CN109429652B - Fertilizing method for improving yield reduction of garlic rotten roots and yellow leaves - Google Patents

Fertilizing method for improving yield reduction of garlic rotten roots and yellow leaves Download PDF

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CN109429652B
CN109429652B CN201811375520.5A CN201811375520A CN109429652B CN 109429652 B CN109429652 B CN 109429652B CN 201811375520 A CN201811375520 A CN 201811375520A CN 109429652 B CN109429652 B CN 109429652B
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garlic
potassium
fertilizer
content
root
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CN109429652A (en
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杨晓亚
杨英合
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SHANDONG DONGYUN GARLIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER Co.,Ltd.
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Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/007—Determining fertilization requirements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
    • C05B1/00—Superphosphates, i.e. fertilisers produced by reacting rock or bone phosphates with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solid products directly
    • C05B1/02—Superphosphates

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)

Abstract

The application discloses a fertilizing method for improving garlic rotten root and yellow leaf yield reduction, urea is selected as a nitrogen fertilizer, calcium superphosphate is selected as a phosphate fertilizer, potassium sulfate is selected as a potassium fertilizer, the potassium content of soil is more than 140ppm, and N138 kg/ha and P are applied2O5384 kg/ha; the potassium content of the soil is 80-140 ppm: n138 kg/ha, P2O5384kg/ha、K2O150 kg/ha; the potassium content of the soil is below 80ppm, N138 kg/ha and P are applied2O5384kg/ha、K2O225 kg/ha; compared with the conventional fertilizing method, the method has the advantages that the potassium fertilizer is not applied or applied in a reduced manner, the phosphate fertilizer is applied in an increased manner, the root and leaf rotting phenomenon of the garlic in the high-potassium land can be relieved, the yield and the quality of the garlic are obviously improved, and the fertilizer input cost is reduced.

