CN109320353B - 一种用于瓜类蔬菜气雾栽培的营养液的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种用于瓜类蔬菜气雾栽培的营养液的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于瓜类蔬菜气雾栽培的营养液的制备方法,该营养液包括凝结芽孢杆菌、GA4+7、MgSO4、Ca(H2PO4)2、MnSO4、FeSO4、CuSO4、KH2PO4。在制备益生芽孢杆菌过程中加入海藻糖和脱脂乳作为保护剂。本营养液以益生芽孢杆菌代替高浓度的硝态氮,提高瓜类蔬菜的营养品质及口感,同时使得营养液的活菌数保持在较高的水平95‑105亿cfu/ml,储存时间延长。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于瓜类蔬菜气雾栽培的营养液的制备方法,可作为生产高品质西葫芦的种植材料,以指导生物技术研究,改善绿色蔬菜的质量,属于农业栽培领域。
背景技术
西葫芦(Cucurbita pepo)是一种重要的蔬菜淡季补缺品种之一,西葫芦果实含糖、淀粉、维生素A及维生素C等营养物质,深受广大消费者喜爱。西葫芦生产中存在着严重的连作障碍问题,而且随着种植年限的增加出现连作障碍的程度逐渐加重,重点表现在生长发育速度延迟,病虫害猖獗,产量和商品性下降。严重影响了菜农的积极性。因此,如何解决西葫芦连作障碍问题尤为重要。相比于土壤种植,无土栽培由于使作物彻底脱离了土壤,可以从根源上切断病虫害传播渠道,迅速改善根际微环境,而且消毒方便,因此,是西葫芦克服连作障碍,实现产业可持续发展的有效途径之一。
气雾栽培雾培技术是一种新型的无土栽培模式,它把作物的根系悬挂于栽培架中,通过雾化装置将营养液雾化成水气来进行给作物的供液,提供给作物充足的氧气,使根系在毫无阻力的情况下自由生长。定期向作物根系提供所需的营养液,使作物发挥出最大的生长状态,能有效的解决根系的水气矛盾。它不仅摆脱了传统土壤栽培对天然土壤的依赖和免受土壤污染、连作障碍、次生盐渍化等对作物生产的限制,而且有效解决普通水培中根系供氧问题,同时具有养分和水分利用率高的特点,不仅可用于蔬菜工厂化生产,而且适用于航天生命保障系统和庭院休闲农业,是一种具有广阔应用前景的新型无土栽培模式。
营养液的配置和优化是雾培作物获得高产优质的关键技术。现有的蔬菜雾培大多沿用传统无土栽培的营养液配方,普遍以高浓度的硝态氮作为氮源而导致营养液中氮素浓度过高和形态不当,不仅造成生产成本提高,管理困难,而且引起蔬菜体内硝酸盐的大量积累,严重影响雾培绿色蔬菜的营养品质。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了克服现有技术的缺点和不足,而提供瓜类蔬菜气雾栽培的营养液的制备方法。
本发明的技术方案为:一种用于瓜类蔬菜气雾栽培的营养液的制备方法,其具体步骤为:
A.发酵生产凝结芽孢杆菌微生态制剂
(1)菌种活化:将凝结芽孢杆菌单菌落转接到种子斜面培养基,活化培养温度为36-40℃,培养24-30h;
(2)种子液的制备:取一环活化的菌种,接入种子培养基中,pH控制在6.0-7.0之间,温度为36-40℃,转速为160-180r/min,培养16-20h,得种子液;
(3)摇瓶培养:取种子液,装入发酵培养基容器中,种子液和发酵培养基的体积比为0.1%-15%,将容器置于摇床中,36-40℃震荡培养10-14h,转速为160-180r/min;
