CN109285909B - 一种多结太阳能电池及其制作方法 - Google Patents

一种多结太阳能电池及其制作方法 Download PDF

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CN109285909B
CN109285909B CN201811145299.4A CN201811145299A CN109285909B CN 109285909 B CN109285909 B CN 109285909B CN 201811145299 A CN201811145299 A CN 201811145299A CN 109285909 B CN109285909 B CN 109285909B
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buffer layer
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metamorphic
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吴真龙
叶培飞
李俊承
姜伟
张雷
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Xiamen Changelight Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种多结太阳能电池及其制作方法,制作方法包括:提供一第一电池;在第一电池上形成变质缓冲层,变质缓冲层包括依次叠加形成的多个子缓冲层,且在每一子缓冲层制作完毕后均进行原位腐蚀;在变质缓冲层背离第一电池一侧形成第二电池。在子缓冲层制作完毕后,通过对每一子缓冲层均进行原位腐蚀,进而能够在子缓冲层表面的位错处刻蚀位错坑,在随后的外延过程中会在位错坑位置发生侧向外延,减少了后续外延的子缓冲层的位错密度,使得变质缓冲层表面的位错密度整体降低,提高变质缓冲层阻挡位错向上延伸的能力;原位腐蚀能够使得子缓冲层的表面粗糙,进而能够提高相邻子缓冲层的界面处释放应力的效果,改善了晶圆翘曲的问题。

Description

一种多结太阳能电池及其制作方法
技术领域
本发明涉及太阳能电池技术领域,更为具体的说,涉及一种多结太阳能电池及其制作方法。
背景技术
太阳电池可将太阳能直接转换为电能,是一种最有效的清洁能源转换。III-V族化合物半导体太阳电池在目前材料体系中转换效率最高,同时具有耐高温性能好、抗辐照能力强等优点,被公认为是新一代高性能且长寿命的空间主电源,其中GaInP/InGaAs/Ge晶格匹配结构的三结电池已在航天领域得到广泛应用。
但是传统的晶格匹配三结电池的GaInP顶电池和In0.01GaAs中电池的电流密度远小于Ge底电池的电流密度,没有充分利用太阳光谱,限制了光电转换效率的提高。提高太阳电池转换效率的最有效的途径是提高各子电池的带隙匹配程度,从而更合理的分配太阳光谱。改变各子电池的带隙需要通过改变三元甚至四元材料的组分配比,往往会导致各子电池间存在晶格失配产生残余应力和位错,影响电池性能。
在III-V族太阳电池结构的失配材料外延中采用变质缓冲层(metamorphicbuffer)可以释放晶格失配材料外延时产生的残余应力和阻断位错向有源区的延伸。现有变质缓冲层技术采用组分阶变法,一方面组分逐层增加达到目标晶格常数,另一方面每层采用相同组分,使位错钉扎在每一缓冲层的界面处,不向上延伸进入电池有源区。
现有技术中的变质缓冲层技术虽然能够阻挡位错向上延伸,但阻挡位错的能力有限,且释放应力的效果不足,容易出现晶圆翘曲的问题。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明提供了一种多结太阳能电池及其制作方法,以解决现有技术中变质缓冲层出现的阻挡位错能力和释放应力效果不足,而出现的晶圆翘曲的问题。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供的技术方案如下:
一种多结太阳能电池的制作方法,所述制作方法包括:
提供一第一电池;
在所述第一电池上形成变质缓冲层,所述变质缓冲层包括依次叠加形成的多个子缓冲层,且在每一所述子缓冲层制作完毕后均进行原位腐蚀;
在所述变质缓冲层背离所述第一电池一侧形成第二电池。
可选的,在一所述子缓冲层制作完毕后进行原位腐蚀包括:
停止供应制作所述子缓冲层的反应源预设时间;
供应腐蚀气体对所述子缓冲层进行原位腐蚀。
可选的,所述预设时间为5s-50s,包括端点值。
可选的,所述子缓冲层的材质为GaInAs、AlGaInAs、GaInP或AlGaInP。
