CN109348772B - Horizontal alternate planting method for mulching films and film spaces in saline-alkali soil - Google Patents
Horizontal alternate planting method for mulching films and film spaces in saline-alkali soil Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a horizontal alternate planting method between mulching films in saline-alkali soil. The method comprises the following steps: (1) when soil preparation is carried out in autumn of the last year, straw layers I are laid under the planting rows at horizontal intervals, and before sowing in spring of the first year, mulching films are laid on the ground surfaces corresponding to the straw layers I; (2) after the crops are harvested in autumn of the first year, the crop straws are buried under the film space I to form a new straw layer II; (3) in spring of the second year, a mulching film is laid on the ground surface corresponding to the straw layer II; (4) by analogy, after crops are harvested every autumn, new straw layers are alternately laid under the ground surfaces covered with the mulching films and among the mulching films every year; crops are alternately planted between the mulching films in spring every year. New straws are alternately laid under the ground surface covered with the mulching film and among the films every year, so that the surface accumulation of salt among the films and the cutting of soil capillaries can be slowed down for many years, the organic matter of the soil is increased, and the problem of continuous cropping obstacle caused by planting at the same position can be solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of soil cultivation, in particular to a horizontal alternate planting method between mulching films in saline-alkali soil.
Background
Soil salinization is a worldwide environmental problem. According to incomplete statistics, the salinized soil area is about 10 hundred million hectares all over the world. China is one of countries with serious soil salinization, the total area is about 1 hundred million hectares, and the soil salinization is mainly distributed in northeast, north China and northwest inland areas. Because of the rapid growth of the population in our country and the need for the rapid development of the national economy, the contradiction between the sharp increase of the construction land and the protection of cultivated land is increasingly prominent, and in order to alleviate the conflict, the improvement of the productivity of the existing land or the reclamation of new land is required. The saline-alkali soil is a potential land resource, about 80% of saline soil is not utilized at present, and if the saline-alkali soil can be reasonably developed and utilized, huge ecological and economic benefits can be brought.
The currently common saline-alkali soil improvement measures mainly include four types: 1. engineering improvement measures: such as drilling irrigation wells, building terraces, burying underground pipes, etc. 2. The agricultural improvement measures are as follows: on the basis of the water-salt transport rule that salt comes with water and salt goes with water, evaporation of soil moisture is inhibited or reduced, surface accumulation of salt is reduced, a plough layer is desalted through different agricultural cultivation modes, and the purpose of improvement is achieved. The method mainly comprises reasonable farming and cultivation technologies, and creates a good soil surface structure and promotes desalination through field operations such as plowing, harrowing, pressing, intertillage and the like; through measures of reasonable irrigation, fertilization, surface covering and the like, the soil moisture content is increased, the surface accumulation of salt is inhibited, the water, fertilizer, gas and heat conditions of soil are adjusted, and a good soil environment is created for high yield of crops. 3. Biological improvement measures: the selection of the salt-tolerant plants is the precondition of biological improvement of the saline-alkali soil, and the cultivation and planting of the salt-tolerant plants are very important for the improvement and utilization of the saline-alkali soil. 4. Chemical improvement measures are as follows: is a method for improving the physicochemical property of saline-alkali soil by utilizing the principle of acid-base neutralization. The effect is mainly shown in the following two aspects: firstly, the soil structure is improved, and the salt removing and stain reducing capacity of the saline-alkali soil is improved; secondly, the base substitution is increased, and the pH value of the soil is adjusted. The above methods have advantages and disadvantages: the engineering measures have large engineering quantity and high investment, and the agricultural production cost is increased; the potential danger of salt return exists in the agricultural measures; the biological measures are feasible, have the most ecological benefit and economic benefit, and the technology is developed rapidly; the chemical improvement measures can not cure the symptoms and root causes, and the use is improper, thus being easy to cause secondary pollution.