(4)微生态制剂的制备:对发酵液进行离心,弃上清液,收集离心后的菌体,将凝结芽孢杆菌、海藻糖和脱脂乳按照体积比(1.5-2):(1.5-2):1的比例混合均匀,将样品在-60℃至-80℃超低温冰箱预冻5-7h后,放入冷冻干燥机进行真空冷冻干燥,真空度40-60Pa,得凝结芽孢杆菌微生态制剂;
B.无机营养液的制备
(1)将MgSO4、Ca(H2PO4)2、FeSO4、KH2PO4按照质量比(2-4):(2-4):1:(1-2)的比例加入到水中,将溶液加热,搅拌均匀,充分溶解,静置冷却到室温,得到混合溶液,Fe2+的浓度控制在0.02-0.04g/mL;
(2)将MnSO4、CuSO4按照质量比(1-2):1的比例加入上述步骤(1)中的混合溶液中,在室温下搅拌至固体完全溶解,Cu2+浓度控制在0.02-0.04g/mL;
C.将凝结芽孢杆菌微生态制剂与赤霉素GA4+7按照重量比(1-2):(1-2)的比例加入到权利要求B所述的无机营养液中,使得GA4+7的浓度为10-15mg/mL,边搅拌边调节pH至5.0-6.0之间,目标营养液凝结芽孢杆菌活菌数达95-105亿cfu/mL。
优选步骤A(1)中活化斜面培养基成分为:葡萄糖10-15g/L、蛋白胨5-10g/L、酵母浸出物1-5g/L,氯化钙1-5g/L、琼脂10-15g/L。
优选步骤A(2)中种子培养基成分为:葡萄糖10-15g/L、蛋白胨5-10g/L、酵母浸出物1-5g/L,氯化钙1-5g/L。
优选步骤A(3)中发酵培养基成分为:蔗糖5-10g/L、蛋白胨5-10g/L、磷酸二氢钠1-2g/L、磷酸氢二钠1-2g/L。
优选步骤A(2)中种子培养基的装填体积量为15%-20%;步骤A(3)中发酵培养基的装填体积量为15%-70%;步骤A(4)中离心机的转速为4000-6000r/min,离心时间为10-15min。
优选步骤B(1)中将溶液加热到30-40℃。
凝结芽胞杆菌菌种的拉丁学名是:Bacillus coagulans,保藏日期是2012年10月18日,保藏中心登记入册编号是CGMCC No.6681。
CGMCC No.6681菌株具有下述性质:
1、形态与培养特征:
该菌为革兰氏染色阳性菌,菌体呈杆形,(0.8~1)μm×(3~4)μm,单个或成短链。产生卵圆形芽孢,大多偏菌体一端菌,有的孢子囊膨胀,有运动性。对外界环境抵抗力很强,90℃处理10min,100℃处理5min不会失活,pH值为4.0~9.0时也能生长。在营养琼脂培养基上边缘不整齐,呈扁平圆形白色菌落,2~3mm大小。兼性厌氧菌,生长温度为20~55℃,最适生长温度为35~45℃。
2、生理生化特性
凝结芽孢杆菌CGMCC No.6681菌株的主要生理生化特征见表1:
表1菌株的生理生化特征
注:+:阳性或生长;-:阴性或不生长
有益效果:
西葫芦种子经消毒低温催芽后,播于蛭石/珍珠岩比为1:2的种植盆中,用清水浇灌,待幼苗培养21d后,选择长势均一的幼苗移栽到雾培定植板上。营养液由水泵供给,供给时间通过定时器控制,每隔5-7min供营养液5-10s,微雾喷头的流量控制在0.2-0.5L/min,管道压力在0.2-0.4Pa左右,营养液循环利用。每周更换营养液一次,每隔三天调节营养液pH至5.0-6.0。植株生长31d后,测定西葫芦种苗的生物量和各种生理指标。
保藏信息
上述凝结芽孢杆菌其分类命名为Bacillus coagulans,参据的微生物(株)为:NJYHHWG 877005,该菌株是本课题组自主筛选并保藏于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心(北京朝阳区大屯路,中国科学院微生物研究所)。其简称为CGMCC,保藏日期是2012年10月18日,登记入册的编号是CGMCC No.6681。
