CN109239312A - It is a kind of for simulating the experimental method of underground mining - Google Patents
It is a kind of for simulating the experimental method of underground mining Download PDFInfo
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- CN109239312A CN109239312A CN201811242380.4A CN201811242380A CN109239312A CN 109239312 A CN109239312 A CN 109239312A CN 201811242380 A CN201811242380 A CN 201811242380A CN 109239312 A CN109239312 A CN 109239312A
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- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 206010019909 Hernia Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 210000003903 pelvic floor Anatomy 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000006210 lotion Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 that is Substances 0.000 description 2
- 101100457838 Caenorhabditis elegans mod-1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101150110972 ME1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000003140 Panax quinquefolius Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000005373 Panax quinquefolius Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/24—Earth materials
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of for simulating the experimental method of underground mining, a right angle hexahedron capsule is built into the model of regular hexahedron, capsule lower part is respectively installed by one valve, and capsule lower part connects a conduit, liquid can be discharged by lower part conduit, salt water is filled into capsule, and close upper lower valve, two tempering columns are placed in model, before mold, the capsule of liquid will be filled on the position that tempering column is set, then mold is carried out, according to the volume of model to be cast, by gelatin, glycerol and water mixing, heating stirring, until reaching molten condition, mold is carried out in mounted mold by pouring into close to the melt of freezing point.After the completion of mold, realize that underground mining is simulated by the liquid in discharge capsule.The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows can utilize mini Mod to realize the underground excavation three-dimensional simulation of different-thickness, different depth, and it can timely and effectively show the shape of earth's surface subsidence basin.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to engineering geology technical field, it is related to a kind of three-dimensional mini Mod for simulating underground mining and experiment
Method.
Background technique
Common physical simulation experiment method applies external force mode not according to experimental rig type and to model
Together, it is broadly divided into architecture model test, the test of bottom tribological modeling, centrifugal model test and three-dimensional and full scale model test.
These physical simulation experiment methods, are used primarily in side slope and retaining wall, underground structure and excavation of foundation pit, ground embankment and tunnel enclose
In terms of the research of condition and mechanism that the deformation of rock, breakoff phenomenon occur.Although physical model test method in engineering geology and
It is widely used in rock mechanics field, but existing method still has some shortcomings, specifically when carrying out physical analogy
It is as follows:
(1) under conditions of static simulation, the size of model is too big, time-consuming too long.At least also obtain two meters or so height；Prepare
One experiment, at least also obtains two or three months；Since moulded dimension is big, cost naturally also can be high.
(2) in the past about in the physical analogy of Excavation Problems, always exist how to realize self weight body force effect under
The problem of modelling of the deformation and failure of mini Mod.To solve this problem, it is necessary to find or be made a kind of extremely low intensive bullet
Property material make it that can simulate macroscopic view occurred under the excavation condition of small-scale model to modeling body and become
Shape and fracture phenomena.
(3) in previous research, dress is mostly tested with plane strain model, Plane stress model and small-sized three-dimensional modelling
It is set to master, this all has some limitations in the problems such as solving the boundary effect of model, load and means of testing.It is in three
The research object for tieing up stress state is tested ideal using three-dimensional simulation.
(4) it acts on lower excavate using centrifuge modelling self weight body force to cause the deformation of geologic body, destroy, although can also be with
Accomplish to minimize model, but due to not being that the radius of turn of every bit is all identical in model, when model by
When the effect of centrifugal inertial force, wherein the acceleration of every bit is not necessarily all identical.In addition, this method can not eliminate bullet
Initial strain energy in property model is said from the principle of simulation for this reason, it is impossible to correctly be simulated excavation and be caused
The direction of each point displacement vector in displacement field, and be also difficult to simulate the condition of plane strain.Some researchers are in model
Surface mount plastic foil, does like that, will largely fetter model in the deformation in tension region.In addition cost compared with
It is high, inconvenient for operation and have the shortcomings that certain risk.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of for simulating the experimental method of underground mining, beneficial effects of the present invention
It is:
(1) size is small.The cast material of design has relatively low elasticity modulus and biggish Poisson's ratio, according to similar
The elasticity modulus of theory, model such as reduces an order of magnitude, then, it shows that a number will be increased to by excavating caused displacement
Magnitude.For this purpose, rock mass deformation phenomenon is simulated in this experiment using soft material small-scale model, material, space are saved, this is opposite
In large scale " hard " model the advantages of.
(2) the Preparatory work of experiment time is short.Can from previous common model prepare the time required to some months foreshorten to couple of days with
It is interior.
(3) 3 d deformation monitoring is realized.It can timely and effectively show (vertical view) shape of earth's surface subsidence basin, reflect basin
The ring-like curve of edge shape, and realize the monitoring to earth's surface deflection (horizontal displacement, settling amount).
