CN109499596A - 一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂及制备方法 - Google Patents
一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂及制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于催化和储能材料领域,公开了一种金属‑氮‑磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂及制备方法。将壳聚糖加入到醋酸溶液中搅拌溶解均匀,然后依次加入磷酸水溶液和醛溶液,70~100℃下反应,反应液经透析,冷冻干燥,得到磷酸化壳聚糖;将磷酸化壳聚糖和金属盐溶于水中,然后加热蒸干水分,固体产物在700~900℃温度下碳化处理,将碳化后的固体分散于酸性溶液中进行后处理,抽滤,干燥,得到金属‑氮‑磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂。本发明通过改性后的壳聚糖与金属盐之间的特异性作用,有利于催化剂活性的调控,所得催化剂可以高效催化电解水制氢和氧还原反应,具有优于商业Pt/C催化剂的氧还原性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于催化和储能材料领域,具体涉及一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂及制备方法。
背景技术
化石燃料的大量使用逐渐威胁到传统的能源和环境,努力开发绿色和可再生能源技术,包括燃料电池,金属空气电池和电解水系统是当今社会发展的趋势。由于燃料电池主要依赖于氧化还原反应将化学能转化为电能,所以氧还原反应在燃料电池和锌空电池中发挥着关键的作用。相比之下,氢析出反应属于电解水的半反应,其对于清洁和可持续能源氢气的产生起着决定性的作用。因此,用于电解水制氢和氧还原反应的高效电催化剂的发展显得尤其重要。迄今为止,铂基贵金属基催化剂对于以上两种反应是最有效的电催化剂,但是这些催化剂的成本太高,再加上储量有限,阻碍了贵金属催化剂的大量使用。为了减少贵金属催化剂的使用量或者不再使用贵金属催化剂,近年来已有大量的研究着手于开发廉价和高效的非贵金属基催化剂。目前为止,研究人员已开发出碳基材料、过渡金属碳化物、硫化物、硒化物、磷化物以及它们的合金或者复合物用于多功能的电催化剂。然而由于较小的比表面积和低导电性,大部分催化剂表现出了有限的双功能电催化活性。金属氧化物或者金属纳米颗粒负载在导电碳层上可以克服以上缺陷,进而提高催化剂的活性。
多孔碳材料,由于具有电导率高、耐酸碱性、比表面积大以及可调的孔隙结构等优点,已被广泛应用于催化剂的载体、电催化、超级电容器等领域。然而,单一的碳材料是电化学惰性和较差的催化活性。碳原子中杂原子(N、P、S、F)的掺杂可以调节与掺杂的杂原子结合的碳原子的电子密度,增强其催化活性。例如,杂原子氮的引入可以活化与其相邻的碳原子,进而该碳原子可以充当电催化的活性位点,有利于对氧分子的吸附,加快氧还原反应的动力学过程。然而,由于有限的比表面积,使得可暴露的活性位点较少,导致大多数氮掺杂的催化剂不能够与Pt基催化剂相抗衡。
甲壳素在自然界中分布广泛,据报道,全球每天通过生物合成的甲壳素大约有100亿吨,具有产量大、价格低廉、无污染等特性。甲壳素经过脱乙酰化反应得到的产物是壳聚糖。壳聚糖主要存在于蟹壳、虾壳和真菌菌丝体,它是自然界中除了纤维素以外含量最多的多糖。由于壳聚糖的反应活性较低、加工性较差,它是目前开发较少的生物质资源。
发明内容
针对以上现有技术存在的缺点和不足之处,本发明的首要目的在于提供一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的制备方法。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种通过上述方法制备得到的金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂。
本发明目的通过以下技术方案实现:
一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的制备方法,包括如下制备步骤:
(1)将壳聚糖加入到醋酸溶液中搅拌溶解均匀,然后滴加磷酸水溶液搅拌均匀,再加入醛溶液,在70~100℃温度下反应,反应液经透析,冷冻干燥,得到磷酸化壳聚糖;
(2)将磷酸化壳聚糖和金属盐溶于水中,然后加热蒸干水分,固体产物在700~900℃温度下碳化处理,将碳化后的固体分散于酸性溶液中进行后处理,抽滤,干燥,得到金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂。
优选地,步骤(1)中所述壳聚糖与醋酸溶液的质量体积比为(0.1~2):(10~100)g/mL。
优选地,步骤(1)中所述醋酸溶液为体积百分含量为1%~2%的醋酸水溶液。
优选地,步骤(1)中所述磷酸加入的摩尔量与壳聚糖的质量比为1~20mmol:0.1~2g,所述醛加入的摩尔量与壳聚糖的质量比为1~20mmol:0.1~2g。
优选地,步骤(1)中所述醛是指甲醛、乙醛或戊二醛。
优选地,步骤(2)中所述金属盐选自硝酸钴、硝酸铁、硝酸镍或乙酸镍。
优选地,步骤(2)中所述磷酸化壳聚糖和金属盐的质量摩尔比为0.1~1g:0.1~1mmol。
