CN109832128A - A kind of Rheum tanguticum Maxim exempts to pour ecology planting method - Google Patents
A kind of Rheum tanguticum Maxim exempts to pour ecology planting method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Exempt to pour ecology planting method, including (1) selection of land, basal dressing, site preparation the present invention provides a kind of Rheum tanguticum Maxim；(2) it chooses seeds；(3) it sows；(4) field management；(5) step is harvested.Ecology planting method provided by the invention can not only cultivate good genuine rhubarb medicinal material, and yield is high, and water-saving, low energy consumption, may advantageously facilitate the sustainable development of Tibetan medicine material industry, popularization and application foreground is good.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to plateau production of crude drugs fields, and in particular to a kind of rheum officinale exempts to pour ecology planting method.
Background technique
Rheum tanguticum Maxim (Rheum tanguticum Maxim.ex Balf.) is polygonaceae (Polygonaceae) Rheum
(Rheum L.) perennial tall and big herbaceous plant, cold in nature, bitter are had long medicinal history, are used as medicine with dry root and rhizomes,
It is recorded by the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (version in 2015), Tibetan medicine classical " Jingzhubencao ", " Tibetan medicine will " etc., tool antibacterial,
The effect of anti-inflammatory, cool blood, removing toxic substances, be the top grade in rheum officinale.Rheum officinale main chemical compositions and active material have anthraquinone derivative (packet
Include the anthraquinone analog compounds such as sennoside, rheinoside, dissociated anthraquinone) and tannin, organic acid etc., it is clinically widely used at present,
Has good development and application prospect.
Rheum tanguticum Maxim is distributed in Qinghai, Gansu and Qinghai and one band of Tibet boundary, and based on wild resource, wild Tang is ancient
Especially big Huang is born in the high mountain cheuch or hillside of height above sea level 3600-4500m, and happiness Cold and cool climate resists cold, avoids high temperature.Qinghai Province is Tang
The ancient especially big genuine main producing region of yellow tradition, produced rheum officinale (" Xining rheum officinale ") quality have long enjoyed a good reputation, and at home and abroad medical market is enjoyed
There is higher great fame, ranks first of 23 kinds of Qinghai Province authentic medicinal herbs.
In recent years, due to being continuously increased to high-quality rheum officinale natural crude drugs demand, interests are driven down, Rheum tanguticum Maxim by
Excessive artificial destruction excavation, resource is increasingly exhausted, and natural ecological environment is also seriously damaged, and seriously limit its resource can
Sustainable development.In order to protect limited wild resource and its ecological environment, it is badly in need of carrying out the ecologic planting of Rheum tanguticum Maxim.
Extensive cultivation breeding is had no to Rheum tanguticum Maxim at present, is cultivated in successfully report in minority, it usually needs
It is irrigated during cultivation, consumes a large amount of water resource, take time and effort.An Taofang etc., the artificial cultivation technique of Rheum tanguticum Maxim,
Chinese agriculture information, 2016,8:151, it was recently reported that a kind of rheum officinale cultural method, but its planting range is only applicable to Gansu cooperation
City is domestic, is also not known and illustrates not needing to pour in cultivation, according to the routine operation of artificial cultivation, in field management link
It usually needs to pour, and the yield and quality of undisclosed rhubarb medicinal material.It is thus impossible to illustrate in its cultivation not
It pours, can not illustrate that the rhubarb medicinal material yield and quality of its harvest is good.
Summary of the invention
Exempt to pour ecology planting method the purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of rheum officinale.
The present invention provides a kind of rheum officinale exempt from pour ecology planting method, it the following steps are included:
(1) selection of land, basal dressing, site preparation: the selection primary habitat of Rheum tanguticum Maxim or similar habitat；Wherein, every 667m2Shi Ji
Fertile 3000-4500kg；
(2) it chooses seeds: taking mass of 1000 kernel to be not less than the Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed of 7.630g, with concentration be 50-200ppm before sowing
Gibberellins solution impregnate 4-6h；
(3) it sows: taking the Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed after impregnating, sowing；
(4) field management:
A, seedling management: plantation First Year, thinning final singling, are filled the gaps with seedlings, transplant and are colonized, and the line-spacing of rheum officinale is made to be maintained at 50-
55cm, spacing in the rows are maintained at 45-50cm, every 667m2Guarantee plant 2500-2600 plants；
Intertillage, weeding；
B, growing season management: more than plantation second year, tongue fur, the prevention and treatment Pest organism plague of rats are beaten in top dressing；
(5) it harvests.
Wherein, in step (1), low and slow hillside hillside fields, the good plot of drainage condition are selected.
Wherein, in step (1), the soil height above sea level of basal dressing is 2600-4500m, it is preferable that height above sea level 3500-4000m.
Wherein, in step (1), the soil of basal dressing is that soil layer is deep, quality is loose, ground moistening, is rich in humus, pH
Value is Alpine Meadow, the alpine scrub soil etc. of 6.5-7.8；
And/or the mode of site preparation are as follows: plough 30-35cm, be made into the low furrow of wide 120-150cm, for use.
Wherein, in step (2), the seed picks up from the Tang of robust growth, no disease and pests harm, provenance life in specific 4 years or more
Ancient especially big yellow plant.
Wherein, in step (2), the method for seed is impregnated before sowing with Gibberellins solution are as follows: 150ppm solution immersion 4~
6h。
Wherein, in step (3), the period of sowing is spring sowing or autumn sowing；
Wherein, sow in spring the time be 4 months at the beginning of~mid or late May；The autumn sowing time be August end~at the beginning of 10 months.
Wherein, in step (3), the mode of sowing is seed sowing or culturing and transplanting seedlings；
Wherein, seed sowing mode is to dig cave program request or trench digging program request；Cave, cave are dug by seeding row spacing 40-45cm × 50-55cm
Deep 3-4cm, every cave scatter seeds 5-8, cover fine earth 1.5-2cm, every 667m2Broadcast 2600 caves in ground；
Planting Patterns be cultivate Rheum tanguticum Maxim seedling after, transplantation of seedlings is opened before turning green, by seeding row spacing 40-45cm ×
50-55cm digs cave, cave depth 30cm, and every cave plants seedling 2-3 plants, hand steered item, in pot, then earthing.