(4) it reuses, saves material.Used model can be cast with remelting and be made new template.It is repeated multiple times in this way
It uses, the cost of experimental material will be made to substantially reduce.
Before technical solution used by inventing is mold, at one having a size of 50cm × 50cm × 50cm regular hexahedron mould
Type is built into a right angle hexahedron capsule, and the size of capsule is 15cm × 15cm × 8cm, and horizontal cross-section is square, vertically
Section is rectangle, and capsule itself will have certain rigidity, with not by other external forces when be able to maintain its original form for degree；But
Its rigidity again cannot be too strong, can be become smaller by the effect volume of very low confining pressure as degree under hollow state with it.Capsule top has
One liquid injection port, passes through this mouthful of theainfusible liquid；Lower part connects a conduit, liquid can be discharged to by conduit by a Sheng liquid
In device, and a valve is installed, lifting rate is controlled by valve and liquid holding device.Every time before experiment, salt water is filled into capsule,
So that the specific gravity of liquid in capsule is equal to the specific gravity 1.14 of molten mass used in mold, and closes valve.Two are designed in model to erect
Straight tempering column before mold, the capsule for filling with liquid is placed on the setting position of tempering column, then carries out mold, according to wanting
The volume for casting model mixes gelatin, glycerol and water, and mixing ratio is 3:5:12 heating stirring, until reach molten condition, when
When temperature is dropped to close to 40 DEG C, mold is carried out, will be poured into mounted mold close to the melt of freezing point, make melt
Depth is equal to the height for the body that designs a model, and after a few houres, is frozen into model.
Further, the Excavation simulation of (1) different-thickness
After model sufficiently consolidates, the valve of lower part conduit is opened, salt water is discharged in capsule, it will by lower part conduit
It is discharged in the liquid holding device below liquid input model, is simulated not by the valve control injection mesohalobic amount of container on capsule
The excavation effect in the underground exploiting field of stack pile.Can be achieved 4 steps simulation, lifting rate be respectively 450ml, 900ml, 1350ml and
1800ml, corresponding simulation working thickness is respectively 2cm, 4cm, 6cm and 8cm.
(2) Excavation simulation of different depth
In mold, the depth in underground exploiting field is preset by position of the mobile capsule on tempering column, is then existed
On the basis of this, the Excavation simulation in different depth underground exploiting field is realized.
Further, the observation of (1) surface subsidence basin shape
Liquid with obvious contrastive colours is slowly poured on to the centre of model country rock upper surface, in the extension of colored liquid
In the process, the change in shape for observing liquid top view, can capture shape of the full-size pelvic floor hernia as closed curve in time
Shape, the as shape of pelvic floor hernia.
(2) surface deformation monitoring
1. in-plane displancement monitors
Several orthogonal lines of observation are set in model upper surface, and some observation points are set on the line of observation, in phase
Superfine metal short-term is pierced into the point answered, the other end of short-term is flushed with the model surface to be observed, as surveyor's beacon, is existed respectively
Under the two states for excavating front and back, using the camera of high pixel, takes pictures to model, then according to the variation of point, obtain
The in-plane displancement of each point need to fix the position of camera to improve the precision of displacement measurement, and keep camera direction of taking pictures vertical
In model upper surface, it is directed at the focus point of camera on most interested position, in order to carry out precise measurement to displacement,
Model locally puts scale bar, and locally carries out short distance to this and take pictures, and the model deformation information taken pictures is inputted electricity
Brain calculates the high precision displacement of surveyor's beacon on model by software；
2. sinkage monitors
Liquid in surface subsidence basin is sucked out, the calcium plaster modulated is then slowly poured into, it is each heavy to guarantee as far as possible
Concave portion position all pours into place, and calcium plaster should be at thin shape, should not be excessively thick, and pouring into height is model upper surface before excavation simulation
Highly, after calcium plaster is dry and hard, gypsum body different parts has been demarcated and the positional relationship of the line of observation that front is arranged, have been then taken out
Gypsum body is cut according to the different lines of observation, passes through the thickness of measurement gypsum body in this way, so that it may measure the heavy of different location
Fall into amount.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is model structure schematic diagram；
Fig. 2 is model sectional view.
In figure, 1. models, 2. capsules, 3. liquid injection ports, 4. lower part conduits, 5. tempering columns, 6. valves, 7. liquid holding devices, 8. moulds
Type support.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is described in detail With reference to embodiment:
It 1, is as depicted in figs. 1 and 2 model structure, before mold, at one having a size of positive six face 50cm × 50cm × 50cm
The model 1 of body is built into a right angle hexahedron capsule 2.The size of capsule 2 is 15cm × 15cm × 8cm, and horizontal cross-section is positive
Rectangular, vertical section is rectangle.Capsule 2 itself will have certain rigidity, with not by other external forces when to be able to maintain it original
Shape is degree；But its rigidity again cannot be too strong, can be become smaller by the effect volume of very low confining pressure as degree under hollow state with it.