In the existing saline-alkali soil improvement technology, the invention with the application number of 201110320898.7 discloses a saline-alkali soil salt control and inhibition method and a saline-alkali soil salt control and inhibition system, which comprise a mulching film and a straw layer buried underground, a method of combining mulching film mulching with straw deep burying is adopted, the accumulation of soil salt to the surface layer of soil is inhibited through ground surface mulching, and the purposes of inhibiting the rising of soil salt at the lower layer and accelerating the downward leaching of the soil salt at the crop root dense layer are achieved by laying a salt control isolation layer below the crop root dense layer. However, the salt control method of the 'straw under the film' technology has the problems that the salt segregation phenomenon is serious and the continuous cropping obstacle problem occurs due to the long-term exposure of the earth surface between the films, and the salt control effect is influenced by the decay of the deeply buried straw along with the growth of the years.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to make up for the defects of the fields, the invention provides the horizontal alternate planting method between mulching films and film in the saline-alkali soil, which can solve the problems of continuous cropping, multi-year surface accumulation of inter-film salt and enable limited straws to exert a larger fertilizing effect.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a method for planting crops in saline-alkali soil by horizontal alternation between mulching films, which comprises the following steps:
(1) when soil preparation is carried out in autumn of the last year, a straw layer I is laid under the ground surface of a planting row, a mulching film is laid on the ground surface corresponding to the straw layer I before sowing in spring of the first year to form a mulching film row I, the straw layer I is arranged under the mulching film of the first year, and a soil layer structure is arranged under the film of the first year; punching holes on the mulching films in the mulching film row I to plant crops;
(2) after the crops are harvested in autumn of the first year, the crop straws are buried under the film to form a new straw layer II;
(3) in spring of the second year, a mulching film is laid on the ground surface corresponding to the straw layer II to form a mulching film row II, and a structure that the straw layer II is arranged under the mulching film of the second year and the straw layer I is arranged between films of the second year is formed; planting crops on the mulching films in the mulching film row II in a punching mode;
(4) by analogy, after crops are harvested every autumn, new straw layers are alternately laid under the ground surfaces covered with the mulching films and among the mulching films every year; crops are alternately planted between the mulching films in spring every year.
Horizontally paving a straw layer I with the width of 40-45 cm and the thickness of 5-7 cm at a position 35-40 cm below the ground surface of the planting row in the step (1); the width between films in the first year is 75-80 cm; the width of the mulching film row I is 40 cm-45 cm.
And (2) directly turning and burying the crop straws in the position 35-40 cm below the film space to form a new straw layer II, wherein the thickness of the straw layer II is 5-7 cm, and the width of the straw layer II is 40-45 cm.
The width between films in the second year in the step (3) is 75-80 cm; the width of the mulching film row II is 40 cm-45 cm.
The width of the mulching film is 40 cm-45 cm.
The straw layer I and the straw layer II are both formed by laying straws with the length of 5 cm-10 cm.
The first soil layer is arranged above the straw layer I and the straw layer II, the second soil layer is arranged below the straw layer I and the straw layer II, and the first soil layer and the second soil layer are saline-alkali soil.
And (3) burying straws in the autumn, paving a mulching film in the spring, then respectively carrying out autumn salt pressing and spring irrigation, and after the spring irrigation, punching holes on the surface of the mulching film to sow crops.
The crop is edible sunflower; the straws are corn straws and/or sunflower straws.
The method for planting the crops in the saline-alkali soil by horizontal alternation between the mulching films has the advantages that:
(1) the existence of the straw layer slows down the infiltration of water, simultaneously cuts off the continuity of the soil capillary, and forms an upward movement barrier layer of the soil capillary water, thereby inhibiting the salt in the bottom soil and the underground water from upward moving along with the evaporation of the water;
(2) the mulching film is covered to reduce the contact surface between the soil surface and the air, so that the potential evaporation of the water in the surface soil is reduced, the change of the water in the whole surface soil is gentle, the soil water potential is stable, the water potential difference between the deep soil and the surface soil is reduced due to the reduction of the evaporation of the surface layer, the water migration capability to the surface layer is reduced, and the possibility of the salt migration of the deep soil to the surface layer is greatly reduced;
(3) the alternate planting between the mulching films can solve the problem of continuous cropping obstacle of crops, and the straw layers embedded under the mulching films and the mulching films can slow down the problems of surface segregation of soil salt in bare land between the mulching films, centralized fertilization of limited straws and the like;
(4) after the straw layer is decomposed, soil organic matters can be increased, soil fertility is improved, the number of non-capillary holes in the soil is increased, a soil plate layer is broken, the soil structure is improved, and the buffering performance of the soil on salt change is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows a first-year planting structure of saline-alkali soil with mulching films and horizontal alternate planting between the mulching films;
FIG. 2 shows a second-year planting structure of saline-alkali soil with alternate horizontal planting between mulching films;
the soil-mulching film comprises 1-earth surface, 2-mulching film, 3-film space, 4-first soil layer, 5-second soil layer, 6-straw layer I and 7-straw layer II.