Wherein, in step (5), the harvesting is 3-5 after planting, is harvested.
Wherein, the region of the plantation is Qinghai Province, domain, Huangzhong County or Huangyuan County domain.
Generally, it is considered that needing to irrigate plant in planting process, to meet requirement of the plant to moisture, and reach
To the effect for adjusting the soil moisture, humidity, soil air and nutrient.And traditional rheum officinale is planted in front of crop field is transplanted seedlings and to renovate
Earth ridge is beaten, also constantly to be earthed up after transplanting seedlings.
Applicant is groped by the rheum officinale artificial cultivation of many years, is chosen by specific germ plasm resource, before specific seed
Processing method and other Parameter Conditions, strictly optimize each planting link, have obtained a kind of excellent exempting to pour rheum officinale eco-species
Plant method, obtained rheum officinale yield is high, quality of medicinal material is good, and exempts to pour, and makes full use of natural precipitation, do not need to beat earth ridge,
Ridging, it is water-saving, low energy consumption, simple and feasible, it is truly realized low investment, high yield.
Implantation methods of the present invention can be used for the extensive breeding and proliferation of Rheum tanguticum Maxim in Qinghai-Tibet range；It is applicable in
In the proliferation of several species resource category population quantity within the scope of Qinghai-Tibet length and breadth of land large area region, and then restores and protect locality
Fragile ecological environment condition, may advantageously facilitate the sustainable development of Tibetan medicine material industry, and application value is good.
Obviously, above content according to the present invention is not being departed from according to the ordinary technical knowledge and customary means of this field
Under the premise of the above-mentioned basic fundamental thought of the present invention, the modification, replacement or change of other diversified forms can also be made.
The specific embodiment of form by the following examples remakes further specifically above content of the invention
It is bright.But the range that this should not be interpreted as to the above-mentioned theme of the present invention is only limitted to example below.It is all to be based on above content of the present invention
The technology realized all belongs to the scope of the present invention.
Detailed description of the invention
The high-efficient liquid phase chromatogram of Fig. 1 difference sample；A, b, c are reference substance respectively, exempt to pour planted Rheum (Huangzhong County 4
Nian Sheng), Wild Rhubarb (Qinghai Province's Forage Land In Guoluo Prefecture)；In figure, 1 is aloe-emodin, and 2 be Rhein, and 3 be rheum emodin, and 4 be rheum officinale
Phenol, 5 be Physcion.
Specific embodiment
It is described further below with embodiment, but the present invention is not limited to these embodiments.
Raw material, equipment used in the specific embodiment of the invention are known product, are obtained by purchase commercial product.
The rheum officinale of the present invention of embodiment 1 exempts to pour ecology planting method
The present invention has standardized Rheum tanguticum Maxim medicinal material preferential species growing area kind according to the Bioecological characteristics of Rheum tanguticum Maxim
The complex art requirement of seedling breeding and introducing and planting, prepares this method, is suitable in 3600-4500 meters of ranges of Qinghai Province's height above sea level,
Using the construction in the Rheum tanguticum Maxim ecologic planting base for exempting to pour ecology planting method.
1 collects seed
The Rheum tanguticum Maxim Original plant of seed collecting is mainly derived from Wild plant, preferably selects robust growth, no disease and pests harm, kind
Plant more than source life in specific 4 years is as kind of a strain.Wild Rheum tanguticum Maxim more be grown on height above sea level 3600-4500m high and coldly
Area, seed maturation is in late August to September early and middle ten days.It should pick when seed maturation, easily be blown off by strong wind after expired in time.Greatly
When the fruit browning color of part, cut scape, dry in the shade or dry threshing it is selected after, store in draughty cloth bag, dry in the shade and protect
It is stored in back room, seed quality meets " People's Republic of China's seed management regulations ".
2 seed treatments and type of seeding
Seed is the material base of production of crude drugs, and excellent variety and good seed are the bases for realizing medicinal material standardization production
Plinth and source；The superiority and inferiority of germplasm directly influences the quality of subsequent medicinal material.
The Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed that mass of 1000 kernel is not less than 7.630g is chosen, it is the red mould of 50~200ppm that concentration is used before sowing
Plain solution impregnates 4~6h.
Type of seeding: Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed can be divided to spring, the sowing of two season of autumn in current year or next year sowing, breeding sowing time.
The land type of dry-land cultivation mode is mostly slope nonirrigated farmland or river valley beach, mainly uses and exempts to pour ecologic planting technology, sufficiently
Natural precipitation temporal-spatial distribution characteristic is utilized, allow plant the rain hot same period season of growth fast-growth.Part of Qinghai Plateau Tang Gute
The spring sowing of rheum officinale is in first arrival mid or late May in April；Autumn sowing is sowed after collecting seed at the beginning of August end to 10 months.
It is attached: the measuring method of thousand grain weigth
Test article mainly has: electronic balance, Seed Inspection plate, ruler, hairbrush, small dustpan, glue spoon, tweezers, magnifying glass,
9cm culture vessel, contains kind of a container at small ruler.
Concrete operations are as follows: the indiscriminate several sons in place from measurement sample when points, are placed on one for every 50, seed
Heap, two rickles are merged into 10 a piles, and ten rickles is taken to be merged into 1000, form one group.Second is taken with same method
Group, third group ....Until the 8th group, as eight repetitions.The weight for weighing each group respectively charges to thousand grain weigth measurement note
Table is recorded, its average value is then taken.
Eight group average weights (X) are asked according to the weighing of eight weight reading, then calculate standard deviation (S) and the coefficient of variation
(C), formula is as follows:
Standard deviation
In formula: the weight (gram) of each repeating groups of X-；N-number of repetition；Σ-summation
The coefficient of variation
In formula: the average weight (gram) of=500 seeds
By measuring and calculating, the greatly different in size seed of grain is such as planted, the coefficient of variation is no more than 6.0, the variation of general seed
Coefficient is no more than 4.0, then can calculate mass of 1000 kernel by measurement result.If the coefficient of variation is more than these limits, it should count again and take eight weights
It is multiple, weighing, and calculate 16 duplicate standard deviations.By the average weight of eight or eight or more 1000 seeds multiplied by 10
(i.e. 10 ×) are thousand grain weigth.