Description

Fertilizing method for improving yield reduction of garlic rotten roots and yellow leaves
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plant nutrition and soil fertilizer, and particularly relates to a fertilizing method for improving garlic rotten root and yellow leaf yield reduction.
Background
The Jinxiang county of Shandong province is the county of garlic in China, and large-area continuous planting of garlic in the eighties of the 20 th century brings good economic income to garlic farmers. The growth period of the garlic is from the beginning of 10 months to the end of 5 months in the next year, the garlic is subjected to crop rotation with corn in the early year, cotton or pepper is subjected to crop rotation in recent years, watermelons are interplanted, and the land utilization index is high. In the last two decades, the yield and quality of garlic in Jinxiang county are reduced in successive years, the yield of garlic can be reduced by 50% in serious plots, the diameter of most garlic bulbs is reduced from more than 6cm to less than 4.5cm, and the income of garlic farmers is greatly reduced. The main reason for the reduced yield is the temperature rise in spring, especially the phenomena of large area of rotten roots and yellow leaves of garlic after watering in spring.
The garlic belongs to the crops with fibrous root systems, the root hair of the root systems is less, and the absorption capacity to the fertilizer is poorer. Therefore, the fertilizing amount of the land blocks after garlic planting is increased to more than one time of the fertilizing amount of the wheat fields. And the fertilizing amount always increases in order to increase the yield. In Jinxiang county, after garlic is planted, garlic farmers can cover mulching films to play a role in warming and moisturizing, so that the common fertilizing method is to apply base fertilizer once before sowing in the whole growth period. The general fertilizing amount of the garlic base fertilizer in Jinxiangxian county is compound fertilizer (N-P)2O5-K2O, 18-12-18) 1800kg/ha, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is respectively: 324 kg/ha N, 216 kg/ha P2O5、324 kg/ha K2And O. The compound fertilizer with high nitrogen, high potassium and low phosphorus ratio is applied in large quantity all the year round, so that the potassium content in the soil is too high and the phosphorus content is too low. Potassium is the most readily absorbed element in soil by crops, and is the potassium for cropsThe absorption amount is increased along with the increase of the potassium content in the soil, and the potassium is absorbed by more potassium in the soil, so that excessive absorption is easily caused. After excessive potassium absorption, crops can influence the absorption of other elements, especially the absorption and utilization of calcium ions by root systems are hindered, and the root systems of garlic lacking calcium are easy to be stressed by drought or waterlogging, so that the rotten roots and the yield reduction of the garlic are caused.
Calcium is a necessary nutrient element for plant growth and development, and plays an important role in participating in cell composition, regulating plant growth and development, physiological and biochemical processes and the like. The vegetative tissues of the plants with calcium deficiency, such as terminal buds, lateral buds, root tips and the like, are firstly in deficiency, easy to rot and die, young leaves are curled and deformed, the leaf margins begin to turn yellow and gradually die, and the root tips rot when the plants are seriously in deficiency of calcium. After the garlic roots are lack of calcium, the formation of epidermal cells is influenced, the drought resistance and waterlogging resistance of the roots are reduced, and the garlic roots are easy to infect germs and rot. Therefore, after the garlic is heated and watered in spring, the garlic root which is lack of calcium is easy to rot, and the garlic root rot and yellow leaf phenomenon is more serious.
The water-soluble calcium ions are available calcium which can be directly utilized by plants. Ca2+The adsorption force with soil colloid is more than K+Adsorbed in the inner layer of the soil colloid, K+Attached to the outer layer of the soil colloid. If a large amount of K is adsorbed on the soil colloid+Will obviously affect Ca2+Desorption, i.e. influencing Ca2+The effectiveness in soil, thereby affecting the Ca pair of crops2+The absorption and utilization of (1). In recent years, the compound fertilizer with high potassium content is used in large amount, so that the soil contains a large amount of K+Obviously reduce the Ca content of garlic2+The absorption and utilization of (1). After April in spring, the temperature rise and the soil moisture content rise caused by watering cause K+To increase K in soil+Activity of (2), leading to excessive absorption of K by garlic+Thereby inhibiting Ca2+Absorption and utilization. In addition, garlic is a monocotyledon belonging to genus Allium of family Liliaceae, and has a smaller cation exchange capacity of root system, and is more inclined to absorb monovalent cations and Ca2+Is weak in absorbing capacity. In conclusion, K in the soil+When the content of (A) is too high, excessive absorption is easily caused, and Ca in garlic is prevented2+Is absorbed and utilized without Ca2+Resulting in garlic rotten roots and yellow leaves, and further reducing the yield and quality of garlic.