Detailed Description
Example 1 method for planting edible sunflower in saline-alkali soil by horizontal rotation between mulching films
A method for planting food sunflowers in saline-alkali soil by horizontal rotation between mulching films comprises the following steps:
(1) when soil is prepared in autumn in the last year, a straw layer I is laid 35cm below the ground surface of the planting rows, and the straw layer I is formed by laying sunflower straws with the length of 5 cm; before sowing in spring of the first year, a mulching film is laid on the ground surface corresponding to the straw layer I, the width of the mulching film is 40cm, a mulching film row I is formed, and the width of the mulching film row I is 40 cm. The straw layer I is arranged under the mulching film in the first year, and the soil layer is arranged under the film; punching holes on the mulching films in the mulching film row I to plant crops; the width of the straw layer I is 40cm, and the thickness of the straw layer I is 5 cm; the width between films in the first year was 75 cm.
(2) After the edible sunflower is harvested in the first autumn, the edible sunflower straws are turned and buried 35cm below the film space to form a new straw layer II; the straw layer II is also formed by laying straws with the length of 5 cm. The width of the straw layer II is 40cm, and the thickness is 5 cm.
(3) In spring of the next year, laying a new mulching film on the ground surface corresponding to the straw layer II, wherein the width of the mulching film is 40cm, so as to form a mulching film row II, and the width of the mulching film row II is 40 cm; the straw layer II is arranged under the mulching film in the second year, and the straw layer I is arranged under the film in the second year; punching holes on the mulching films in the mulching film row II to plant the edible sunflowers; the width between films in the second year was 75 cm.
(4) By analogy, after the edible sunflower is harvested every year, new straw layers are alternately paved under the ground surfaces covered with the mulching films and among the mulching films every year; the planting sunflower is alternately planted between the mulching films in spring every year. Burying the straws in turn in autumn every year, spreading mulching films in spring every year, then respectively carrying out autumn salt pressing and spring irrigation, and after the spring irrigation, punching holes on the surfaces of the mulching films to sow crops.
Secondly, the mulching film and film horizontal rotation planting structure formed by the method for planting the edible sunflower in the saline-alkali soil by mulching film and film horizontal rotation is as follows:
planting structure in the first year: the soil comprises a first soil layer 4, a straw layer 6 and a second soil layer 5 from top to bottom in sequence from the ground surface 1; the ground surface 1 is provided with mulching films 2 and film spaces 3 which are horizontally arranged in an exchange manner; a straw layer 6 is covered at the position of the mulching film 2 in the first year, and a soil layer is arranged at the position of the film space 3 in the first year (figure 1);
planting structure in the second year: the straw layer 6 below the position of the mulching film 2 in the planting structure of the first year is changed into the straw layer I6 still below the film space 3, and the soil layer below the film space 3 in the planting structure of the first year is changed into the straw layer II 7 below the mulching film 2 (figure 2); namely, mulching films and film spaces are alternately arranged every year, and the positions 35cm below the mulching films and the film spaces are changed into straw layers from the second year; the thickness and the width of the straw layer are respectively 5cm and 40 cm; the width of the mulching film 2 is 40 cm; the width of the film space 3 is 75 cm; the thickness of the first soil layer 4 is 35 cm; planting crops on the mulching film 2 by punching holes; the first soil layer 4 and the second soil layer 5 are saline-alkali soil.