具体实施方式
实施例1:
(1)菌种活化:将凝结芽孢杆菌NJYHHWG 877005单菌落转接到种子斜面培养基,活化培养温度为36℃,培养24h,得种子液;其中固体活化培养基成分(g/L):为葡萄糖10g/L、蛋白胨5g/L、酵母浸出物1g/L,氯化钙1g/L、琼脂10g/L;
(2)种子液的制备:取一环活化的菌种,接入装填体积量为15%的种子培养基中,pH控制在6.0,温度为36℃,转速为160r/min,培养16h,获得种子液;其中活化培养基成分(g/L):为葡萄糖10g/L、蛋白胨5g/L、酵母浸出物1g/L,氯化钙1g/L;
(3)摇瓶培养:取种子液,装入发酵液装填体积量为70%的三角瓶中,种子液和发酵液的体积比为15%,将三角瓶置于摇床中,36℃震荡培养10h,转速为160r/min;其中发酵培养基成分(g/L):蔗糖5g/L、蛋白胨5g/L、磷酸二氢钠1g/L、磷酸氢二钠1g/L;
(4)微生态制剂的制备:对发酵液进行离心,4000r/min,离心时间10min,弃上清液,收集离心后的菌体,将凝结芽孢杆菌、海藻糖和脱脂乳按照体积比1.5:1.5:1的比例混合均匀,将样品在-60℃超低温冰箱预冻5h后,放入冷冻干燥机进行真空冷冻干燥,真空度40Pa,得凝结芽孢杆菌微生态制剂;
(5)将MgSO4、Ca(H2PO4)2、FeSO4、KH2PO4按照摩尔分数质量比2:2:1:1的比例加入到水中,将溶液加热到30℃,搅拌均匀,充分溶解,静置冷却到室温,得到混合溶液,Fe2+的浓度控制在0.02g/mL;
(6)将MnSO4、CuSO4按照摩尔分数质量比1:1的比例加入到步骤(5)中的混合溶液中,在室温下搅拌至固体完全溶解,Cu2+浓度控制在0.02g/mL;
(7)将凝结芽孢杆菌微生态制剂与赤霉素GA4+7按照重量比1:1的比例加入到步骤(6)所述的无机营养液中,使得GA4+7的浓度为10mg/mL,边搅拌边调节至pH5.0,目标营养液凝结芽孢杆菌活菌数达95cfu/mL。
(8)西葫芦种子经消毒低温催芽后,播于蛭石/珍珠岩比为1:2的种植盆中,用清水浇灌,待幼苗培养21d后,选择长势均匀的幼苗移栽到雾培定植板上(厚度2cm)。营养液由水泵供给,供给时间通过定时器控制,每隔5min供营养液5s,微雾喷头的流量控制在0.2L/min,管道压力在0.2Pa左右,营养液循环利用。每周更换营养液一次,每隔三天调节营养液pH至5.0。植株生长31d后,测定西葫芦的生物量和各种生理指标。
实施例2:
(1)菌种活化:将凝结芽孢杆菌NJYHHWG 877005单菌落转接到种子斜面培养基,活化培养温度为38℃,培养27h,得种子液;其中固体活化培养基成分(g/L):为葡萄糖13g/L、蛋白胨13g/L、酵母浸出物3g/L,氯化钙3g/L、琼脂13g/L;
(2)种子液的制备:取一环活化的菌种,接入装填体积量为18%的种子培养基中,pH控制在6.5,温度为38℃,转速为170r/min,培养18h,获得种子液;其中活化培养基成分(g/L):为葡萄糖13g/L、蛋白胨13g/L、酵母浸出物3g/L,氯化钙3g/L;
(3)摇瓶培养:取种子液,装入发酵液装填体积量为60%的三角瓶中,种子液和发酵液的体积比为8%,将三角瓶置于摇床中,38℃震荡培养12h,转速为170r/min;其中发酵培养基成分(g/L):蔗糖8g/L、蛋白胨8g/L、磷酸二氢钠1.5g/L、磷酸氢二钠1.5g/L;