The root and yellow leaf rotting problem of garlic seriously affects the yield and quality of garlic, so that the economic benefit of garlic is greatly reduced. At present, the compound fertilizer with high nitrogen, high potassium and low phosphorus ratio commonly applied by alligators all the year round causes the potassium content of most plots to be over high, and generally varies between 140 and 220 ppm. Excessive application of potash fertilizer not only results in reduced yield of garlic, increases economic burden of farmers, but also wastes national resources and causes soil pollution. The invention provides a fertilizing method with different formulas according to the potassium content of different plots by using urea, calcium superphosphate and potassium sulfate, which can relieve the problem of root and yellow leaf rot of garlic, reduce the production cost and improve the garlic yield.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved is as follows: the application mainly provides a fertilizing method for improving the yield reduction of garlic rotten roots and yellow leaves, solves the technical problems that in areas where garlic is planted all the year round in the prior art, the garlic rotten roots and yellow leaves commonly appear in recent years, and further the yield and quality of the garlic are remarkably reduced, and the like, and provides a fertilizing method capable of relieving the garlic rotten roots and yellow leaves phenomenon and further improving the yield and quality of the garlic. The invention mainly aims to solve the problem of root rot and yellow leaf rot of garlic and further improve the yield and quality of garlic.
The technical scheme is as follows:
1. a fertilizing method for improving garlic rotten root and yellow leaf yield reduction is characterized in that: adopts N-containing nitrogen fertilizer and P-containing nitrogen fertilizer2O5The specific application amount of the base fertilizer is adjusted according to the potassium content of different plots by using the phosphate fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer, and the application method specifically comprises the following steps:
firstly, the potassium content of soil is more than 140ppm, and the application method of base fertilizer is N138 kg/ha and P2O5384kg/ha without applying potash fertilizer;
secondly, the potassium content of the soil is 80-140ppm, and the application method of the base fertilizer is N138 kg/ha and P2O5 384kg/ha、K2O 150kg/ha；
Third, soilWhen the potassium content is below 80ppm, the application method of the base fertilizer is N138 kg/ha and P2O5 384kg/ha、K2O 225kg/ha。
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention: the nitrogen fertilizer is urea, the N content of the urea is 46%, and the urea fertilizing amount is 300 kg/ha.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention: the phosphate fertilizer is selected from calcium superphosphate, wherein the phosphorus content is 16%, the calcium content is 12%, the sulfur content is 9%, and the application amount of the calcium superphosphate is 2400 kg/ha.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention: the applied phosphate fertilizer is selected from calcium superphosphate which contains 16 percent of phosphorus, 12 percent of calcium and 9 percent of sulfur.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention: the potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate containing K2The O is 50 percent, and the application amounts of the potassium sulfate in the medium-potassium and low-potassium plots are 300kg/ha and 450 kg/ha respectively.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention: according to the fertilizing method for improving the yield reduction of garlic rotten roots and yellow leaves, if the corn straws are returned to the field in the field, 150kg/ha of urea needs to be additionally applied when the corn straws are returned to the field.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention: when the fertilizing method for improving the root rot and yellow leaf yield reduction of garlic is applied to sandy land, 75 kg/ha urea is applied once by a method of broadcasting before watering or in the rainy days when the garlic shoots begin to grow at the beginning of 4 months.
Has the advantages that: compared with the prior art, the fertilizing method for improving garlic rotten root and yellow leaf yield reduction has the following technical effects:
1. in the high-potassium plots with the potassium content of over 140ppm, no potassium fertilizer is applied according to the method, and compared with the application of 1800kg/ha compound fertilizer, the growth condition of garlic plants is obviously better, the garlic yield can be improved by 20-30%, and the diameter of garlic bulbs is obviously increased.
2. Tests of different potassium application amount show that no potassium fertilizer or K fertilizer is applied to the medium potassium land blocks with the soil potassium content of 80-140ppm2O150 kg/ha, the plant growth condition is obviously better than that of applying potassium 300 and 450 kg/ha, the yield is improved by 20-35%, and the garlic stems, garlic heads and garlic roots are in the garlic shootsThe calcium content of (a) decreases with increasing potassium addition.
3. The fertilizer input cost can be reduced, and the common fertilizer application method needs 480 yuan for applying 120 kg of compound fertilizer per mu of land. Fertilizing high-potassium land, wherein 20kg of urea per mu is 60 yuan, 160kg of calcium superphosphate is 192 yuan, and the total amount is 252 yuan; fertilizing a medium-potassium plot, and adding 20kg of potassium sulfate on the basis of fertilizing a high-potassium plot, wherein the potassium sulfate is 60 yuan, and the total amount is 312 yuan; the two fertilization methods save the cost by 228 yuan and 168 yuan respectively compared with the common fertilization method, and reduce the investment by 47.5 percent and 35 percent respectively compared with the common fertilizer.
4. The application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer is reduced, the pollution of the fertilizer to soil and underground water can be reduced, and the sustainable development of agriculture is promoted.
5. Compared with the conventional fertilizing method, the method has the advantages that the potassium fertilizer consumption is reduced, the phosphate fertilizer consumption is increased, the high-nitrogen high-potassium low-phosphorus compound fertilizer is applied to the land all year round, the phosphorus in the soil is cooled, in addition, the phosphorus in the soil has a small moving range and is easy to fix, the utilization rate is low, the phosphate fertilizer is added, the calcium and sulfur content in the soil can be supplemented, and the sulfur content in the soil is increased, so that the garlic quality can be improved.