3 selection of lands and fertilising site preparation
The land type for preferably selecting high altitude localities (height above sea level 2600-4500m) is planted in Rheum tanguticum Maxim slope nonirrigated farmland, soil
Soil layer is deep, quality is loose, ground moistening, drains good, rich humus-containing loam type (pH value 6.5-7.8).It can refer to
The soil quality standard of the sandy loam of " standard of soil environment quality " (GB15618-1995) secondary standard.
Points for attention when selection of land: the 1. glutinous weight of soil property, the place of hypsography low-lying should not plant.Low-lying glutinous heavy soil matter easily causes Tang
Ancient especially big xanthorrhiza quick bifurcation such as influences configuration of medicinal materials quality, while being easy to happen root rot at all kinds of diseases.2. Rheum tanguticum Maxim
Rehabilitated land or serious degeneration (Degenerated Meadow) grass based on miscellany grass for selecting soil seriously to degenerate are utilized on planting principle
Ground can carry out crop rotation with semen viciae fabae, potato etc., can preferably prevent the generation of disease.3. without atmosphere in a certain range of periphery
With the factory of water pollution, generally from highway arterial highway in 100m or more.
Fertilising and site preparation: will moderately plough deeply after selection of land, and generally two weeks carries out site preparation prior to seeding, plough 25-30cm.It is whole
Base manure, every 667m are used sufficient before ground2Can manuring 3000-4500kg, mixed in conjunction with ploughing with soil, plough deeply 30-35cm, harrowed broken
Weeds and stone are removed in leveling.It rakes before sowing whole thin, is made into the low furrow of wide 120-150cm.General producing region live streaming ground or nursery
Transplanting plot majority does furrow afterwards.
4 planting patterns
Rheum tanguticum Maxim mainly uses seminal propagation.Though having document report to record rheum officinale can be used radical bud breeding, in life
It is difficult to promote in production, seminal propagation can be broadcast live, also can culturing and transplanting seedlings.
4.1 seed sowing modes
According to the climatic environment feature of Part of Qinghai Plateau, general live streaming is carried out in spring (first arrival mid or late May in April).Usually
It takes and digs cave program request or trench digging program request.Cave is dug by seeding row spacing 40-45cm × 50-55cm, cave depth 3-4cm, every cave scatters seeds 5-8
Grain, covers fine earth 1.5-2cm, every 667m2About broadcast 2600 caves in ground.It can be according to the primary conditions such as soil regime before spring sowing (soil moisture is good)
Appropriate vernalization is carried out, seed can be put into 18-20 DEG C of warm water and impregnate 6-8h, then pulled out and be put into wooden case or bamboo basket, is used
Wet gunnysack covering.But when sowing more arid, it should not be sowed using the seed of vernalization processing.
4.2 Planting Patterns
Seedling raising manners can save Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed and improve the utilization rate in soil, or be suitable for spring arid, no
The area being preferably broadcast live.
Nursery can carry out in spring and autumn, and be divided into field seedling raising and nurse young plants in hothouses.Nursery should be made into wide 1.2m,
The high ridge of long not equal low furrow or high about 20cm, furrow face it is smooth carefully, surrounding holds gutter successfully.
Nursery mostly uses trench digging drilling or broadcasts sowing.If ditching drilling, seed is uniformly sprinkled into ditch by drains spacing 10cm, ditch depth 3cm
In, cover fine earth 1-2cm.According to broadcasting sowing, seed is uniformly sprinkling upon in the furrow face of leveling, then covers fine earth 1-2cm.It is good in soil moisture content
In the case where good and proper temperature, broadcasting latter 10-15 days can emerge, and after germinateing and being unearthed, remove lid grass in time.Usual drilling is every
Mu kind of a 5-6kg is broadcasted sowing per acre with kind of a 6-8kg.
Method of transplanting seedlings and its main points:
Rheum tanguticum Maxim is transplanted according to Part of Qinghai Plateau climatic environment feature, transplantation of seedlings is opened when that will turn green, mostly in spring 4
The last ten-days period to the first tenday period of a month in May moon carry out, best to plant when digging.After first rheum officinale seedling is dug out, soil is shaked off, cuts off lateral root, except preventing or cure a disease
Strain, is classified rheum officinale seedling, the more consistent seedling of transplanting size.On the whole land, by seeding row spacing 40-45cm ×
50-55cm digs cave, cave depth 30cm.Every cave plants 1 plant of seedling, hand steered item, and in pot, then earthing, moderately jams on when covering, and makes
Root item is combined closely with soil, is survived with benefit.Earthing is advisable with covering reed head.Transplanting seedlings for Rheum tanguticum Maxim dry-land cultivation is controlled as far as possible
System is conducive to improve rheum officinale and transplant seedlings survival rate before the rainy day arrives.
5 field management
5.1 seedling stages field management (plantation First Year)
5.1.1 rheum officinale seedling management
In Rheum tanguticum Maxim planting process, the full stand of First Year, healthy and strong and reasonable density are the important guarantors of good quality and high output
Card.
Thinning: the Rheum tanguticum Maxim of seminal propagation is short of seedling in order to prevent, and application rate is generally large.For avoid seedling it is crowded,
Fight for nutrient, a part of seedling need to be pulled out, select and remain strong sprout, should early thinning in due course, it is overstocked to avoid seedling, grow slim and frahile, occur
Lodging and death.The experience of " between three leaves, five Ye Ding " is pressed in rheum officinale plantation, generally carries out first time thinning in mid or late May.Due to
The seedling of early stage Rheum tanguticum Maxim is relatively weak, and the number of thinning can be according to growth time, in conjunction with tillage and weeding, multiple thinning.