可选的,所述腐蚀气体为包括卤素原子的反应气体。
可选的,所述反应气体为HCl、CBr4或CCl4
可选的,在制作所述第二电池完毕后,还包括:
在所述第二电池背离所述第一电池一侧形成第三电池。
可选的,在提供所述第一电池且形成所述变质缓冲层前,以及在制作完毕所述第二电池且在制作所述第三电池前,均还包括:
形成隧穿结。
可选的,在形成所述变质缓冲层且形成所述第二电池前,还包括:
在所述变质缓冲层背离所述第一电池一侧形成DBR反射层。
相应的,本发明还提供了一种多结太阳能电池,所述多结太阳能电池采用上述的多结太阳能电池的制作方法制作而成。
相较于现有技术,本发明提供的技术方案至少具有以下优点:
本发明提供了一种多结太阳能电池及其制作方法,所述制作方法包括:提供一第一电池;在所述第一电池上形成变质缓冲层,所述变质缓冲层包括依次叠加形成的多个子缓冲层,且在每一所述子缓冲层制作完毕后均进行原位腐蚀;在所述变质缓冲层背离所述第一电池一侧形成第二电池。由上述内容可知,在子缓冲层制作完毕后,通过对每一子缓冲层均进行原位腐蚀,进而能够在子缓冲层表面的位错处刻蚀位错坑,在随后的外延过程中会在位错坑位置发生侧向外延,不仅减少了后续外延的子缓冲层的位错密度,使得变质缓冲层表面的位错密度整体降低,还提高变质缓冲层阻挡位错向上延伸的能力;同时,原位腐蚀能够使得子缓冲层的表面粗糙,进而能够提高相邻子缓冲层的界面处释放应力的效果,改善了晶圆翘曲的问题,实现更大的工艺窗口。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据提供的附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本申请实施例提供的一种多结太阳能电池的制作方法的流程图;
图2a-图2c为图1中各步骤对应的结构示意图;
图3为本申请实施例提供的另一种多结太阳能电池的制作方法的流程图;
图4为本申请实施例提供的一种三结太阳能电池的结构示意图;
图5为本申请实施例提供的又一种多结太阳能电池的制作方法的流程图;
图6为本申请实施例提供的又一种多结太阳能电池的制作方法的流程图;
图7为本申请实施例提供的另一种三结太阳能电池的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
正如背景技术所述,现有技术中的变质缓冲层技术虽然能够阻挡位错向上延伸,但阻挡位错的能力有限,且释放应力的效果不足,容易出现晶圆翘曲的问题。
基于此,本申请实施例提供了一种多结太阳能电池及其制作方法,以解决现有技术中变质缓冲层出现的阻挡位错能力和释放应力效果不足,而出现的晶圆翘曲的问题。为实现上述目的,本申请实施例提供的技术方案如下,具体结合图1至图7对本申请实施例提供的技术方案进行详细的说明。
参考图1所示,为本申请实施例提供的一种多结太阳能电池的制作方法的流程图,其中,所述制作方法包括:
S1、提供一第一电池;
S2、在所述第一电池上形成变质缓冲层,所述变质缓冲层包括依次叠加形成的多个子缓冲层,且在每一所述子缓冲层制作完毕后均进行原位腐蚀;
S3、在所述变质缓冲层背离所述第一电池一侧形成第二电池。
由上述内容可知,在子缓冲层制作完毕后,通过对每一子缓冲层均进行原位腐蚀,进而能够在子缓冲层表面的位错处刻蚀位错坑,在随后的外延过程中会在位错坑位置发生侧向外延,不仅减少了后续外延的子缓冲层的位错密度,使得变质缓冲层表面的位错密度整体降低,还提高变质缓冲层阻挡位错向上延伸的能力;同时,原位腐蚀能够使得子缓冲层的表面粗糙,进而能够提高相邻子缓冲层的界面处释放应力的效果,改善了晶圆翘曲的问题,实现更大的工艺窗口。
结合图2a-图2c对本申请实施例提供的技术方案进行更详细的描述,其中,图2a-图2c为图1中各步骤对应的结构示意图。
如图2a所示,提供一第一电池100。
本申请提供的第一电池由晶格常数为a1的材料构成的pn结,第二电池由晶格常数为a2的材料构成的pn结,其中,a1比a2小至少0.001nm。
其中,第一电池需要在第一衬底上进行处理获取,本申请不限定第一衬底的具体材质;此外,本申请对于第一衬底的掺杂类型同样不做具体限制,其可以为p型的第一衬底,还可以为n型的第一衬底,只需要能够后续制作过程中掺杂形成pn结即可。
可选的,在本申请实施例中第一衬底可以为p型Ge衬底,即本申请实施例提供的第一电池为Ge电池。具体的,在制作Ge电池时,需要在p型的Ge衬底上进行n型扩散处理得到n型发射区形成的pn结,进一步的通过在p型的Ge衬底上面生长和衬底晶格匹配的(Al)GaInP层作为成核层,并作为Ge电池的窗口层。
其中,本申请实施例提供的n型扩散可以为磷扩散。