By adopting the horizontal rotation planting method, the mulching film is laid on the soil surface, so that the soil evaporation strength is reduced, and meanwhile, the concentration of soil salinity is reduced and the accumulation of the salinity on the soil surface layer is reduced due to the improvement of the water content of the soil layer under the mulching film, so that the effects of soil moisture conservation and salt inhibition are achieved; the problems of diseases, insect pests, weeds, yield reduction and the like caused by continuous cropping of sunflowers in saline-alkali soil can be solved by alternately planting the mulching films and the membranes; new straws are alternately laid under the ground surface covered with the mulching film and between the mulching films every year, straw decomposition can be solved, surface accumulation of salt among the mulching films for many years can be slowed down, soil capillaries can be cut off, salt upward migration can be prevented, the soil structure can be effectively improved after the straw decomposition, soil organic matters can be increased, and the limited straws can exert a larger fertilizing effect.
Thirdly, the effect of the horizontal alternate planting system between the mulching films in the saline-alkali soil
1. The effects of retarding the surface accumulation of salt among membranes and preserving soil moisture, inhibiting salt and increasing yield are remarkable: the observation is carried out in 2015-2017, compared with the traditional single plastic film mulching planting mode of farmers, the moisture content of soil in the film and between films is respectively improved by 7.53 percent and 28.99 percent in the seedling stage of the edible sunflower in 2017 compared with the traditional single plastic film mulching planting mode, and sufficient moisture is provided for the early growth development of the edible sunflower. The technology can obviously inhibit salt return of soil layers of 0-40cm in membranes and between membranes in the whole growth period of the edible sunflower crops, and the salt return rate of the technology in 2017 is reduced by 85.81% and 147.99% compared with that of the salt return rate of the same positions in membranes and between membranes in the traditional single plastic film mulching planting mode (table 1).
The method for measuring the water content and the salt return rate of the soil is disclosed in the following non-patent documents:
luruong, Ying Yuan, Zhang Jianli, Zhang Hao, Liyuyi, spring irrigation combines with straw interlayer to promote soil desalination and increase microbial diversity [ J ]. Proc. agricultural engineering, 2017,33(18): 87-94.
2. The soil fertility improvement effect of the reinforced straws is as follows: by adopting the technology, the harvested sunflower straws can be turned and buried to different positions through special machines every year, then the mulching film is covered on the corresponding ground surface position for planting the sunflower, so that a limited straw resource can be utilized to establish an interlayer, the interlayer can better strengthen the soil fertility improvement effect of the straws due to continuous supplement of the straws every year, and the organic matter content in the film and between the films of 0-40cm is respectively improved by 20.46 percent and 22.41 percent in 2017 by adopting the method of the invention compared with the traditional single mulching film covering planting mode (Table 1).
The organic content and volume weight determination methods are described in the following non-patent documents:
hoglong, Yiluzhao, Zhao Yong gan, Li Yuyi, plastic film mulching combines with saline soil respiration and its influencing factor under the condition of deep burying of straws [ J ]. plant nutrition and fertilizer bulletin 2015,21(05): 1209-;
wucaiwu, Xiafuxin, Zhengrong soil organic matter determination method the assessment and prospect [ J ] soil, 2015,47(03): 453-.
3. The problem of yield reduction caused by continuous cropping is solved: by 2017, the emergence rate and the seedling rate of the edible sunflower in the severe saline-alkali soil are averagely improved by 23.07 percent and 26.50 percent and the yield is increased by 44.28 percent (shown in Table 2) compared with the traditional single mulching film mulching planting mode.