It after seedling all sprouts, can apply fertilizer 1-2 times in due course, to promote growth of seedling.When first time weeding, even and go overstocked seedling.That broadcasts sowing answers
3-5cm is kept to have 1 young plant, drilling keeps every 2-4cm to stay 1 young plant.
Final singling: to prevent from being short of seedling, thinning two, three times after final singling again.Generally tillage and weeding can be combined in the mid-August of current year
It completes.2-3 plants of seedling are first stayed in every cave, and the thinning, final singling again after seedling is slightly larger, seedling 1 or 2 plants are stayed in every cave.
Fill the gaps with seedlings: live streaming or culturing and transplanting seedlings can all cause the disconnected ridge that is short of seedling, can be in digging transplantation of seedlings rainy days or with soil to save seedling from damage
Transplanting, and fill the gaps with seedlings.It fills the gaps with seedlings using seedling of the same age or plant seedling of the same size.
5.1.2 transplanting and field planting
Divide autumn transplanting and spring transplanting.September early and middle ten days can dig rheum officinale seedling after above-ground plant parts is substantially withered
Out, it is classified (generally by large, medium and small classification), prepares transplanting.Spring transplanting works as plant in late April or the first tenday period of a month in May will
Before turning green, rheum officinale seedling can be dug out and be transplanted.Transplant planting should carry out simultaneously with lifting, cut off plant main root lower elongate
Part and main root on lateral root, by distance between rows and hills 50-55cm × 45-50cm digging cave, cave depth 20-30cm, when having ready conditions can every cave apply
Enter organic fertilizer 1-2kg, mixed thoroughly with cave soil, every cave plants 1 plant of seedling, blinding to cave it is deep 2/3 at, appropriateness is compacted.
By transplanting and field planting management measure, the line-spacing of planted Rheum is set to be maintained at 50-55cm, spacing in the rows is maintained at 45-
50cm, every 667m2Kept for about 2500-2600 plants of plant.
5.1.3 intertillage, weeding and ridging
Spring or autumn transplanting, tillage and weeding 2-4 times after rheum officinale is turned green, for the first time when early and middle ten days Miao Gang in May is unearthed,
Second in mid-June, grows animated period in July for the third time, in August Later growth, increases a weeding at this time, just the 4th time
It is the time of weed seed maturation, by the way that weeds breeding and growth can be efficiently controlled after weeding.
In each tillage and weeding, fertilising, should all earth up, to promote root growth.According to plantation observation on the spot, Elsholtzia
Material is mainly root, specific gravity very little shared by rhizome part.Bud on the planted Rheum rhizome of slope nonirrigated farmland is with growth year
Increase and increase apart from surface layer, annual plant, which turns green, also postpones with the increase of growth year.As it can be seen that the big yellow race in slope nonirrigated farmland
It plants due to the natural geotropism of root and the natural ridging process in hillside fields, it may not be necessary to earth up.
5.2 growing season managements (more than plantation second year)
5.2.1 top dressing
Rheum tanguticum Maxim is the fertilizer favorite plant of deep-rootedness, and fertilising is one of the important measures of volume increase.Top dressing is answered after plantation every year
2-3 times, 6 the end of month of First Year, per acre can manuring 1500-2000kg, second, inferior to August end, can apply plant ash or phosphorus potash fertilizer,
The latter's dosage 15kg or so per acre.2-3 top dressing of second year can apply calcium superphosphate 3.5kg, ammonium sulfate 9kg per acre.Fertilising is as far as possible
Selection improves fertilizer efficiency before the rainy day arrives, in conjunction with tillage and weeding with benefit.
5.2.2 tongue fur is beaten
The bolting phenomenon of rheum officinale is larger to rhubarb medicinal material yield effect.Rheum officinale transplants 2 years and after live streaming 3 year, in late May
Start bolting to early and middle ten days in June to bloom.It is investigated according to the planting experiment of Huangyuan ditch black greatly, 3 years bolting flowering rates is broadcast live generally not
To 10%, 4 years bolting flowering rates are broadcast live and reach 75% or more, next year generally will not continuously bloom knot again after current year bolting is bloomed
It is real.Rheum officinale bolting can significantly reduce underground biomass, typically result in the underproduction up to 20-30%.Therefore tongue fur should be beaten in time, tongue fur is beaten in fine day
It carries out, is cut off with pocket knife from base portion, answer base portion to retain certain section, and disinfect in time.Rainy days should not beat tongue fur, Yi Mianyin
Play butt rot.
The 6 most disease and pest grass plagues of rats and its prevention and treatment
6.1 disease
Rheum tanguticum Maxim disease mainly has root rot, ring spot, charcoal seasonal febrile diseases, downy mildew etc..Its control measure is as follows: 1. right
Root rot, the practicable crop rotation in cultivation, selects the preceding crops fields such as rape, highland barley to transplant Rheum tanguticum Maxim, select topography compared with
Height, excessively drained field planted Rheum；Also local drug delivery can be used and carry out leaching root sterilizing, 50% thiophanate 800 of period of disease
Times liquid or 1:1:100 Bordeaux mixture are spraying or pour diseased plant root 1-2 times.Pull out diseased plant in time after the onset, and with lime in disease
It carries out disinfection around strain, control diseased plant sprawling, autumn collects deadwood leaf and burns, and reduces germ source.2. to ring spot, autumn and winter
It should extract and thoroughly remove rheum officinale planting site dead leaf concentration and burn, eliminate overwintering cause of disease；And start within 2 weeks to spray 1:2:300 in emergence
Bordeaux mixture or the prevention and treatment of jinggangmeisu 50mg/L liquid, or so per two weeks spray 1 time, spray 3-4 times depending on the state of an illness.3. preventing charcoal seasonal febrile diseases
The method of controlling can refer to ring spot, and time of origin is generally partially early.4. to downy mildew, practicable crop rotation keeps drainage of soil good,
It digs trenches to drain the water away in time after rain, reduces field humidity, mitigate harm；It pulls out diseased plant in time and is burnt, remove the withered school in field and fall
Leaf and weeds eliminate overwintering cause of disease.Cave hole soil lime disinfection where diseased plant, early stage spray 40% efosite, 300 times of liquid,
400-500 times of liquid of 1:1:200 Bordeaux mixture or 25% metalaxyl sprayed 1 time every 7-10 days, 3-4 times continuous.