如图2b所示,在第一电池100上形成变质缓冲层200,变质缓冲层200包括依次叠加形成的多个子缓冲层210,且每一子缓冲层210制作完毕后均进行原位腐蚀。
本申请实施例中采用金属有机化学气相外延沉积(MOCVD)方法在第一电池上生成外延结构,如变质缓冲层、隧穿结、DBR反射层、第二电池、第三电池。其中,本申请实施例提供的所述子缓冲层的材质可以为GaInAs、AlGaInAs、GaInP或AlGaInP。变质缓冲层至少包括两个子缓冲层,并且,每一子缓冲层的晶格参数均不小于第一电池的晶格参数且不大于第二电池的晶格参数,且所有子缓冲层的晶格参数沿第一电池至第二电池的方向呈增大规律。
进一步的,变质缓冲层的所有子缓冲层中还可以设置一过冲子缓冲层,其中,过冲子缓冲层的晶格参数大于第二电池的晶格参数。
在本申请一实施例中,本申请提供的在一所述子缓冲层制作完毕后进行原位腐蚀包括:
停止供应制作所述子缓冲层的反应源预设时间;
供应腐蚀气体对所述子缓冲层进行原位腐蚀。
可选的,本申请实施例提供的所述预设时间为5s-50s,包括端点值,即在生长一子缓冲层完毕后,停止通入生长该子缓冲层的反应源,其中,停止时间可以为10s、30s、40s等,且在该停止时间内通入腐蚀气体对该子缓冲层背离第一电池的表面进行原位腐蚀,使得子缓冲层的该表面为粗糙表面,不仅能够保证后续外延时在位错处横向外延,进而阻挡位错向上延伸,还能够提高释放应力的效果,避免晶圆发生翘曲。
在本申请一实施例中,本申请提供的所述腐蚀气体为包括卤素原子的反应气体。可选的,本申请实施例提供的所述反应气体为HCl、CBr4或CCl4等。
如图2c所示,在变质缓冲层200背离第一电池100一侧形成第二电池300。
本申请实施例提供的第二电池沿第一电池向变质缓冲层的方向上依次生长有:背场层、p型掺杂InGaAs层基区、n型掺杂InGaAs层发射区和窗口层。其中,背场层可以选取GaInP材料或AlGaAs材料,窗口层选取AlGaInP材料或AlInP材料。
本申请实施例提供的多结太阳能电池可以为如图2c所示的两结太阳能电池,为了进一步提高太阳能电池的光电性能,本申请实施例提供的多结太阳能电池还可以三结太阳能电池,如图3所示,为本申请实施例提供的另一种多结太阳能电池的制作方法的流程图,其中,在制作所述第二电池完毕后,即在步骤S3后还包括:
S4、在所述第二电池背离所述第一电池一侧形成第三电池。
结合图4所示,为本申请实施例提供的一种三结太阳能电池的结构示意图,其中,三结太阳能电池包括:
第一电池100;
位于第一电池100上的变质缓冲层200,且变质缓冲层200包括依次叠加形成的多个子缓冲层210,且每一子缓冲层210制作完毕后均进行原位腐蚀;
位于变质缓冲层200背离第一电池100一侧的第二电池300;
以及,位于第二电池300背离第一电池100一侧的第三电池400。
在本申请一实施例中,本申请提供的第三电池自第一电池至第二电池的方向依次生长有:AlGaInP背场层、p型掺杂AlGaInP或GaInP层基区、n型掺杂AlGaInP或GaInP层发射区和AlInP窗口层。
进一步的,在制作完毕第三电池后,还可以在第三电池背离第一电池一侧形成欧姆接触层,其中,欧姆接触层可以为生长的InGaAs层,且作为与电极形成欧姆接触的N型接触层。
进一步的,本申请实施例提供的多结太阳能电池,在第一电池和变质缓冲层之间,及在第二电池和第三电池之间还可以形成有隧穿结。如图5所示,为本申请实施例提供的又一种多结太阳能电池的制作方法的流程图,其中,在提供所述第一电池且形成所述变质缓冲层前,以及在制作完毕所述第二电池且在制作所述第三电池前,均还包括:
形成隧穿结。
结合图5所示,在步骤S1后且在步骤S2前,还包括步骤S11、在第一电池上形成第一隧穿结,而后在步骤S2中为在第一隧穿结背离第一电池一侧形成变质缓冲层;
以及,在步骤S3后且在步骤S4前,还包括步骤S31,在第二电池背离第一电池一侧形成第二隧穿结,而后在步骤S4中为在第二隧穿结背离第一电池一侧形成第三电池。
在本申请一实施例中,在制作隧穿结时首先生长n型GaAs或n型GaInP作为隧穿结的N型层,生长p型(Al)GaAs材料作为隧穿结的P型层。其中N型和P型掺杂分别采用Si和C掺杂。
进一步的,本申请实施例提供的多结太阳能电池还可以在变质缓冲层和第二电池之间形成DBR反射层,如图6所示,为本申请实施例提供的又一种多结太阳能电池的制作方法的流程图,其中,在形成所述变质缓冲层且形成所述第二电池前,即在步骤S2后且在步骤S3前,还包括步骤S21:
在所述变质缓冲层背离所述第一电池一侧形成DBR反射层,而后在步骤S3中为在DBR反射层背离第一电池一侧形成第二电池。
