steps:
The preparation of the one-component solution of (1) 30 μ g/ml
The preparation of the myrcene solution of 30 μ g/ml: 10 μ l are taken to add the myrcene n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l
Enter into the atoleine of 990 μ l, and uniformly mixes；
The preparation of the methyl nicotinate solution of 30 μ g/ml: the methyl nicotinate n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l is taken into 10 μ
L is added in the atoleine of 990 μ l, and is uniformly mixed；
The preparation of the methyl jasmonate solution of 30 μ g/ml: by the methyl jasmonate n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l
It takes 10 μ l to be added in the atoleine of 990 μ l, and uniformly mixes；
The preparation of the spiceleaf alcoholic solution of 30 μ g/ml: 10 μ l are taken to add the geraniol n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l
Enter into the atoleine of 990 μ l, and uniformly mixes；
The preparation of the L-citrene solution of 30 μ g/ml: the L-citrene n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l is taken into 10 μ
L is added in the atoleine of 990 μ l, and is uniformly mixed；
(2) myrcene solution, methyl nicotinate solution, the methyl jasmonate solution, geraniol for the 30 μ g/ml for obtaining step (1)
Solution, L-citrene solution mix according to the ratio, and compound is made.
The thrips includes yellow chest thrips, palm thrips, flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, melon thrips, Scirothrips dorsalis, common big
Thrips, onion thrips.
Remarkable advantage of the invention is:
(1) excite insect generations behavior, effect efficient
It is a variety of post that a kind of raising thrips female adult produced by the present invention, which lures the constituent of the compound of rate and indoor egg laying amount,
The main main volatile ingredient of plant, is native compound, harmless to insect itself；Some volatile matters or thrips attractant composition
Ingredient has a dual effect.
(2) compound of the invention, which can be dramatically increased, traps rate to thrips female adult, the synergy as thrips sex pheromone
Agent keeps the prevention and treatment of thrips more efficient.
(3) compound of the present invention can improve thrips egg laying amount, provide important skill for the population quantity breeding of indoor thrips
Art approach also provides a large amount of stable worm sources for research thrips biological invasion mechanism and drug resistance.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is in the presence of 1 compound of embodiment to the egg laying amount (average value of thrips female adult+Standard error) schematic diagram；In figure
Capitalization indicates significant difference (χ2It examines, P < 0.05).
Fig. 2 is in the presence of 2 compound of embodiment to the egg laying amount (average value of thrips female adult+Standard error) schematic diagram；In figure
Capitalization indicates significant difference (χ2It examines, P < 0.05).
Fig. 3 is in the presence of 3 compound of embodiment to the egg laying amount (average value of thrips female adult+Standard error) schematic diagram；In figure
Capitalization indicates significant difference (χ2It examines, P < 0.05).
Fig. 4 is the selection approach response (average value of thrips female adult in the presence of compound of the present invention+Standard error) schematic diagram；
* indicates that thrips female adult selects trend rate significant difference (SSR, P < 0.05) between compound processing and blank control in figure, in figure
Capitalization indicates significant difference (P < 0.05) between different disposal.
Fig. 5 is the selection approach response (average value of thrips male worm in the presence of compound of the present invention+Standard error) schematic diagram；
* indicates that thrips male worm selects trend rate significant difference (SSR, P < 0.05) between compound processing and blank control in figure, in figure
Capitalization indicates significant difference (P < 0.05) between different disposal.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to following reality
Apply example.
Embodiment 1
Compound preparation:
The preparation of the one-component solution of (1) 30 μ g/ml
The preparation of the myrcene solution of 30 μ g/ml: 10 μ l are taken to add the myrcene n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l
Enter into the atoleine of 990 μ l, and uniformly mixes；
The preparation of the methyl nicotinate solution of 30 μ g/ml: the methyl nicotinate n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l is taken into 10 μ
L is added in the atoleine of 990 μ l, and is uniformly mixed；
The preparation of the methyl jasmonate solution of 30 μ g/ml: by the methyl jasmonate n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l
It takes 10 μ l to be added in the atoleine of 990 μ l, and uniformly mixes；
The preparation of the spiceleaf alcoholic solution of 30 μ g/ml: 10 μ l are taken to add the geraniol n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l
Enter into the atoleine of 990 μ l, and uniformly mixes；
The preparation of the L-citrene solution of 30 μ g/ml: the L-citrene n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l is taken into 10 μ
L is added in the atoleine of 990 μ l, and is uniformly mixed；
(2) myrcene, methyl nicotinate, methyl jasmonate, geraniol, the L-citrene solution for the 30 μ g/ml for obtaining step (1)
It matches and mixes by 2:10:10:20:10, compound is made.