6.2 insect pest
Rheum tanguticum Maxim does not have single-minded insect pest, it is endangered it is more serious predominantly it is some harm the crops it is omnivorous
Property pest, what underground was caused harm mainly has grub, mole cricket, wireworm and cutworm etc., and what is caused harm on the ground mainly has striped flea-beetle, aphid
Worm, lopper worm.Wherein caused harm most serious with striped flea-beetle, grub and aphid, the former is mainly in Rheum tanguticum Maxim seedling stage first
Cause harm in year serious, causes to be short of seedling, and more typical with high altitude localities；Grub is caused harm rheum officinale root in underground throughout the year, thus shadow
Rheum officinale growth and medical material quanlity are rung, and aphid then endangers the aerial part of planted Rheum, grub and aphid often have in low altitude area
Farming operation area.Specific control method is as follows:
6.2.1 striped flea-beetle
Cultural control: after annual autumn rheum officinale blade is withered, aerial part stubble fallen leaves are removed in time, neutralize field with rooting out
Weeds on the ridge eliminate its hibernacle and foodstuff base；Soil is shone in deep ploughing before rheum officinale First Year is sowed, and causes to be unfavorable for larva
The environment of life simultaneously eliminates part pupa.
Chemical control: occur to handle soil, every 667m with 2.5% phoxim pulvis before serious regional First Year is sowed2It applies
3-4kg can reduce seedling stage harm.Rheum officinale seedling stage can use 100 times of liquid of 90% metrifonate, 1000 times of liquid or 50% phoxim,
Adult can be prevented and treated.Pay attention to being sprayed from the four circumferential centers in field when sprinkling, prevents adult from escaping to adjacent plot.Eliminating larva can spray
Spill or pour and (have water source area) 1000 times of liquid of 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate, 2000 times of liquid or 90% trichlorphon.
6.2.2 grub
The generation of grub is related with the soil texture, moisture and preceding crop, therefore adaptation to local conditions is wanted in the prevention and treatment of grub, comprehensive anti-
It controls.(1) it should carry out and observe and predict work, investigate insect density, grasp adult occurance peak and prevent and treat adult in time.In adult occurance peak
It carries out lights trapping or is sprayed with 1000 times of metrifonate, phosmet, DDVP liquid.(2) the prevention and treatment of grub larva should be done a good job of it.It keeps away
Exempt to apply not decomposed barnyard manure, reduces Adult worms producting eggs.(3) chemicals treatment soil.Such as use 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate every when insect pest is serious
667m2200-250g is applied, adds 10 times of water, is sprayed on 25-30kg fine earth and mixes into pesticide-clay mixture thoroughly, it is shallow immediately to uproot along ridge row replacement, or with same
The pesticide-clay mixture of sample dosage is spread on kind of ditch or ground, ploughs immediately, can achieve good results, and simultaneous can control wireworm and mole cricket.
6.2.3 aphid
Field side weeds can be rooted out in time in spring, reduce vegetable aphid quantity；It sprays in time: spray 40% Rogor or 50% can be used
1000 times of liquid of Aphox wettable powder have special efficacy to vegetable aphid.Effect of spraying pesticide is more preferable on planted Rheum rand weeds simultaneously.Often
It sprays 1 time within 4-6 days, continuous spray 2-3 times, fine day control efficiency is preferable.
6.3 crop smothering
Endangering in Rheum tanguticum Maxim planting process more serious is mostly farmland weed, main malignant weed have Elsholtzia densa,
Wild avena sativa, sowthistle, Bao Shuocao, Chenopodiaceae, field bindweed, Microula sikkimensis, only floating heart, pivot storage, field thistle, Siberia knotweed etc..In
The requirement of production of crude drugs management quality specification, is forbidden to use chemical herbicide in principle.Rheum tanguticum Maxim prevention and control of weeds side at present
Method mainly has: 1. artificial weeding: the field management mainly in conjunction with Rheum tanguticum Maxim cultivation carries out artificial weeding, ground before point sowing
Weeding after young plant weeding (First Year), rheum officinale are turned green after table and soil treatment weeding, preceding weeding of after planting emerging, rheum officinale emergence
(after second year) several periods carry out.It presently, is still largely effective and real an one of main method.2. going
Between the agricultural crop straws such as bedding straw, inhibit weed growth: being covered using stalk and interfere part weed germination and growth.3. mulch
Covering inhibits part weed growth: on the ridge of rheum officinale plantation, plastic covering mulch in the ranks or in gutter, being able to suppress portion
Divide weed growth.Summer is in use, will prevent hot humid weather and root rot occurs.
6.4 the plague of rats
The bandicoot endangered in Rheum tanguticum Maxim dry-land cultivation is mainly Myospalax baileyi (Myospalax baileyi
) and Ochotona curzoniae (Ochotona curzoniae Hodgson) Thomas.Myospalax baileyi belongs to Qinghai-Tibet endemic species, is common in
The distributed area of the Rheum tanguticum Maxims such as green, sweet, river and sorrel.Its control method are as follows: poison can be used using hunger period in spring
Bait trapping, or hole habit is blocked up for Myospalax baileyi, there is the movable area of bandicoot, excavating rat hole, is leading to when zokor comes to block up hole
It crosses the various approach such as bow and arrow to be catched and killed, certain effect can be received.Ochotona curzoniae: it is distributed widely in all kinds of degenerations in Qinghai-Tibet Platean
In meadow, control method are as follows: D type creotoxin mouse killing method can be used in winter-spring season.
7 reserve seed for planting
The seed of general harvesting at least 4 Nian Shenghou plant knots rheum officinale maternal plant and is performed according to the standard of seed selection selected reserve seed for planting
Label should select kind determination, no disease and pests harm, the plant that plant strain growth is healthy and strong, the plant bolting time limit is later.Preferably with it is ripe with
It adopts, dries in the shade in time, being placed in back room keeps its after-ripening dry.
