CN1093691C - 一种电极用吸氢合金粉 - Google Patents
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- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 14
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910010380 TiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910008340 ZrNi Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910018007 MmNi Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
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- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000808 amorphous metal alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 22
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018104 Ni-P Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018536 Ni—P Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Abstract
一种电极用吸氢合金粉,包括AB5型稀土类多元合金,AB型或AB2型TiNi,ZrNi基多元合金,粉末颗粒为球形或类球形,表面光滑,其特征在于:粒度在200目到300目范围的颗粒占重量的90%以上;颗粒表面覆盖一层厚度在6nm~50nm的自身成份非晶合金膜,或其氧化物膜。本发明吸氢合金粉摇其密度高,制成电池后的综合电化学性能优异,且制备方法筒单,易于产业化生产。
Description
本发明涉及电池用材料,特别提供了一种镍氢电池负极用吸氢合金粉。
目前全球的电池市场正在急剧变化,原来传统的电池业,受到市场上兴起的绿色可充试电池产品风潮的影响,将会进入可充式电池业爆炸式成长的时代。加上全球对环保的需求日益严格,市场上对无污染的MH/NI电池的需求就更如迫切。吸氢合金是MH/NI电池产业化进程中的关健材料,到目前为止可用于MH/NI电池的吸氢合金粉主要分为两大类:一类是AB或AB2体系,代表性材料有TiNi(ZrNi)基系列;另一类是AB5体系,代表材料有LaNi5和MmNix(Mm为混合稀土)。制造吸氢合金粉的传统方法(U.S.Pat No.5395403,U.S.Pat No.5/00065)主要有二:一是氢脆粉化法,此法制的合金粉颗粒表面活性高,吸氢后放氢很容易燃烧,甚至出现危险,而且颗粒容易粉化,因此,对这种合金粉须采用微包覆技术,即在加工成吸氢合金粉的颗粒表面涂上一层金属,从而防止合金粉表面被氧化,另外也可作为异电剂,还可以起到集流作用,一般采用的方法是化学镀技术。二是机械粉碎法,也是最常用的方法,用机械力将合金块粉碎,过筛获得所需要的合金粉末,这种方法在制粉工艺过程中,也容易增加合金中的氧氮等有害杂质含量,并由于机械外力作用,使这种合金粉在充放电循环过程中容易发生合金颗粒的微粉化问题,使得循环寿命降低,为此亦需要采用微包覆技术对颗粒表面作镀镍或镀铜或Ni-P合金的化学处理。这两种方法正是采用了化学的包覆技术,在电池制作过程中难于控制,导致电池性能稳定性差,同时亦增加了工序,总之传统制粉方法的缺点是:
(1)粉末颗粒形状多样化,很不规则,粒度分布宽,成品率低;
(2)合金偏析大,成分不均匀,组织粗细不一;
(3)易沾污易着火;
(4)制造工序繁琐,周期长,质量难于保证;
(5)耐碱液腐蚀性差,易氧化,快速充电及高倍率放电性能低。
近几年,也有新型的吸氢合金电极材料被不断开发,如日本东芝的美国专利U.S.Pat,No.5219678,即描述了一种所谓自由表面的粉末颗粒,即表面光滑形状规则的球状或类球状颗粒,是用快速凝固方法制备的,其摇实密度高,且循环寿命有很大提高,但是其粒度分布不均且其他综合电化学性能的提高也并不理想。
本发明的目的在于提供一种吸氢合金粉,其摇实密度高,制成电池后的综合电化学性能优异,且其制备方法简便,易于产业化生产。
本发明提供了一种电极用吸氢合金粉,适用于AB5型稀土类多元合金,AB型或AB2型TiNi,ZrNi基多元合金,粉末颗粒为球形或类球形,表面光滑,其特征在于:粒度在200目到300目范围的颗粒占重量的90%以上;颗粒表面覆盖一层厚度在6nm~50nm的自身成份非晶合金膜,或其氧化物膜。本发明所提供的合金粉表面覆盖的非晶膜,不但可以有效地仿止合金粉表面的粉化,具有强度高耐碱液磨蚀的特点,提高了其使用寿命,并且可以保证氢在MH/NI电池的充放电过程中快速反应转化,扩散运动和电荷迁移,从根本上提高了电池的电化学性能。