The atoleine of compound of the present invention is entirely free of in 1 test of control, picking a pair of Frankliniella occidentalis is placed in 50
In milliliter centrifuge tube, male and female each 1, centrifuge tube is sealed using insect prevention gauze, and centrifuge tube is placed in growth cabinet, and temperature is
It 25 ± 1 DEG C, light application time 16:8 h (L:D), relative humidity (70 ± 5) % RH, tests one week, test is repeated 3 times.It is dissecting
Microscopic observation egg laying amount, control group eggs on average amount are 20.48 ± 2.58.
Compareing 2 test complex is 30ug/ul spiceleaf alcoholic solution.Test method and condition are the same as control 1.It is seen under anatomical lens
Egg laying amount is examined, control group eggs on average amount is 21.33 ± 3.01.
It compares and contains 30ug/ul myrcene solution, 30ug/ul methyl nicotinate solution and 30ug/ul jasmine in 3 test complex
Jasmine acid methyl ester solution, each solution quality ratio are matched by 2:10:10, and test method and condition are the same as control 1.It is produced under the microscope in dissection
Ovum amount, control group eggs on average amount are 24.39 ± 3.70.
By the present embodiment compound 100ul drop on 1mm × 5mm filter paper in processing test, filter paper item be put into 50 milliliters from
In heart pipe, other conditions and method are the same as control 1.
As shown in Figure 1, in the presence of the present embodiment compound, processing group thrips eggs on average amount at 37.37 ± 3.29,
It is significantly higher than control.
Embodiment 2
Compound preparation:
The preparation of the one-component solution of (1) 30 μ g/ml
The preparation of the myrcene solution of 30 μ g/ml: 10 μ l are taken to add the myrcene n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l
Enter into the atoleine of 990 μ l, and uniformly mixes；
The preparation of the methyl nicotinate solution of 30 μ g/ml: the methyl nicotinate n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l is taken into 10 μ
L is added in the atoleine of 990 μ l, and is uniformly mixed；
The preparation of the methyl jasmonate solution of 30 μ g/ml: by the methyl jasmonate n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l
It takes 10 μ l to be added in the atoleine of 990 μ l, and uniformly mixes；
The preparation of the spiceleaf alcoholic solution of 30 μ g/ml: 10 μ l are taken to add the geraniol n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l
Enter into the atoleine of 990 μ l, and uniformly mixes；
The preparation of the L-citrene solution of 30 μ g/ml: the L-citrene n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l is taken into 10 μ
L is added in the atoleine of 990 μ l, and is uniformly mixed；
(2) myrcene, methyl nicotinate, methyl jasmonate, geraniol, the L-citrene solution for the 30 μ g/ml for obtaining step (1)
It matches and mixes by 1:20:20:25:25, compound is made.
The atoleine of compound of the present invention is entirely free of in 1 test of control, picking a pair of Frankliniella occidentalis is placed in 50
In milliliter centrifuge tube, male and female each 1, centrifuge tube is sealed using insect prevention gauze, and centrifuge tube is placed in growth cabinet, and temperature is
It 25 ± 1 DEG C, light application time 16:8 h (L:D), relative humidity (70 ± 5) % RH, tests one week, test is repeated 3 times.It is dissecting
Microscopic observation egg laying amount, control group eggs on average amount are 20.48 ± 2.58.
It compares in 2 test complex as 30ug/ul spiceleaf alcoholic solution.Test method and condition are the same as control 1.Under anatomical lens
Egg laying amount is observed, control group eggs on average amount is 20.99 ± 3.22.
It compares and contains 30ug/ul myrcene solution, 30ug/ul methyl nicotinate solution and 30ug/ul jasmine in 3 test complex
Jasmine acid methyl ester solution, each solution quality ratio are matched by 1:20:20, and test method and condition are the same as control 1.It is produced under the microscope in dissection
Ovum amount, control group eggs on average amount are 23.89 ± 3.64.
By the present embodiment compound 100ul drop on 1mm × 5mm filter paper in processing test, filter paper item be put into 50 milliliters from
In heart pipe, other conditions and method are the same as control 1.
As shown in Fig. 2, in the presence of the present embodiment compound, processing group thrips eggs on average amount at 36.87 ± 4.04,
It is significantly higher than control.