8 pick and process
8.1 harvest time
The Rheum tanguticum Maxim of plantation determines medicinal material collecting time by the two ways that is broadcast live and transplants seedlings.Spring direct-seeding planting it is big
Huang generally should ensure that 3 years growth times, it is proposed that excavate in the 4th year or in the 5th year；The rheum officinale of spring culturing and transplanting seedlings plantation,
It generally should ensure that 3 years growth times, it is proposed that excavate in the third year of transplanting or in the 4th year.And the rheum officinale of autumn plantation is (straight
Broadcast or culturing and transplanting seedlings) suggest than spring plantation postpone 1 year after excavate.
According to the climatic environment of Qinghai Province's extremely frigid zones, (soil is not yet at this time for excavation generally after 9-10 month seed is mature
Freeze), can also plant turn green before late April or the first tenday period of a month in May excavation.
8.2 collecting method
It digs the time receiving, first aerial part is sliced off, surrounding soil is excavated, then deep-cuts, rhizome and root are all dug out, tremble net
Soil transports processing back in time.Further backfill processing should be made to hillside fields, reduce earth's surface soil erosion.The general 4 years every 667m of life2
Produce Rheum tanguticum Maxim fresh root 2000-2500kg.
8.3 Habitat producing
The Rheum tanguticum Maxim root and rhizome dug back, trembles net soil, cuts off remaining cauline leaf, supporting root, terminal bud, can be scraped with tile
Rough bark is removed, it is crosscutting in blocks or longitudinal sectional at valve according to various different specifications and rheum officinale root and rhizome size, or it is processed into oval
Shape or cylinder, thick root can be cut into the section of suitable length, be strung with cotton rope, hang under eaves or ventilation is dried in the shade in canopy.Or it will
Even be spread out on smoked frame of rheum officinale is dried with mild fire, and room temperature may not exceed 60 DEG C, and baking after a few days, when skin zone is aobvious dry,
Cease fire and cool down, allow its sweating to get damp again, then dry again, repeatedly several times until absolutely dry.
9 quality standards and detection
9.1 quality standard
9.1.1 appearance character
Medicinal material is with appearance yellowish-brown, and bright and beautiful line and asterism are obvious, and weight, matter is solid, gas faint scent, and bitter is without hair that is puckery, chewing
Glutinous person is preferred.Generally it is preferred with Xining rheum officinale.Rheum tanguticum Maxim commercial specification classification standard is as follows:
Egg piece is lucky
First-class removes rough bark, longitudinal sectional at valve.Surface yellowish-brown, weight are solid.The light red brown of section or yellowish-brown, tool radiation
Shape texture and obvious ring grain, the white muscle of red meat, marrow have asterism circular row or are dispersed in particle.Gas faint scent, slight bitter micro-puckery.Per kilogram 8
Within, the chaff heart is no more than 15%.
Within second-class per kilogram 12, remaining is the same as first-class.
Within third per kilogram 18, remaining is the same as first-class.
Su Ji
First-class removes rough bark, horizontal to cut into chunks, and is in irregular roundness cylindricality.Surface yellowish-brown, weight matter are hard.The light red brown of section
Or yellowish-brown, have radial texture and obvious ring grain, the white muscle of red meat, marrow has asterism circular row or is dispersed in particle.Gas faint scent, bitter
Micro-puckery.Within per kilogram 20, the chaff heart is no more than 15%.
Second-class root and rhizome removes rough bark, horizontal to cut into chunks, and is in irregular roundness cylindricality, within per kilogram 30.Remaining is same
Deng.
Within third per kilogram 40, remaining is the same as second-class.
Water root gradeless and uniformly-priced goods
The main root tail portion of Rheum tanguticum Maxim and the processed goods of supporting root, it is in long strip.Surface is in brown or yellowish-brown, is had not
The rough bark removed.Weight matter is hard, and section pale red or yellowish-brown have radial texture.Gas faint scent, bitter micro-puckery.Varying length,
Between have a bored stubble, top diameter is not less than 1.3cm.
Former rheum officinale gradeless and uniformly-priced goods
Go rough bark longitudinal sectional at valve or it is horizontal cut into chunks, block piece size regardless of.Surface yellowish-brown, section have radial texture and bright
Aobvious ring grain.Marrow has asterism or is dispersed in particle.Gas faint scent, bitter micro-puckery.Mid diameter is no more than 15% in 2cm or more, the chaff heart.
Export rheum officinale
Export Rheum tanguticum Maxim most high-quality rhubarb medicinal materials have nine depending on stubble redness proportion is how many within quality
At, most probably, seventy percent, sixty percent 4 kind.Outlet rheum officinale specification has piece, Ji Zi, the sugared heart, thick slag etc..It is wherein best with piece, middle Ji
Take second place, respectively redness.Little Ji, the sugared heart, thick slag then point without redness.
9.1.2 inherent quality
Quality mark: provide according to the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (version in 2015): this product is done in 105 DEG C of dry 6h
Dry weight-loss ratio is no more than 15.0%；Total ash must not exceed 10.0%.Acid-insoluble ash must not exceed 0.8%.
Active constituent content: this product is calculated by dry product, (the C containing rheum emodin15H10O5) and Chrysophanol (C15H10O4) total amount
0.50% must not be less than.
9.2 quality-monitoring
Rheum tanguticum Maxim monitoring is carried out referring to method under 2015 editions items of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China.Effective component
Content monitoring: the medicinal material produced with this regulation, according to 4 years test results, the content of rheum emodin and Chrysophanol should all meet
Regulation under the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China one rheum officinale item of version in 2015.