一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂,通过上述方法制备得到。
本发明原理为:壳聚糖的分子链中有许多氨基和羟基存在,这些官能团的存在使得壳聚糖大分子链易于改性和功能化,通过与磷酸和醛的反应制备出磷酸化壳聚糖,再通过磷酸化壳聚糖和金属盐之间的特异性作用和后续的碳化,制备出金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂,所得电催化剂可用于电解水制氢和氧还原反应。
本发明的制备方法及所得到的产物具有如下优点及有益效果:
(1)本发明采用改性后的壳聚糖和金属盐之间的相互作用,制备具有双功能的电催化剂。在合理利用生物质资源的基础上,为后续开发碳基催化剂的发展提供一种新方法。
(2)本发明通过改性后的壳聚糖与金属盐之间的特异性作用,有利于催化剂活性的调控,所得催化剂可以高效催化电解水制氢和氧还原反应,具有优于商业Pt/C催化剂的氧还原性能。
附图说明
图1为实施例所用原料壳聚糖及所得磷酸化壳聚糖的傅里叶红外光谱图。
图2为实施例3(a,b)和实施例4(c,d)制备所得钴-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的扫描电镜图。
图3为实施例3~5制备的钴-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的电解水制氢(a)和氧化原反应的极化曲线(b)图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例及附图对本发明作进一步详细的描述,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。
实施例1
本实施例的一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的制备方法,具体制备步骤如下:
(1)用电子天平称取0.1g壳聚糖,加入到含有10mL 1%(V/V)醋酸溶液的圆底烧瓶中,磁力搅拌器搅拌均匀;将1mmol磷酸溶于10mL水中,再将其逐滴加入到含有壳聚糖溶液的圆底烧瓶,搅拌均匀;最后,加入1mmol甲醛溶液,置于80℃油浴锅中反应过夜。反应过后,冷却烧瓶至室温,将烧瓶内的溶液倒入透析袋,透析两天,冷冻干燥,最终的固体即为磷酸化壳聚糖。
(2)将0.1g的磷酸化壳聚糖和0.1mmol的硝酸镍溶于10mL水中,搅拌均匀;然后将其置于100℃油浴锅中蒸干,所得固体产物在700℃的管式炉中碳化处理2h。将碳化后的固体分散于0.1mmol/L的盐酸溶液中,搅拌5h,抽滤,干燥,得到镍-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂。
实施例2
本实施例的一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的制备方法,具体制备步骤如下:
(1)用电子天平称取1.79g壳聚糖,加入到含有100mL 1%(V/V)醋酸溶液的圆底烧瓶中,磁力搅拌器搅拌均匀;将10mmol磷酸溶于10mL水中,再将其逐滴加入到含有壳聚糖溶液的圆底烧瓶,搅拌均匀;最后,加入10mmol甲醛溶液,置于80℃油浴锅中反应过夜。反应过后,冷却烧瓶至室温,将烧瓶内的溶液倒入透析袋,透析两天,冷冻干燥,最终的固体即为磷酸化壳聚糖。
(2)将0.5g的磷酸化壳聚糖和0.5mmol的乙酸镍溶于10mL水中,搅拌均匀;然后将其置于100℃油浴锅中蒸干,所得固体产物在800℃的管式炉中碳化处理2h。将碳化后的固体分散于0.5mmol/L的盐酸溶液中,搅拌4h,抽滤,干燥,得到镍-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂。
实施例3
本实施例的一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的制备方法,具体制备步骤如下:
(1)用电子天平称取1.79g壳聚糖,加入到含有100mL 1%(V/V)醋酸溶液的圆底烧瓶中,磁力搅拌器搅拌均匀;将20mmol磷酸溶于10mL水中,再将其逐滴加入到含有壳聚糖溶液的圆底烧瓶,搅拌均匀;最后,加入20mmol甲醛溶液,置于80℃油浴锅中反应过夜。反应过后,冷却烧瓶至室温,将烧瓶内的溶液倒入透析袋,透析两天,冷冻干燥,最终的固体即为磷酸化壳聚糖。
(2)将0.1g的磷酸化壳聚糖和1mmol的硝酸钴溶于20mL水中,搅拌均匀;然后将其置于100℃油浴锅中蒸干,所得固体产物在700℃的管式炉中碳化处理2h。将碳化后的固体分散于1mmol/L的盐酸溶液中,搅拌3h,抽滤,干燥,得到钴-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂。
实施例4
本实施例的一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的制备方法,具体制备步骤如下:
(1)用电子天平称取1.79g壳聚糖,加入到含有100mL 1%(V/V)醋酸溶液的圆底烧瓶中,磁力搅拌器搅拌均匀;将20mmol磷酸溶于10mL水中,再将其逐滴加入到含有壳聚糖溶液的圆底烧瓶,搅拌均匀;最后,加入20mmol甲醛溶液,置于80℃油浴锅中反应过夜。反应过后,冷却烧瓶至室温,将烧瓶内的溶液倒入透析袋,透析两天,冷冻干燥,最终的固体即为磷酸化壳聚糖。