Embodiment 3
The preparation of C compound:
The preparation of the one-component solution of (1) 30 μ g/ml
The preparation of the myrcene solution of 30 μ g/ml: 10 μ l are taken to add the myrcene n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l
Enter into the atoleine of 990 μ l, and uniformly mixes；
The preparation of the methyl nicotinate solution of 30 μ g/ml: the methyl nicotinate n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l is taken into 10 μ
L is added in the atoleine of 990 μ l, and is uniformly mixed；
The preparation of the methyl jasmonate solution of 30 μ g/ml: by the methyl jasmonate n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l
It takes 10 μ l to be added in the atoleine of 990 μ l, and uniformly mixes；
The preparation of the spiceleaf alcoholic solution of 30 μ g/ml: 10 μ l are taken to add the geraniol n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l
Enter into the atoleine of 990 μ l, and uniformly mixes；
The preparation of the L-citrene solution of 30 μ g/ml: the L-citrene n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l is taken into 10 μ
L is added in the atoleine of 990 μ l, and is uniformly mixed；
(2) myrcene, methyl nicotinate, methyl jasmonate, geraniol, the L-citrene solution for the 30 μ g/ml for obtaining step (1)
It matches and mixes by 5:20:20:25:25, compound is made.
The atoleine of compound of the present invention is entirely free of in 1 test of control, picking a pair of Frankliniella occidentalis is placed in 50
In milliliter centrifuge tube, male and female each 1, centrifuge tube is sealed using insect prevention gauze, and centrifuge tube is placed in growth cabinet, and temperature is
It 25 ± 1 DEG C, light application time 16:8 h (L:D), relative humidity (70 ± 5) % RH, tests one week, test is repeated 3 times.It is dissecting
Microscopic observation egg laying amount, control group eggs on average amount are 20.48 ± 2.58.
Compare in 2 test complex is 30ug/ul spiceleaf alcoholic solution, test method and condition with control 1.Under anatomical lens
Egg laying amount is observed, control group eggs on average amount is 21.45 ± 3.27.
It compares in 3 test complex containing myrcene solution, methyl nicotinate solution and methyl jasmonate solution, each solution matter
Amount is matched than 5:20:20, and each solution concentration is 30ug/ul, test method and condition with control 1.It lays eggs under the microscope in dissection
Amount, control group eggs on average amount are 24.74 ± 3.79.
By the present embodiment compound 100ul drop on 1mm × 5mm filter paper in processing test, filter paper item be put into 50 milliliters from
In heart pipe, other conditions and method are the same as control 1.
As shown in figure 3, processing group thrips eggs on average amount is 35.48 ± 3.69 in the presence of the present embodiment compound,
It is significantly higher than control.
The trapping test of Frankliniella occidentalis female adult in the presence of compound of the present invention of embodiment 4
It is reacted using orientation behaviour of the Y-shaped smell sensing apparatus measurement Frankliniella occidentalis female adult to compound (by this laboratory according to olfactometer
Basic principle improves, granted patent number are as follows: ZL201020239767.7).Y-piece principal arm 20cm, two arm lengths are respectively
10cm, 90 DEG C of two-arm angle.Two-arm pipe end sequentially connects distilled water bottle and active carbon bottle, last active carbon bottle opening with silicone tube
In atmosphere, air extractor is connected in gauze at insect release bottle.Filter paper item is cut into 5cm × 1cm, " V " shape is converted into, is placed in
In trap entrance glass tube.100 μ l compound of the present invention in specific embodiment 2, control 1, control 2,3 compounds of control are taken respectively
Uniformly for drop in the taste source bottle for being put into one side on filter paper item, another side has the filter paper of the atoleine of 100 μ l as blank to drip
Control, pumping airflow flow velocity are 1L/min, respectively enter the air-flow of two pipes by active carbon filtering and distilled water humidification.Take thrips
Female, male imago is placed in insect release bottle, is every time respectively 20, is separately measured, be repeated 3 times, surveyed dipped with cotton balls every time
Dehydrated alcohol Y tube inside and outside wall is simultaneously dried, and is then exchanged Y tube two-arm and taste source bottle, is compareed, to eliminate the geometric error of two-arm
The influence that Frankliniella occidentalis behavior may cause.Test worm is put into the insect release bottle of Y tube and starts to test, to 2 hours
Afterwards statistical experiment as a result, the Frankliniella occidentalis rested on Y tube principal arm be accordingly to be regarded as it is reactionless.The result shows that the present invention prepared
Compound to Frankliniella occidentalis female adult trend rate be 75.48% ± 10.38%, be significantly higher than control 1(45.44% ± 5.24%), control 2
(42.53% ± 5.03%) and control 3(44.11% ± 5.79%), these compounds are all remarkably higher than blank control (shown in Fig. 4)；
And the present invention is 54.48% ± 6.23% to Frankliniella occidentalis male worm trend rate, compares the selection ratio of 1 Frankliniella occidentalis male worm
39.18% ± 4.22%, control 2 is 36.19% ± 4.09%, and control 3 is 37.98% ± 4.68%, is all remarkably higher than blank control (such as
Shown in Fig. 5).