10 packagings, storage and transport
Fresh Rheum tanguticum Maxim root, which removes, puts that ventilation is shady and cool to go out to dry in the shade after rough bark, is placed in bamboo basket, every about 50kg should be infused
The bright name of an article, specification, the place of production, lot number, packing date, production unit, and have quality certification mark.It is stored in aeration-drying
Place, 30 DEG C hereinafter, relative humidity 60%-75%, commercial articles safety water content 10%-13%.Storage period should be inspected periodically, sterilize,
Environment sanitary is kept, is often divulged information, discovery slightly goes mouldy, damages by worms, and to turn over and dry in the air in time, it may be necessary to seal oxygen nitrogen charging
Maintenance.Means of transport or container should have good aeration, to keep drying, and should have moisture preventive measure, shorten as much as possible
Haulage time；It substance of toxic, harmful and easy taint of odour should not be loaded in mixture with other simultaneously.
Illustrate beneficial effects of the present invention with the mode of test example below:
The screening of 1 Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed of test example sowing pre-treating method
Pre-treatment is carried out to seed first before Rheum tanguticum Maxim sowing, screening technique is as follows:
(1) influence that hormone concentration sprouts Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed
Test picks up from Qinghai Province, area, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Golog, height above sea level 3800-4200m with Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed.Setting
The germination experiment of Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed under 7 various concentration gibberellin liquid seed soaking.Concrete operations are as follows: preparing 7 batches and do
Net seed uses the Gibberellins solution immersion seed of concentration 0,50,100,150,200,250,300ppm, under the conditions of 20 DEG C respectively
The germination rate test of progress is as control, and every culture dish puts 100, seed impregnated, and every batch processing is repeated 4 times, germination temperature
20 DEG C of degree records germinative number day by day, calculates germination percentage, and the seed of different year acquisitions carries out above-mentioned same processing, the results are shown in Table
1。
The lower Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed germination rate of 1 various concentration gibberellin of table processing
Seen from table 1, Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed is handled using gibberellin, seed germination rate can be effectively facilitated, with red mould
Plain concentration treatment effect between 50-200ppm is preferable, and seed germination rate can reach 67.40-93.08%.
(2) influence that the different gibberellin processing times sprout Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed
After Optimum Temperature of Seed Germination and most suitable gibberellin concentration for the treatment of has been determined, we are to the gibberellin different disposal time
The influence sprouted to Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed is studied, and is selected gibberellin concentration for 150ppm, be the results are shown in Table 2.As it can be seen that with
The growth of gibberellin processing time, seed germination rate is continuously increased, the result obtained especially with the 2-6h gibberellin processing time compared with
Good, seed germination rate can achieve 67.7%-93.08%.
Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed germination rate under the different gibberellin processing times of table 2
Comprehensive hormone concentration and time processing result, it is known that, it is untreated before Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed germination rate generally compared with
It is low, it is below 60%；After gibberellin is handled, Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed germination rate has different degrees of raising.Wherein, most preferably
Concentration for the treatment of and time are as follows: 50~200ppm handles 4~6h, can reach 60%~90% or more germination rate.
The Rheum tanguticum Maxim of the present invention of test example 2 is compared with Wild Rhubarb
Compare the rhubarb medicinal material and Wild Rhubarb medicinal material that implantation methods of the present invention obtain, detects the terrestrial life of medicinal material respectively
Amount and active constituent content.
One, the measurement of underground biomass
Sampling and measuring method: the complete root of Rheum tanguticum Maxim that excavation is obtained takes back laboratory at once, uses distilled water
The rear weighings such as removal soil sundries are cleaned, underground biomass fresh weight is obtained.It is subsequently placed in 50 DEG C of baking ovens, claims after drying to constant weight
Weight, obtains underground biomass dry weight.
It the results are shown in Table 3.
Table 3 exempts from Rheum tanguticum Maxim underground biomass under the conditions of pouring ecologic planting
As it can be seen that the Rheum tanguticum Maxim underground biomass dry weight that ecology planting method of the present invention obtains is said better than Wild Rhubarb
The rhubarb medicinal material biomass accumulation that bright the method for the present invention obtains is more, and yield is higher.
Two, the measurement of active constituent content
Using HPLC method, the active principle content of different medicinal materials is detected respectively.
1, instrument and reagent
515 high performance liquid chromatograph of Waters, 2996 diode array detector of Waters, Mettler Toledo
AG135 a ten thousandth electronic balance.During aloe-emodin, Rhein, rheum emodin, Chrysophanol, Physcion reference substance are purchased from
State's drug biological products assay institute.Methanol is chromatographically pure, and water is distilled water, and other reagents are that analysis is pure.
2, HPLC method detects
2.1 chromatographic conditions: chromatographic column: Phenomenex Kromasic C18Column；Mobile phase: -0.1% phosphoric acid of methanol (85:
15)；Detection wavelength: 254nm；Flow velocity: 1.0mL/min；Column temperature: room temperature.Each component obtains good separation, HPLC with this condition
Liquid chromatogram is shown in Fig. 1.
Reference substance solution preparation: precision weighs aloe-emodin reference substance, Rhein reference substance, rheum emodin reference substance, big
Yellow phenol reference substance, Physcion reference substance are appropriate, and every 1mL is respectively prepared containing aloe-emodin, Rhein, big with methanol dissolution
Each 80 μ g of flavine, Chrysophanol, the solution of 40 μ g of Physcion；It is accurate respectively to measure above-mentioned reference substance solution 2mL, it mixes, i.e.,
?.
2.2 linear relationships are investigated: it is appropriate that precision measures rheum emodin, Rhein, Chrysophanol, aloe-emodin reference substance solution
Mixing adds methanol that the measurement of standard series sample introduction is made.Linear regression is carried out to sample volume C (μ g) with chromatographic peak area A, as a result table
Bright: each component linear relationship within the scope of respective sample volume is good, and the range of linearity, regression equation, regression coefficient are shown in Table 4.
45 kinds of anthraquinone derivative reference substance standard curves of table
The preparation of 2.3 test samples: taking this product powder about 0.30g, and precision is weighed, set in stuffed conical flask, and precision is added
Methanol 25mL, close plug, weighed weight are heated to reflux 1h, let cool again weighed weight, and the weight of less loss is supplied with methanol, is shaken up, mistake
Filter, precision measure filtrate 5mL, set in flask, fling to methanol, and 8% hydrochloric acid solution 10mL is added, and are ultrasonically treated 2min, then plus three
Chloromethanes 10mL, is heated to reflux 1h, lets cool, and moves in separatory funnel, washs container with a small amount of chloroform, is incorporated to separatory funnel
In, divide and take chloroform layer, acid solution is extracted three times with chloroform, every time about 10mL, is merged chloroform extraction liquid, is depressurized back
Solvent is received to doing, residue adds methanol to make to dissolve, and is transferred in 10mL volumetric flask, adds methanol to scale, shakes up to obtain the final product.