(4)微生态制剂的制备:对发酵液进行离心,5000r/min,离心时间13min,弃上清液,收集离心后的菌体,将凝结芽孢杆菌、海藻糖和脱脂乳按照体积比2:1.5:1的比例混合均匀,将样品在-70℃超低温冰箱预冻6h后,放入冷冻干燥机进行真空冷冻干燥,真空度50Pa,得凝结芽孢杆菌微生态制剂;
(5)将MgSO4、Ca(H2PO4)2、FeSO4、KH2PO4按照摩尔分数质量比3:3:1:2的比例加入到50mL水中,将溶液加热到35℃,搅拌均匀,充分溶解,静置冷却到室温,得到混合溶液,Fe2+的浓度控制在0.03g/m;
(6)将MnSO4、CuSO4按照摩尔分数质量比1.5:1的比例加入到步骤(5)中的混合溶液中,在室温下搅拌至固体完全溶解,Cu2+的浓度控制在0.03g/mL;
(7)将凝结芽孢杆菌微生态制剂与赤霉素GA4+7按照重量比1:2的比例加入到步骤(6)所述的无机营养液中,使得GA4+7的浓度为13mg/mL,边搅拌边调节pH至5.5,目标营养液凝结芽孢杆菌活菌数达100亿cfu/mL。
(8)西葫芦种子经消毒低温催芽后,播于蛭石/珍珠岩比为1:2的种植盆中,用清水浇灌,待幼苗培养21d后,选择长势均一的幼苗移栽到雾培定植板上。营养液由水泵供给,供给时间通过定时器控制,每隔6min供营养液8s,微雾喷头的流量控制在0.3L/min,管道压力在0.3Pa左右,营养液循环利用。每周更换营养液一次,每隔三天调节营养液pH至5.5。植株生长31d后,测定西葫芦的生物量和各种生理指标。
实施例3:
(1)菌种活化:将凝结芽孢杆菌NJYHHWG 877005单菌落转接到种子斜面培养基,活化培养温度为40℃,培养30h,得种子液;其中固体培养基成分(g/L):为葡萄糖15g/L、蛋白胨10g/L、酵母浸出物5g/L,氯化钙5g/L、琼脂15g/L;
(2)种子液的制备:取一环活化的菌种,接入装填体积量为20%的种子培养基中,pH控制在7.0之间,温度为40℃,180r/min,培养20h,获得种子液;其中固体培养基成分(g/L):为葡萄糖15g/L、蛋白胨10g/L、酵母浸出物5g/L,氯化钙5g/L;
(3)摇瓶培养:取种子液,装入发酵液装填体积量为15%的三角瓶中,种子液和发酵液的体积比为0.1%,将三角瓶置于摇床中,40℃震荡培养14h,转速为180r/min;其中发酵培养基成分(g/L):蔗糖10g/L、蛋白胨10g/L、磷酸二氢钠2g/L、磷酸氢二钠2g/L;
(4)微生态制剂的制备:对发酵液进行离心,6000r/min,离心15min,弃上清液,收集离心后的菌体,将凝结芽孢杆菌、海藻糖和脱脂乳按照体积比2:2:1的比例混合均匀,将样品在-80℃超低温冰箱预冻7h后,放入冷冻干燥机进行真空冷冻干燥,真空度60Pa,得凝结芽孢杆菌微生态制剂;
(5)将MgSO4、Ca(H2PO4)2、FeSO4、KH2PO4按照摩尔分数质量比4:4:1:2的比例加入到水中,将溶液加热到40℃,搅拌均匀,充分溶解,静置冷却到室温,得到混合溶液,Fe2+的浓度控制在0.04g/mL;
(6)将MnSO4、CuSO4按照摩尔分数质量比2:1的比例加入到步骤(5)中的混合溶液中,在室温下搅拌至固体完全溶解,Cu2+的浓度控制在0.04g/mL;
(7)将凝结芽孢杆菌微生态制剂与赤霉素GA4+7按照重量比2:1的比例加入到步骤(6)所述的无机营养液中,使得GA4+7的浓度为15mg/mL,边搅拌边调节至pH6.0,目标营养液凝结芽孢杆菌活菌数达105cfu/mL;
(8)西葫芦种子经消毒低温催芽后,播于蛭石/珍珠岩比为1:2的种植盆中,用清水浇灌,待幼苗培养21d后,选择长势均一的幼苗移栽到雾培定植板上。营养液由水泵供给,供给时间通过定时器控制,每隔7min供营养液10s,微雾喷头的流量控制在0.4L/min,管道压力在0.4Pa左右,营养液循环利用。每周更换营养液一次,每隔三天调节营养液pH至6.0。植株生长31d后,测定西葫芦种苗的生物量和各种生理指标。