A liquid injection port 3 is arranged in 2 top of capsule, carries out fluid injection by liquid injection port 3；Lower part connects a lower part conduit 4 and liquid holding device 7,
Model bottom is equipped with model support 8, and liquid can be discharged to liquid holding device 7 by lower part conduit 4, and installs a valve 6 to control
Lifting rate processed.The specific gravity of liquid in capsule is set to be equal to the specific gravity 1.14 of molten mass used in mold.Adjust the concentration of salt water, it is easy to
Make salt water that there is such rate of specific gravity.Salt water is filled into capsule 2, and closes liquid injection port 3 and valve 6.In the mould of regular hexahedron
Two tempering columns 5 built in type 1, before mold, by 5 position of tempering column of the merging design of capsule 2 for filling with liquid, slightly a little constraints
Condition may remain on the different depth of melt liquid, be neither easy to rise, and also not allow to tend to decrease (according to Archimedes's original
Reason), then carry out mold.When mold, according to the volume of template to be cast, then according to gelatin, glycerol and water weight ratio (3:
5:12), required amount is found out.Then it mixes, heating stirring, until reaching molten condition.When temperature is dropped to close to 40 DEG C
When, so that it may carry out mold.It will be poured into mounted mold close to the melt of freezing point, the depth of melt made to be equal to design
The height of model.After a few houres, it is frozen into model.
The material of model 1 after gelatin, glycerine, that is, glycerol and water according to a certain percentage mixed melting and condensation by forming.
The external frame of model 1 is made of armorplate glass, tempering column, metal framework and other reinforcing parts.It is bright according to repetition test
Glue, glycerol and water mixing ratio are 3:5:12.The bulk density γ for the cast material being finally fabricated to is 1140kg/m3, elastic modulus E is
0.02MPa, Poisson's ratio μ are 0.43.Therefore, which has relatively low elasticity modulus and biggish Poisson's ratio.Root
According to the theory of similarity, the elasticity modulus of model 1 such as reduces an order of magnitude, then, it shows that excavating caused displacement just will increase
To an order of magnitude.After elasticity modulus reduces to a certain extent, the deformation of model with the naked eye can directly go to observe.This
Sample, the size of model 1 can be just made very small.Therefore, even the model of a 15cm height, it can also observe that it is being self-possessed
The lower deformation occurred of body force effect.So rock mass deformation phenomenon can be simulated by means of such a mini Mod 1.This
The advantages of being also relative to large scale " hard " model.
2, underground excavation is simulated
(1) Excavation simulation of different-thickness
After model 1 sufficiently consolidates, the valve 6 for opening lower part conduit 4 passes through lower guide salt water from the inner discharge of capsule 2
Pipe 4 will be discharged in the liquid holding device 7 below liquid input model, pass through the control injection mesohalobic amount of container of valve 6 on capsule 2
Come simulate different-thickness underground exploiting field excavation effect.
(2) Excavation simulation of different depth
In mold, the depth in underground exploiting field is preset by position of the mobile capsule 2 on tempering column 5, then
On this basis, the Excavation simulation in different depth underground exploiting field is realized.
3, deformation monitoring
(1) observation of surface subsidence basin shape
Liquid with obvious contrastive colours is slowly poured on to the centre of model country rock upper surface, in the extension of colored liquid
In the process, the change in shape for observing liquid top view, can capture shape of the full-size pelvic floor hernia as closed curve in time
Shape, the as shape of pelvic floor hernia.
(2) surface deformation monitoring
1. in-plane displancement monitors
Several orthogonal lines of observation are set in model upper surface, and some observation points are set on the line of observation, in phase
Superfine metal short-term is pierced into the point answered, the other end of short-term is flushed with the model surface to be observed, as surveyor's beacon.Exist respectively
Under the two states for excavating front and back, using the camera of high pixel, take pictures to model, then according to the variation of point, so that it may
To obtain the in-plane displancement of each point.In order to improve the precision of displacement measurement, the position of camera need to be fixed, and make the camera side of taking pictures
To on the position that perpendicular to model upper surface, also make the focus point alignment of camera most interested.It is accurate in order to be carried out to displacement
Measurement can locally put scale bar in model, and locally carry out short distance to this and take pictures.The model taken pictures is deformed and is believed
Breath input computer, the high precision displacement (size and Orientation) of surveyor's beacon on model is calculated by software.