2.4 precision tests: under above-mentioned chromatographic condition, same reference substance solution is repeated sample introduction 5 times, peak area is measured
RSD be aloe-emodin 1.38%, Rhein 1.22%, Chrysophanol 1.42%, rheum emodin 1.65%, Physcion
1.88% (n=5).
2.5 reappearance tests: under above-mentioned chromatographic condition, same batch of sample is made in parallel by the preparation method of sample solution
It is 5 parts standby, difference 10 μ L of sample introduction, while 10 μ L of mixed reference substance solution sample introduction being taken to carry out HPLC analysis, by external standard method content
And RSD is calculated, and aloe-emodin 2.46%, Rhein 2.24%, Chrysophanol 2.65%, rheum emodin 3.09%, Physcion
3.45%.
2.6 recovery tests: taking 5 parts of rheum officinale sample of known content, accurately weighed, accurate respectively that a certain amount of control is added
Product solution is prepared and is measured according to sample solution preparation method, calculates average recovery rate.As a result the average recycling of aloe-emodin
Rate 98.2% (RSD=2.58%, n=5)；The average recovery rate 99.0% (RSD=2.46%, n=5) of Rhein；Rheum emodin
Average recovery rate 98.6% (RSD=2.72%, n=5)；Average recovery rate 97.5% (RSD=3.08%, the n=of Chrysophanol
5)；The average recovery rate 96.5% (RSD=3.37%, n=5) of Physcion.
3. sample measures: it is accurate respectively to draw reference substance mixed solution and each 10 μ L of test solution, by above-mentioned chromatostrip
Part is measured, and is calculated rheum emodin, Rhein, Chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, Physcion in sample with external standard method and is contained
Amount, the results are shown in Table 5 and Fig. 1.
Table 5 is exempted from five kinds of anthraquinone total contents of Rheum tanguticum Maxim under the conditions of pouring ecologic planting and is measured
As it can be seen that the Rheum tanguticum Maxim medicinal material that the method for the present invention is cultivated, total anthraquinones content have met or exceeded 2015 editions
Standard specified in pharmacopeia (rhubarb medicinal material total anthraquinones content is not less than 1.50%), meets requirement of being used as medicine；And as cultivation is given birth to
The long time limit is continuously increased, and increased trend year by year is presented in total anthraquinones content in the rhubarb medicinal material that the present invention obtains, and is intended to open country
Raw medicinal herbs.
Therefore, the rhubarb medicinal material that the method for the present invention obtains can gradually replace wild resource, ecology planting method tool of the present invention
There is good application value.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of Rheum tanguticum Maxim exempt from pour ecology planting method, it is characterised in that: it the following steps are included:
(1) selection of land, basal dressing, site preparation: the selection primary habitat of Rheum tanguticum Maxim or similar habitat；Wherein, every 667m2Basal dressing
3000-4500kg；
(2) it chooses seeds: taking mass of 1000 kernel to be not less than the Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed of 7.630g, with concentration be the red of 50-200ppm before sowing
Mycin solution impregnates 4-6h；
(3) it sows: taking the Rheum tanguticum Maxim seed after impregnating, sowing；
(4) field management:
A, seedling management: plantation First Year, thinning final singling, are filled the gaps with seedlings, transplant and are colonized, and the line-spacing of rheum officinale is made to be maintained at 50-
55cm, spacing in the rows are maintained at 45-50cm, every 667m2Guarantee plant 2500-2600 plants；
Intertillage, weeding；
B, growing season management: more than plantation second year, tongue fur, the prevention and treatment Pest organism plague of rats are beaten in top dressing；
(5) it harvests.
2. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by: selecting low and slow hillside hillside fields, drainage condition in step (1)
Good plot.
3. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by: the soil height above sea level of basal dressing is 2600- in step (1)
4500m, it is preferable that height above sea level 3500-4000m.
4. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by: in step (1), the soil of basal dressing is that soil layer is deep, matter
Ground is loose, ground moistening, rich in humus, Alpine Meadow, alpine scrub soil that pH value is 6.5-7.8 etc.；
And/or the mode of site preparation are as follows: plough 30-35cm, be made into the low furrow of wide 120-150cm, for use.
5. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by: in step (2), the seed picks up from robust growth, disease-free
Rheum tanguticum Maxim plant more than insect pest, provenance life in specific 4 years.
6. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by: impregnating seed with Gibberellins solution before sowing in step (2)
Method are as follows: 150ppm solution impregnate 4~6h.
7. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by: the period of sowing is spring sowing or autumn sowing in step (3)；
Wherein, sow in spring the time be 4 months at the beginning of~mid or late May；The autumn sowing time be August end~at the beginning of 10 months.
8. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by: the mode of sowing is seed sowing or nursery in step (3)
Transplanting；
Wherein, seed sowing mode is to dig cave program request or trench digging program request；Cave, cave depth 3- are dug by seeding row spacing 40-45cm × 50-55cm
4cm, every cave scatter seeds 5-8, cover fine earth 1.5-2cm, every 667m2Broadcast 2600 caves in ground；
Planting Patterns are after cultivating Rheum tanguticum Maxim seedling, transplantation of seedlings to be opened before turning green, by seeding row spacing 40-45cm × 50-
55cm digs cave, cave depth 30cm, and every cave plants seedling 2-3 plants, hand steered item, in pot, then earthing.
9. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by: in step (5), the harvesting is 3-5 after planting, is adopted
It receives.
10. according to the method described in claim 1, it is characterized by: the region of the plantation is Qinghai Province, domain, Huangzhong County or the Huangshui River
The domain Yuan Xian.
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