附:施用目标营养液前后西葫芦种苗生物量和各种生理指标
表一:西葫芦种苗生物量
表二:西葫芦种苗各项生理指标
Claims (6)
1.一种用于瓜类蔬菜气雾栽培的营养液的制备方法,其具体步骤为:
A.发酵生产凝结芽孢杆菌微生态制剂
(1)菌种活化:将凝结芽孢杆菌NJYHHWG 877005单菌落转接到种子斜面培养基,活化培养温度为36-40℃,培养24-30h;
(2)种子液的制备:取一环活化的菌种,接入种子培养基中,pH控制在6.0-7.0之间,温度为36-40℃,转速为160-180r/min,培养16-20h,得种子液;
(3)摇瓶培养:取种子液,装入发酵培养基容器中,种子液和发酵培养基的体积比为0.1%-15%,将容器置于摇床中,36-40℃震荡培养10-14h,转速为160-180r/min;
(4)微生态制剂的制备:对发酵液进行离心,弃上清液,收集离心后的菌体,将凝结芽孢杆菌、海藻糖和脱脂乳按照体积比(1.5-2):(1.5-2):1的比例混合均匀,将样品在-60℃至-80℃超低温冰箱预冻5-7h后,放入冷冻干燥机进行真空冷冻干燥,真空度40-60Pa,得凝结芽孢杆菌微生态制剂;
B.无机营养液的制备
(1)将MgSO4、Ca(H2PO4)2、FeSO4、KH2PO4按照质量比(2-4):(2-4):1:(1-2)的比例加入到水中,将溶液加热,搅拌均匀,充分溶解,静置冷却,得到混合溶液,Fe2+的浓度控制在0.02-0.04g/mL;
(2)将MnSO4、CuSO4按照质量比(1-2):1的比例加入上述步骤(1)中的混合溶液中,搅拌至固体完全溶解,Cu2+浓度控制在0.02-0.04g/mL;
C.将凝结芽孢杆菌微生态制剂与赤霉素GA4+7按照重量比(1-2):(1-2)的比例加入到权利要求B所述的无机营养液中,使得GA4+7的浓度为10-15mg/mL,边搅拌边调节pH至5.0-6.0之间,目标营养液凝结芽孢杆菌活菌数达95-105亿cfu/mL。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤A(1)中活化斜面培养基成分为:葡萄糖10-15g/L、蛋白胨5-10g/L、酵母浸出物1-5g/L,氯化钙1-5g/L、琼脂10-15g/L。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤A(2)中种子培养基成分为:葡萄糖10-15g/L、蛋白胨5-10g/L、酵母浸出物1-5g/L,氯化钙1-5g/L。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤A(3)中发酵培养基成分为:蔗糖5-10g/L、蛋白胨5-10g/L、磷酸二氢钠1-2g/L、磷酸氢二钠1-2g/L。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤A(2)中种子培养基的装填体积量为15%-20%;步骤A(3)中发酵培养基的装填体积量为15%-70%;步骤A(4)中离心机的转速为4000-6000r/min,离心时间为10-15min。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤B(1)中将溶液加热到30-40℃。
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