Table 1 comparison of the effectiveness of the present technology with the traditional single plastic mulching planting mode
Note: salt return rate (salt content after harvest-salt content before sowing)/salt content before sowing 100
Table 2 comparison of the yield of the present technology with the conventional single plastic mulching planting mode
Example 2 method for planting edible sunflower in saline-alkali soil by mulching film and horizontal alternation between films
A method for planting food sunflowers in saline-alkali soil by horizontal rotation between mulching films comprises the following steps:
(1) when soil preparation is carried out in autumn in the last year, a straw layer I is laid at a position 40cm below the ground surface of a planting row, and the straw layer I is formed by laying corn or sunflower straws with the length of 10 cm; before sowing in spring of the first year, a mulching film is laid on the ground surface corresponding to the straw layer I, the width of the mulching film is 45cm, a mulching film row I is formed, and the width of the mulching film row I is 45 cm. The straw layer I is arranged under the mulching film in the first year, and the soil layer is arranged under the film; punching holes on the mulching films in the mulching film row I to plant crops; the width of the straw layer I is 45cm, and the thickness of the straw layer I is 7 cm; the width between films in the first year was 80 cm.
(2) After the edible sunflower is harvested in the first autumn, the edible sunflower straws are turned and buried in the position 40cm below the film space to form a new straw layer II; the straw layer II is also formed by laying straws with the length of 10 cm. The width of the straw layer II is 45cm, and the thickness of the straw layer II is 7 cm.
(3) In spring of the next year, laying a new mulching film on the ground surface corresponding to the straw layer II, wherein the width of the mulching film is 45cm, so as to form a mulching film row II, and the width of the mulching film row II is 45 cm; the straw layer II is arranged under the mulching film in the second year, and the straw layer I is arranged under the film in the second year; punching holes on the mulching films in the mulching film row II to plant the edible sunflowers; the width between films in the second year was 80 cm.
(4) By analogy, after the edible sunflower is harvested every year, new straw layers are alternately paved under the ground surfaces covered with the mulching films and among the mulching films every year; the planting sunflower is alternately planted between the mulching films in spring every year. Burying the straws in turn in autumn every year, spreading mulching films in spring every year, then respectively carrying out autumn salt pressing and spring irrigation, and after the spring irrigation, punching holes on the surfaces of the mulching films to sow crops.
Secondly, the mulching film and film horizontal rotation planting structure formed by the method for planting the edible sunflower in the saline-alkali soil by mulching film and film horizontal rotation is as follows:
planting structure in the first year: the soil comprises a first soil layer 4, a straw layer 6 and a second soil layer 5 from top to bottom in sequence from the ground surface 1; the ground surface 1 is provided with mulching films 2 and film spaces 3 which are horizontally arranged in an exchange manner; a straw layer 6 is covered at the position of the mulching film 2 in the first year, and a soil layer is arranged at the position of the film space 3 in the first year (figure 1);
planting structure in the second year: the straw layer 6 below the position of the mulching film 2 in the planting structure of the first year is changed into the straw layer I6 still below the film space 3, and the soil layer below the film space 3 in the planting structure of the first year is changed into the straw layer II 7 below the mulching film 2 (figure 2); namely, the mulching films and the film spaces are alternately arranged every year, and the positions 40cm below the ground surface between the mulching films and the film spaces are changed into straw layers from the second year; the thickness and the width of the straw layer are respectively 7cm and 45 cm; the width of the mulching film 2 is 45 cm; the width of the film space 3 is 80 cm; the thickness of the first soil layer 4 is 40 cm; planting crops on the mulching film 2 by punching holes; the first soil layer 4 and the second soil layer 5 are saline-alkali soil.
By adopting the horizontal rotation planting method, the mulching film is laid on the soil surface, so that the soil evaporation strength is reduced, and meanwhile, the concentration of soil salinity is reduced and the accumulation of the salinity on the soil surface layer is reduced due to the improvement of the water content of the soil layer under the mulching film, so that the effects of soil moisture conservation and salt inhibition are achieved; the problems of diseases, insect pests, weeds, yield reduction and the like caused by continuous cropping of sunflowers in saline-alkali soil can be solved by alternately planting the mulching films and the membranes; new straws are alternately laid under the ground surface covered with the mulching film and between the mulching films every year, straw decomposition can be solved, surface accumulation of salt among the mulching films for many years can be slowed down, soil capillaries can be cut off, salt upward migration can be prevented, the soil structure can be effectively improved after the straw decomposition, soil organic matters can be increased, and the limited straws can exert a larger fertilizing effect.