在本申请一实施例中,制作的分布式布拉格反射镜(DBR反射层)包括交替生长的第一层材料AlxInzGaAs和第二层材料AlyInzGaAs,其中0≤x<y≤1,0.01≤z≤0.03。两层材料交替生长n个周期,n为整数且3≤n≤30。
相应的,本申请实施例还提供了一种多结太阳能电池,所述多结太阳能电池采用上述任意一实施例提供的多结太阳能电池的制作方法制作而成。
其中,综上实施例提供的多结太阳能电池的制作方法,本申请实施例提供的多结太阳能电池可以两结太阳能电池、三结太阳能电池或更多结太阳能电池,其中,以其中一种三结太阳能电池为了进行描述,如图7所示,为本申请实施例提供的另一种多结太阳能电池的结构示意图,其中,图7所示为三结太阳能电池,且三结太阳能电池包括:
第一电池100;
位于第一电池100上的第一隧穿结510;
位于第一隧穿结510背离第一电池100上的变质缓冲层200,且变质缓冲层200包括依次叠加形成的多个子缓冲层210,且每一子缓冲层210制作完毕后均进行原位腐蚀;
位于变质缓冲层200背离第一电池100一侧的DBR反射层600;
位于DBR反射层600背离第一电池100一侧的第二电池300;
位于第二电池300背离第一电池100一侧的第二隧穿结520;
位于第二隧穿结520背离第一电池100一侧的第三电池400;
以及,位于第三电池400背离第一电池100一侧的欧姆接触层700。
本申请实施例提供了一种多结太阳能电池及其制作方法,所述制作方法包括:提供一第一电池;在所述第一电池上形成变质缓冲层,所述变质缓冲层包括依次叠加形成的多个子缓冲层,且在每一所述子缓冲层制作完毕后均进行原位腐蚀;在所述变质缓冲层背离所述第一电池一侧形成第二电池。由上述内容可知,在子缓冲层制作完毕后,通过对每一子缓冲层均进行原位腐蚀,进而能够在子缓冲层表面的位错处刻蚀位错坑,在随后的外延过程中会在位错坑位置发生侧向外延,不仅减少了后续外延的子缓冲层的位错密度,使得变质缓冲层表面的位错密度整体降低,还提高变质缓冲层阻挡位错向上延伸的能力;同时,原位腐蚀能够使得子缓冲层的表面粗糙,进而能够提高相邻子缓冲层的界面处释放应力的效果,改善了晶圆翘曲的问题,实现更大的工艺窗口。
对所公开的实施例的上述说明,使本领域专业技术人员能够实现或使用本发明。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的专业技术人员来说将是显而易见的,本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下,在其它实施例中实现。因此,本发明将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例,而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。

Claims (8)

1.一种多结太阳能电池的制作方法,其特征在于,所述制作方法包括:
提供一第一电池;
在所述第一电池上形成变质缓冲层,所述变质缓冲层包括依次叠加形成的多个子缓冲层,且在每一所述子缓冲层制作完毕后均进行原位腐蚀;
在所述变质缓冲层背离所述第一电池一侧形成第二电池;
在一所述子缓冲层制作完毕后进行原位腐蚀包括:
停止供应制作所述子缓冲层的反应源预设时间,所述预设时间为5s-50s,包括端点值;
供应腐蚀气体对所述子缓冲层进行原位腐蚀。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多结太阳能电池的制作方法,其特征在于,所述子缓冲层的材质为GaInAs、AlGaInAs、GaInP或AlGaInP。
3.根据权利要求2所述的多结太阳能电池的制作方法,其特征在于,所述腐蚀气体为包括卤素原子的反应气体。
4.根据权利要求3所述的多结太阳能电池的制作方法,其特征在于,所述反应气体为HCl、CBr4或CCl4
5.根据权利要求1所述的多结太阳能电池的制作方法,其特征在于,在制作所述第二电池完毕后,还包括:
在所述第二电池背离所述第一电池一侧形成第三电池。
6.根据权利要求5所述的多结太阳能电池的制作方法,其特征在于,在提供所述第一电池且形成所述变质缓冲层前,以及在制作完毕所述第二电池且在制作所述第三电池前,均还包括:
形成隧穿结。
7.根据权利要求1所述的多结太阳能电池的制作方法,其特征在于,在形成所述变质缓冲层且形成所述第二电池前,还包括:
在所述变质缓冲层背离所述第一电池一侧形成DBR反射层。
8.一种多结太阳能电池,其特征在于,所述多结太阳能电池采用权利要求1~7任意一项所述的多结太阳能电池的制作方法制作而成。
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