6. Can slow down the root and leaf rot phenomenon of the garlic in high-potassium plots, remarkably improve the yield and quality of the garlic and reduce the input cost of the fertilizer.
Detailed Description
The following examples are presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to more fully understand the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
Example 1
The test was conducted in 2016 to 2017 at the research center for garlic engineering technology in Shandong province (35.08 ° N, 116.26 ° E) located in Jinxiang county, Shandong province. The soil texture is sandy loam, the PH is 8, the organic matter content is 10.5 g/kg, and the contents of quick-acting nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus and quick-acting potassium are 51 mg/kg, 18.5 mg/kg and 145 mg/kg respectively. Sowing the garlic in No. 10 and No. 6 in 2016, irrigating water and covering with mulching film after sowing, irrigating water for the second time in No. 4 and No. 9 in 2017, harvesting garlic stems in 5 and 3 days in 2017 and harvesting garlic in 20 days in 5 and 20 days. The application amount of the base fertilizer before sowing is as follows: the invention provides a high-potassium plot fertilization scheme: 300kg/ha of urea and 2400kg/ha of calcium superphosphate; 1800kg/ha compound fertilizer is set as the control treatment.
And (3) detection results: according to the fertilization scheme provided by the invention, after the temperature of the fertilized plot is raised in 2017 in 4 months, particularly after water is irrigated in No. 4 month and No. 10 months, the growth condition of the garlic plants is obviously better than that of the garlic plants subjected to contrast treatment. The main growth indexes of the garlic are measured in 25 days after 4 months, the fertilization scheme of the invention is obviously increased compared with the control treatment, the plant height is increased by 10 percent, the stem thickness is increased by 13 percent, the leaf area index is increased by 15 percent, and the total root number is increased by 35 percent. The garlic is harvested for 5 months and 20 days, and the yield is measured, and is increased by 27 percent compared with the control. The diameter of garlic bulbs is 60mm, which accounts for more than 50%, and the diameter of garlic bulbs is almost below 60mm in the control plot applied with the compound fertilizer.
Example 2
The test is carried out in 2017, 10 months to 2018, 6 months, and is carried out in the research center of garlic engineering technology in Shandong province. The soil texture is sandy loam, the PH is 8, the organic matter content is 10 g/kg, and the contents of the quick-acting nitrogen, the quick-acting phosphorus and the quick-acting potassium are 46 mg/kg, 16.8 mg/kg and 98.7 mg/kg respectively. The test treatment is shown in table 1, the test is provided with 4 treatments with different potassium application amount (potassium sulfate for potash fertilizer), the treatments are randomly arranged and repeated for 3 times, and the area of a cell is 10 m2. The fertilizing amount of all treated nitrogen fertilizers and phosphate fertilizers is 300kg/ha urea and 2400kg/ha calcium superphosphate. The tested garlic variety is jinxiang red-skinned garlic. Sowing the garlic in No. 10 and No. 15 in 2017, irrigating water and covering with mulching film after sowing, irrigating water for the second time in No. 4 and No. 10 in 2018, harvesting garlic stems in 5 and 4 days in 2018 and harvesting garlic in 21 days in 5 and 21 days. And 4, 2018, 4, 19 months and 19 days, sampling to measure the growth condition of the plants and the calcium content in garlic stems, garlic bulbs and garlic roots, and measuring the yield when harvesting.
TABLE 1 Effect of different potassium application on the growth and yield of garlic plants
To Theory of things Potassium application amount K2O （kg/ha） Plant height (cm) Thickness of the stem (cm) Weight of single plant (g) Long inverted three leaves (cm) Width of inverted trilobal (cm) Root of Manyflower skullcap Number of Root rot Number of Yield (t- ha）
1 0 87.2a b 14.5b 122.2ab 58.5a 2.6b 160. 3b 19.0 d 16.26a
2 150 89.7a 15.6a 132.8a 60.0a 3.1a 175. 0a 31.7 c 17.19a
3 300 83.2b 15.4a b 122.4ab 56.5ab 2.4b 157. 7b 42.0 b 14.29b
4 450 83.0b 15.1a b 109.8b 54.2b 2.5b 147. 3b 54.7 a 12.76c
The soil in the plot of this test had a potassium content of 98.7 ppm, which is a medium potassium plot. As can be seen from Table 1, in the vigorous growth period of garlic shoots, the growth conditions of plants treated without applying potash fertilizer or with potassium application amount of 150kg/ha are significantly better than those treated with high potassium application amount. The total number of garlic roots per garlic grain was the highest at a potassium application rate of 150kg/ha, whereas the rotten root number increased with increasing potassium application rate. The final garlic bulb yield is the highest with 150kg/ha potassium application, the next time without potassium application, the lowest with high potassium application.
As can be seen from Table 2, the calcium content in the young garlic shoots, the garlic bulbs and the garlic roots gradually decreases with the increase of the potassium application amount, and the application of the potassium fertilizer proves that the absorption and utilization of calcium by garlic can be inhibited.
TABLE 2 influence of different potassium application amounts on the calcium content (mg/kg) in young garlic shoots, garlic bulbs and garlic roots
Treatment of Potassium application amount K2O（kg/ha） Garlic sprout Garlic bulb Garlic root
1 0 2866.3a 232.3a 552.9a
2 150 2334.4b 192.1 b 460.5b
3 300 1255.6c 177.0b 246.0c
4 450 1325.2c 62.7c 244.8c
While the embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various changes can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention within the knowledge of those skilled in the art.