Thirdly, the effect of the horizontal alternate planting system between the mulching films in the saline-alkali soil
1. The effects of retarding the surface accumulation of salt among membranes and preserving soil moisture, inhibiting salt and increasing yield are remarkable:
the effect was not significantly different from example 1, and was observed in the same manner as in example 1.
2. The soil fertility improvement effect of the reinforced straws is as follows:
the effect was not significantly different from example 1, and was observed in the same manner as in example 1.
3. The problem of yield reduction caused by continuous cropping is solved:
the effect was not significantly different from example 1, and was observed in the same manner as in example 1.
Claims (4)
1. A method for planting crops in saline-alkali soil by horizontal rotation between mulching films comprises the following steps:
(1) when soil preparation is carried out in autumn of the last year, a straw layer I is laid below the ground surface of a planting row, a mulching film is laid on the ground surface corresponding to the straw layer I before sowing in spring of the first year to form a mulching film row I, the straw layer I is arranged under the mulching film of the first year, and a soil layer structure is arranged under the film of the first year; punching holes on the mulching films in the mulching film row I to plant crops;
(2) after the crops are harvested in autumn of the first year, the crop straws are buried under the film to form a new straw layer II;
(3) in spring of the second year, a mulching film is laid on the ground surface corresponding to the straw layer II to form a mulching film row II, and a structure that the straw layer II is arranged under the mulching film of the second year and the straw layer I is arranged between films of the second year is formed; planting crops on the mulching films in the mulching film row II in a punching mode;
(4) by analogy, after crops are harvested every autumn, new straw layers are alternately laid under the ground surfaces covered with the mulching films and among the mulching films every year; crops are alternately planted between the mulching films in spring every year;
in the step (1), a straw layer I with the width of 40-45 cm and the thickness of 5-7 cm is paved 35-40 cm below the ground surface of the planting row; the width between films in the first year is 75-80 cm; the width of the mulching film row I is 40 cm-45 cm;
directly turning and burying the crop straws in the position 35-40 cm below the film space in the step (2) to form a new straw layer II, wherein the thickness of the straw layer II is 5-7 cm, and the width of the straw layer II is 40-45 cm;
a first soil layer is arranged above the straw layer I and the straw layer II, a second soil layer is arranged below the straw layer I and the straw layer II, and the first soil layer and the second soil layer are saline-alkali soil;
after the straws are buried in the soil in the autumn, the mulching film is laid in the spring, salt pressing in the autumn and irrigation in the spring are respectively carried out, and after the irrigation in the spring, crops are sown by punching holes on the surface of the mulching film;
the crop is edible sunflower; the straws are corn straws and/or sunflower straws.
2. The method for planting crops by horizontal alternation between mulching films in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the width between films in the second year in the step (3) is 75-80 cm; the width of the mulching film row II is 40 cm-45 cm.
3. The method for planting crops by horizontal alternation between mulching films in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the width of the mulching film is 40 cm-45 cm.
4. The method for planting crops by horizontal alternation between mulching films in saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the straw layer I and the straw layer II are both formed by laying straws with the length of 5 cm-10 cm.
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| CN114451230B (en) * | 2022-03-01 | 2023-02-17 | 华清农业开发有限公司 | Planting method of moderate and severe saline-alkali soil water retention, salt resistance and carbon increase fertile soil |
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| CN102550159A (en) * | 2011-10-21 | 2012-07-11 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | Method and system for controlling salt of saline-alkali soil |
| CN106879307A (en) * | 2017-01-24 | 2017-06-23 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | A kind of maize straw in the ranks goes back field method |
| CN108934842A (en) * | 2018-07-09 | 2018-12-07 | 沈阳农业大学 | Corn is ploughed and exempts from the band-like returning to the field cultural method of wrong stalk |
| CN108834464A (en) * | 2018-07-12 | 2018-11-20 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | The fixed implant system in the salt-soda soil that straw sand interlayer is horizontally staggered and method |
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