2. sinkage monitors
After completing above-mentioned observation, the liquid in surface subsidence basin is sucked out, the gypsum modulated is then slowly poured into
Slurry, guarantees that each depression position pours into place as far as possible.Calcium plaster should be at thin shape, should not be excessively thick, like that quickly can be dry and hard
, this will by rule of thumb, and more examinations several times, and cannot have lump and bubble.Pour into the height that height is model upper surface before excavation simulation
It spends (height that model upper surface different location should have been marked in advance), can be smoothed out before its is half-dried by tooling revisions.To gypsum
Starch it is dry and hard after, demarcated gypsum body different parts and the positional relationship of the line of observation that front is arranged, then taken out gypsum body, according to
The different lines of observation are cut, and pass through the thickness of measurement gypsum body in this way, so that it may measure the sinkage of different location.
The above is only not to make limit in any form to the present invention to better embodiment of the invention
System, any simple modification that embodiment of above is made according to the technical essence of the invention, equivalent variations and modification,
Belong in the range of technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. a kind of for simulating the experimental method of underground mining, mold is characterized in that: before mold, one having a size of 50cm ×
The model of 50cm × 50cm regular hexahedron is built into a right angle hexahedron capsule, and the size of capsule is 15cm × 15cm × 8cm,
Horizontal cross-section is square, and vertical section is rectangle, and capsule itself will have certain rigidity, not by energy when other external forces
Keep its original form for degree；But its rigidity again cannot be too strong, with its under hollow state by the effect volume of very low confining pressure just
It can become smaller to spend, there is a liquid injection port on capsule top, carries out fluid injection by liquid injection port；Lower part connects a conduit, passes through lower part
Liquid can be discharged in a liquid holding device by conduit, and installed valve and controlled lifting rate, salt water is filled into capsule, is made
The specific gravity of liquid is equal to the specific gravity 1.14 of molten mass, and closing valve will be filled with before two tempering columns built in model, mold
On the tempering column position of the capsule merging design of liquid, mold is then carried out, according to the volume of model to be cast, by gelatin, sweet
Oil and water mixing, heating stirring when temperature is dropped to close to 40 DEG C, carry out mold, will approach until reach molten condition
The melt of freezing point pours into mounted mold, and the depth of melt is made to be equal to the height for the body that designs a model, after a few houres, solidification
At model.
2. material characteristics are: the model according to a kind of for simulating the experimental method of underground mining described in claim 1
Material be made of gelatin, glycerol and water mixing ratio of 3:5:12, the material have lower elasticity modulus and biggish Poisson
Than, therefore establish a mini Mod and can simulate rock mass deformation phenomenon.
3. Excavation simulation is characterized in that according to a kind of for simulating the experimental method of underground mining described in claim 1:
(1) Excavation simulation of different-thickness
After model sufficiently consolidates, the valve of lower part conduit is opened, salt water is discharged in capsule, will be discharged by lower part conduit
In liquid holding device by liquid input model, different-thickness is simulated by the valve control injection mesohalobic amount of container on capsule
Underground exploiting field excavation effect.
(2) Excavation simulation of different depth
In mold, the depth in underground exploiting field is preset by position of the mobile capsule on tempering column, then in this base
On plinth, the Excavation simulation in different depth underground exploiting field is realized.
4. deformation observation is characterized in that according to a kind of for simulating the experimental method of underground mining described in claim 1:
(1) observation of surface subsidence basin shape
Liquid with obvious contrastive colours is slowly poured on to the centre of model country rock upper surface, in the process of colored liquid extension
In, the change in shape of liquid top view is observed, shape of the full-size pelvic floor hernia as closed curve can be captured in time, i.e.,
For the shape of pelvic floor hernia；
(2) surface deformation monitoring
1. in-plane displancement monitors
Several orthogonal lines of observation are set in model upper surface, and some observation points are set on the line of observation, corresponding
Superfine metal short-term is pierced into point, the other end of short-term is flushed with the model surface to be observed, as surveyor's beacon, is being excavated respectively
It under the two states of front and back, using the camera of high pixel, takes pictures to model, then according to the variation of point, obtains each point
In-plane displancement the position of camera need to be fixed, and camera is made to take pictures direction perpendicular to mould to improve the precision of displacement measurement
Type upper surface will also be such that the focus point of camera is aligned on most interested position, in order to carry out precise measurement to displacement, in model
Scale bar is put in part, and locally carries out short distance to this and take pictures, and the model deformation information taken pictures is inputted computer, is led to
Cross the high precision displacement that software calculates surveyor's beacon on model；
2. sinkage monitors
Liquid in surface subsidence basin is sucked out, the calcium plaster modulated is then slowly poured into, guarantees each countersink as far as possible
Position all pours into place, and calcium plaster should be at thin shape, should not be excessively thick, pours into the height that height is model upper surface before excavation simulation
Degree has demarcated gypsum body different parts and the positional relationship of the line of observation that front is arranged, has then taken out stone after calcium plaster is dry and hard
Lotion is cut according to the different lines of observation, passes through the thickness of measurement gypsum body in this way, so that it may measure the depression of different location
Amount.
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