(2)将0.1g的磷酸化壳聚糖和1mmol的硝酸钴溶于20mL水中,搅拌均匀;然后将其置于80℃油浴锅中蒸干,所得固体产物在800℃的管式炉中碳化处理2h。将碳化后的固体分散于1mmol/L的盐酸溶液中,搅拌3h,抽滤,干燥,得到钴-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂。
实施例5
本实施例的一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的制备方法,具体制备步骤如下:
(1)用电子天平称取1.79g壳聚糖,加入到含有100mL 1%(V/V)醋酸溶液的圆底烧瓶中,磁力搅拌器搅拌均匀;将20mmol磷酸溶于10mL水中,再将其逐滴加入到含有壳聚糖溶液的圆底烧瓶,搅拌均匀;最后,加入20mmol甲醛溶液,置于80℃油浴锅中反应过夜。反应过后,冷却烧瓶至室温,将烧瓶内的溶液倒入透析袋,透析两天,冷冻干燥,最终的固体即为磷酸化壳聚糖。
(2)将0.1g的磷酸化壳聚糖和1mmol的硝酸钴溶于20mL水中,搅拌均匀;然后将其置于80℃油浴锅中蒸干,所得固体产物在900℃的管式炉中碳化处理2h。将碳化后的固体分散于1mmol/L的盐酸溶液中,搅拌3h,抽滤,干燥,得到钴-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂。
以上实施例所用原料壳聚糖及所得磷酸化壳聚糖的傅里叶红外光谱图如图1所示。对于壳聚糖的红外谱图,3466cm-1对应于O-H和N-H的伸缩振动重叠峰;2870cm-1为C-H伸缩振动峰;1649cm-1归属于酰胺Ⅰ谱带中C=O的伸缩振动峰;1422cm-1为C-H弯曲振动峰;1155cm-1归属于不对称氧伸缩振动峰;1086cm-1代表壳聚糖的C-O伸缩振动峰。从磷酸化壳聚糖的红外谱图可以看出,3000~3500cm-1范围内的吸收峰变宽,有可能是由于改性壳聚糖结构中增加的羟基的数量所引起的。吸收峰位于1639cm-1和1531cm-1是由于存在于吡喃糖环中的伯胺基团(N-H伸缩弯曲)的磷酸化所引起的。在945cm-1出现的吸收峰归属于磷酸根的不对称伸缩振动。
以上实施例3(a,b)和实施例4(c,d)制备所得钴-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的扫描电镜图如图2所示。由图2可以看出,最后制备的催化剂的表面有许多孔道结构的存在,这有利于电催化过程中电子的迁移和气体的释放,以及催化剂的活性位点的充分暴露。
以上实施例3~5制备的钴-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的电解水制氢(a)和氧化原反应的极化曲线(b)图如图3所示。从图中可以看出,700℃、800℃和900℃所制备的催化剂在电流密度为10mA/cm2所对应的过电位分别为391、287和240mV。因此,900℃所制备的钴-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳催化剂具有最佳的HER活性。此外,根据氧还原反应的极化曲线图,可以知道,700℃、800℃和900℃所制备的催化剂的氧化原峰分别出现在0.807、0.795、0.785V,相比之下,700℃所制备的催化剂接近于商业Pt/C的氧还原峰(0.839V)。从极化曲线可以读出其半波电位和起始电位的信息,结果发现,700℃所制备的催化剂的起始电位和半波电位为1.010和0.871V,高于催化剂Pt/C(1.000和0.845V),催化剂Co-N-P-700有最好的ORR性能。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制,其它的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于包括如下制备步骤:
(1)将壳聚糖加入到醋酸溶液中搅拌溶解均匀,然后滴加磷酸水溶液搅拌均匀,再加入醛溶液,在70~100℃温度下反应,反应液经透析,冷冻干燥,得到磷酸化壳聚糖;
(2)将磷酸化壳聚糖和金属盐溶于水中,然后加热蒸干水分,固体产物在700~900℃温度下碳化处理,将碳化后的固体分散于酸性溶液中进行后处理,抽滤,干燥,得到金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述壳聚糖与醋酸溶液的质量体积比为(0.1~2):(10~100)g/mL。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述醋酸溶液为体积百分含量为1%~2%的醋酸水溶液。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述磷酸加入的摩尔量与壳聚糖的质量比为1~20mmol:0.1~2g,所述醛加入的摩尔量与壳聚糖的质量比为1~20mmol:0.1~2g。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中所述醛是指甲醛、乙醛或戊二醛。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中所述金属盐选自硝酸钴、硝酸铁、硝酸镍或乙酸镍。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中所述磷酸化壳聚糖和金属盐的质量摩尔比为0.1~1g:0.1~1mmol。
8.一种金属-氮-磷掺杂的多孔碳双功能电催化剂,其特征在于:通过权利要求1~7任一项所述的方法制备得到。
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