It is described above to be only used as embodiments of the present invention and example, without departing from this in this professional skill field range
Under the premise of inventive principle, equivalent transformation and improvement are carried out to it, are accordingly to be regarded as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of thrips female adult that improves lures the compound of rate and egg laying amount, it is characterised in that: the compound by myrcene,
Methyl nicotinate, methyl jasmonate, geraniol, L-citrene composition, successively according to its solution quality than 1 ~ 5:1 ~ 20:1 ~ 20:5 ~
25:1 ~ 25 carry out proportion mixing.
2. a kind of compound for improving thrips female adult and luring rate and egg laying amount according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: institute
The compound stated is made of myrcene, methyl nicotinate, methyl jasmonate, geraniol, L-citrene, successively according to its solution quality
Proportion mixing is carried out than 2:10:10:20:10.
3. according to a kind of compound for improving thrips female adult and luring rate and egg laying amount according to claim 1 or 2, feature
Be: each component solution concentration is 30ug/ml.
4. a kind of prepare a kind of method for improving thrips female adult and luring the compound of rate and egg laying amount as described in claim 1,
It is characterized by: preparing one-component solution using atoleine as solvent, each component solution concentration is 30ug/ml, then
By myrcene solution, methyl nicotinate solution, methyl jasmonate solution, spiceleaf alcoholic solution, L-citrene solution according to mass ratio 1 ~
5:1 ~ 20:1 ~ 20:5 ~ 25:1 ~ 25 carry out proportion mixing, and compound is made.
5. a kind of preparation method for improving thrips female adult and luring the compound of rate and egg laying amount according to claim 4,
Be characterized in that: specific step is as follows:
The preparation of the one-component solution of (1) 30 μ g/ml
The preparation of the myrcene solution of 30 μ g/ml: 10 μ l are taken to add the myrcene n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l
Enter into the atoleine of 990 μ l, and uniformly mixes；
The preparation of the methyl nicotinate solution of 30 μ g/ml: the methyl nicotinate n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l is taken into 10 μ
L is added in the atoleine of 990 μ l, and is uniformly mixed；
The preparation of the methyl jasmonate solution of 30 μ g/ml: by the methyl jasmonate n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l
It takes 10 μ l to be added in the atoleine of 990 μ l, and uniformly mixes；
The preparation of the spiceleaf alcoholic solution of 30 μ g/ml: 10 μ l are taken to add the geraniol n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l
Enter into the atoleine of 990 μ l, and uniformly mixes；
The preparation of the L-citrene solution of 30 μ g/ml: the L-citrene n-compound of pre-prepared 3 μ g/ μ l is taken into 10 μ
L is added in the atoleine of 990 μ l, and is uniformly mixed；
(2) myrcene solution, methyl nicotinate solution, the methyl jasmonate solution, geraniol for the 30 μ g/ml for obtaining step (1)
Solution, L-citrene solution mix according to the ratio, and compound is made.
6. a kind of preparation method for improving thrips female adult and luring the compound of rate and egg laying amount according to claim 4 or 5,
It is characterized by: the thrips include yellow chest thrips, it is palm thrips, flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, melon thrips, Scirothrips dorsalis, common
Big thrips, onion thrips.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115769818A (en) * | 2023-01-30 | 2023-03-10 | 华南农业大学 | Application of (cis) -3-hexenol acetate in inducing spodoptera frugiperda to lay eggs and serving as spodoptera frugiperda attractant |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN103493845A (en) * | 2013-09-13 | 2014-01-08 | 福建省农业科学院植物保护研究所 | Attractant for thrips |
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2019
- 2019-04-25 CN CN201910341146.5A patent/CN109892328A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103493845A (en) * | 2013-09-13 | 2014-01-08 | 福建省农业科学院植物保护研究所 | Attractant for thrips |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 夏西亚等: "蓟马类害虫诱控技术研究进展", 《农学学报》 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115769818A (en) * | 2023-01-30 | 2023-03-10 | 华南农业大学 | Application of (cis) -3-hexenol acetate in inducing spodoptera frugiperda to lay eggs and serving as spodoptera frugiperda attractant |
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Application publication date: 20190618 |