Claims (5)

1. A fertilizing method for improving garlic rotten root and yellow leaf yield reduction is characterized in that: adopts N-containing nitrogen fertilizer and P-containing nitrogen fertilizer2O5The specific application amount of the base fertilizer is adjusted according to the potassium content of different plots by using the phosphate fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer, and the application method specifically comprises the following steps:
firstly, the potassium content of soil is more than 140ppm, and the application method of base fertilizer is N138 kg/ha and P2O5384kg/ha without applying potash fertilizer;
secondly, the potassium content of the soil is 80-140ppm, and the application method of the base fertilizer is N138 kg/ha and P2O5 384kg/ha、K2O 150kg/ha；
Thirdly, when the potassium content of the soil is below 80ppm, the application method of the base fertilizer is N138 kg/ha and P2O5 384kg/ha、K2O 225kg/ha；
The fourth step: in the fertilizing method for improving the yield reduction of garlic rotten roots and yellow leaves, when the corn straws on the land are returned to the field, 150kg/ha of urea needs to be additionally applied when the corn straws are returned to the field.
2. The fertilizing method for improving garlic rotted root and yellow leaf yield reduction as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the nitrogen fertilizer is urea, the N content of the urea is 46%, and the urea fertilizing amount is 300 kg/ha.
3. The fertilizing method for improving garlic rotted root and yellow leaf yield reduction as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the applied phosphate fertilizer is selected from calcium superphosphate, wherein the phosphorus content is 16%, the calcium content is 12%, the sulfur content is 9%, and the application amount of the calcium superphosphate is 2400 kg/ha.
4. The fertilizing method for improving garlic rotted root and yellow leaf yield reduction as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the potassium fertilizer is potassium sulfate containing K2The O is 50 percent, and the application amounts of the potassium sulfate in the medium-potassium and low-potassium plots are 300kg/ha and 450 kg/ha respectively.
5. The fertilizing method for improving garlic rotted root and yellow leaf yield reduction as claimed in claim 1, wherein: when the fertilizing method for improving the root rot and yellow leaf yield reduction of garlic is applied to sandy land, 75 kg/ha urea is applied once by a method of broadcasting before watering or in the rainy days when the young garlic shoots start to grow in 4 months.
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Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103348811A (en) * 2013-07-18 2013-10-16 句容市和春园农业机械专业合作社 Fertilizer application formulas for different growth stages of garlic

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103348811A (en) * 2013-07-18 2013-10-16 句容市和春园农业机械专业合作社 Fertilizer application formulas for different growth stages of garlic

Non-Patent Citations (3)

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大蒜施肥模型研究;王乃建等;《现代农业科技》;20140930(第17期);94-95、97 *
氮磷钾肥施用量对大蒜蒜头产量的影响;刘艳芝等;《山东农业科学》;20090731(第7期);全文 *
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