本发明所提供的吸氢合金粉是这样实现的,将各类型化学组分元素按需要规定的比例配料,经真空熔炼后,合金液体流用超声脉冲氩气流直接冲击,被分离雾化成微小液滴随即高速急冷,在不碰器壁情况下自由凝固成合金粉未,氩气流的速度为2.0~2.5马赫,频率为8000~100000Hz,冷却速度可达104~105K/S。本发明所采用的制粉方法,由于一次成粉,极大地简化了吸氢合金的制造过程,缩短生产周期降低了成本,同时最大限度地控制了杂质元素的产生,提高了粉的质量。用该法制成的合金粉,表面覆盖一层自身成份的非晶合金膜,或其氧化膜,其膜的组织结构合理,薄厚均一。
本发明特别适用于AB5型的吸氢合金粉,合金的化学式为MmNi5-(x+y+z)CoxMmyAlz其中Mm为含镧和铈的混合稀土,含La+Ce的量大于其重量的80%,0<x≤1.0,0<y≤0.7,0<z≤0.6;杂质元素O、N、C、Cl的量应小于总重的0.15%,Fe,Si的量应小于总重量的0.35%。
下面通过实施例详述本发明:
实施例1
在真空感应炉中熔炼的AB5型稀土类吸氢合金,化学组成为MmNi351Co0.72Mn0.30Al0.37合金液体,其中一部分用超声雾化喷粉技术直接得到快凝吸氢合金粉末,氩气流速为2.0马赫,频率为20000Hz。另一部分铸成锭子,按常规机械粉碎法得到合金粉末。用超声雾化法得到的粉未经化学分析,O.N.C.Cl的量小于0.15%wt,Fe,Si的量小于0.35%wt,而用机械法得到的合金前者高达0.3%,后者高达0.5%。将两者合金粉分别与99.9%镍粉按重量比1∶2混合,用10MPa压力压在发泡镍片上,制成为吸氢合金电极。以该吸氢合金电极为负极,Ni(OH)2电极为正极,用尼龙无纺布为隔膜,放在6NKOH电解液中浸渍后进行电化学性能测量。其对比试验结果可见表1。经充放电循环寿命后的吸氢合金粉,在扫描电镜(SEM)中高倍观察,快凝吸氢合金颗粒表面只有轻微碱液腐蚀,无氧化物存在。
表1
类 别性能 | 本发明 | 普通吸氢合金活性材料 | ||
传统制粉法(未包覆) | 传统制粉法(微包覆镀层) | |||
25℃电容量(mAh/g) | 标准充放0.1C充0.2C放 | 340 | 330 | 325 |
大电流快充放1C充1.5hr1C放0.9v | 230 | 170 | 120 |
低温(-18℃)放电容量(mAh/g) | 216 | 156 | 132 |
充放电循环寿命(次)0.4C充1.75hr0.4C放1.25hr | 825 | 510 | 635 |
28天室温自放电率,(%) | 36 | 38 | 37.5 |
实施例2
在真空感应炉中熔炼的AB5型稀土类吸氢合金,化学组成为MmNi3.58Co0.35Mn0.40Al0.29和MmNi3.49Co0.68Mn0.41Al0.28的合金液体,分别经超声雾化法得到快凝吸氢合金粉末,并与镍粉接重量比1∶2混合,之后其余做法与实施例1相同。其结果可见表2
表2
化学组分颗粒大小 | MmNi3.58Co0.35Mn0.40Al0.29 | MmNi3.49Co0.68Mm0.41Al0.25 | |
25℃电容量(mAh/g) | <38μm | 288 | 312 |
38~50μm | 300 | 320 | |
51~75μm | 316 | 338 | |
>75μm | 250 | 269 | |
低温(-18℃)电容量(mAh/g) | 38~50μm | 168 | 184 |
51~75μm | 190 | 210 |
实施例三
在真空感应炉中熔炼的AB2型LaUes相吸氢合金化学组成为Ti0.5Zr0.5Ni1.1V0.75Fe0.25合金液体,其中一部分用超声雾化法直接得到快凝吸氢合金粉末,另一部分铸成锭子,按机械粉碎方法得到合金粉末。先后将两种合金粉分别与镍粉按重量比1∶2混合,再压在发泡镍片上。其余做法与实施例1相同。两者对比试验结果可见表3。
表3
类别性能 | 本发明 | 普通吸氢合金(机械粉碎法) | |
25℃电容量(mAh/g) | 标准充放0.1C充,0.2C放 | 418 | 395 |
大电流快充放1C充1.5hr1c放0.9v | 290 | 243 |
Claims (3)
1.一种电极用吸氢合金粉,包括AB5型稀土类多元合金,AB型或AB2型TiNi,ZrNi基多元合金,粉末颗粒为球形或类球形,表面光滑,其特征在于:粒度在200目到300目范围的颗粒占重量的90%以上;颗粒表面覆盖一层厚度在6nm~50nm的自身成份非晶合金膜,或其氧化物膜。
2.按权利要求1所述电极用吸氢合金粉,其特征在于:合金的化学式为MmNi5-(x+y+z)CoxMnyAlz;其中Mm为含镧和铈的混合稀土,含La+Ce的量大于其重量的80%;0<x≤1.0,0<y≤0.7,0<z≤0.6;杂质元素O、N、C、Cl的量应小于总重量的0.15%,Fe,Si的量应小于总重量的0.35%。
3.一种权利要求1或2所述电极用吸氢合金粉的制备方法,其特征在于:将各类型化学组分元素按需要规定的比例配料,经真空熔炼后,合金液体流用超声脉冲氩气流直接冲击,被分离雾化成微小液滴随即高速急冷,在不碰壁情况下自由凝固成合金粉末,氩气流的速度为2.0~2.5马赫,频率为8000~100000Hz,冷却速度达104~105K/S。
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