CN109239312B - Experimental method for simulating underground exploitation - Google Patents
Experimental method for simulating underground exploitation Download PDFInfo
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- CN109239312B CN109239312B CN201811242380.4A CN201811242380A CN109239312B CN 109239312 B CN109239312 B CN 109239312B CN 201811242380 A CN201811242380 A CN 201811242380A CN 109239312 B CN109239312 B CN 109239312B
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- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 3
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013013 elastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006255 plastic film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007779 soft material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005341 toughened glass Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/24—Earth materials
Abstract
The invention discloses an experimental method for simulating underground exploitation, which is characterized in that a rectangular hexahedral capsule is placed in a regular hexahedral model, the lower part of the capsule is respectively provided with a valve, the lower part of the capsule is connected with a conduit, liquid can be discharged through the conduit at the lower part, brine is filled in the capsule, the upper and lower valves are closed, two toughening columns are placed in the model, the capsule filled with the liquid is placed at the set position of the toughening columns before casting, casting is performed, gelatin, glycerol and water are mixed according to the volume to be cast into the model, heating and stirring are performed until the molten state is reached, and the melt close to the freezing point is poured into the installed model for casting. After the casting is completed, subsurface production simulation is achieved by draining the capsule of liquid. The invention has the beneficial effects that the three-dimensional simulation of underground excavation with different thickness and depth can be realized by utilizing the small model, and the shape of the subsurface basin can be effectively displayed in time.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of engineering geology, and relates to a three-dimensional small model for simulating underground exploitation and an experimental method.
Background
The common physical simulation test methods can be roughly classified into a frame model test, a bottom friction simulation test, a centrifugal model test and a three-dimensional and full-scale model test according to the type of a test device and the mode of applying external force to a model body. The physical simulation test methods are mainly used for researching conditions and mechanisms of deformation and damage phenomena of side slopes and retaining walls, underground structures and foundation pit excavation, foundation embankments and tunnel surrounding rocks. Although the physical model test method is widely applied in the field of engineering geology and rock mechanics, the existing method has some defects when performing physical simulation, and the specific steps are as follows:
(1) Under static simulation conditions, the size of the model is too large and takes too long. At least about two meters high; preparing an experiment, at least two and three months; the cost will naturally be high due to the large size of the model.
(2) In the past, in the physical simulation of the excavation problem, there has been a simulation problem how to realize deformation and destruction of a small model under the action of self-weight and volume force. To solve this problem, it is necessary to find or make an elastic material of extremely low strength for assembling the molded body so that it can simulate the macroscopic deformation and fracture phenomena that occur under the excavation conditions of small-sized models.
(3) In the prior art, a plane strain model, a plane stress model and a small-sized stereoscopic simulation experiment device are mainly adopted, and the problems of boundary effect, loading, testing means and the like of the model are solved to a certain extent. The research object in the three-dimensional stress state is ideal by adopting a three-dimensional simulation experiment.
(4) The centrifugal machine is used for simulating deformation and damage of the geologic body caused by excavation under the action of dead weight and volume force, and although the model can be miniaturized, the rotation radius of each point is not the same in the model body, so that the acceleration of each point is not the same when the model body is subjected to the action of inertial centrifugal force. In addition, this method also cannot eliminate the initial strain energy in the elastic model, and for this reason, it is impossible to correctly simulate the direction of the displacement vector of each point in the excavation-induced displacement field in terms of simulation, and it is also difficult to simulate the condition of plane strain. Some researchers adhere plastic films to the surface of the model body, which can greatly restrict the deformation of the model body in the stretching area. In addition, the cost is high, the operation is inconvenient, and the defects of a certain danger and the like are overcome.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an experimental method for simulating underground exploitation, which has the beneficial effects that:
(1) The size is small. The designed model material has a relatively low elastic modulus and a large poisson's ratio, and according to a similar theory, if the elastic modulus of the model is reduced by one order of magnitude, it shows that the displacement caused by excavation increases by one order of magnitude. Therefore, the experiment adopts a soft material small-size model to simulate the deformation phenomenon of the rock mass, so that materials and space are saved, and the experiment has the advantage compared with a large-size hard model.
(2) The experimental preparation time is short. The time required for preparing the traditional common model can be shortened to less than two and three days from a few months.
(3) And realizing three-dimensional deformation monitoring. The method can effectively display the (overlook) shape of the subsurface basin, reflect the annular curve of the edge shape of the basin and realize the monitoring of the deformation (horizontal displacement and settlement) of the subsurface.
(4) And the material is saved due to repeated use. The used model body can be remelted and a new template can be cast. Thus, the cost of the experimental materials can be greatly reduced by repeated use.
Before casting, a rectangular hexahedral capsule with the size of 15cm multiplied by 8cm is placed in a model with the size of 50cm multiplied by 50cm regular hexahedron, the horizontal section is square, the vertical section is rectangular, and the capsule has certain rigidity so as to keep the original shape of the capsule without being influenced by other external forces; but the rigidity of the material cannot be too high, and the volume of the material subjected to very low confining pressure in a hollow state can be reduced to a degree. The upper part of the capsule is provided with a liquid injection port through which liquid can be injected; the lower part is connected with a conduit through which liquid can be discharged into a liquid container, and a valve is arranged to control the liquid discharge amount through the valve and the liquid container. Before each experiment, the capsules were filled with saline so that the specific gravity of the liquid in the capsules was equal to 1.14 of the specific gravity of the melt used in the casting mold, and the valve was closed. Two vertical toughened columns are designed in a model, before casting, a capsule filled with liquid is placed at a set position of the toughened columns, then casting is carried out, gelatin, glycerin and water are mixed according to the volume of the model to be cast, the mixing ratio is 3:5:12, heating and stirring are carried out until a molten state is achieved, when the temperature is reduced to be close to 40 ℃, casting is carried out, the melt close to a solidifying point is poured into a mounted mould, the depth of the melt is equal to the height of the designed model body, and after a few hours, the model body is solidified.
Further, (1) excavation simulation of different thicknesses
After the model is fully solidified, the valve of the lower conduit is opened, brine is discharged from the capsule, discharged liquid is input into the liquid container below the model through the lower conduit, and the amount of brine injected into the container is controlled through the valve on the capsule to simulate the excavation effect of underground mining areas with different thicknesses. 4-step simulation can be realized, the liquid discharge amount is respectively 450ml, 900ml, 1350ml and 1800ml, and the corresponding simulated mining thicknesses are respectively 2cm, 4cm, 6cm and 8cm.
(2) Excavation simulation at different depths
And when the casting mould is used, the depth of the underground mining area is preset by moving the position of the capsule on the toughened column, and then on the basis, the excavation simulation of the underground mining areas with different depths is realized.
Further, (1) observation of the shape of the subsurface basin
The liquid with obvious contrast color is slowly poured on the central part of the upper surface of the model surrounding rock, and the shape change of the top view of the liquid is observed in the color liquid expansion process, so that the edge of the basin with the largest size can be captured in time as the shape of a closed curve, namely the shape of the edge of the basin.
(2) Surface deformation monitoring
(1) Plane displacement monitoring
Setting a plurality of mutually perpendicular observation lines on the upper surface of a model, setting a plurality of observation points on the observation lines, penetrating an extremely thin metal stub on a corresponding point, enabling the other end of the stub to be flush with the surface of the model to be observed, taking a picture of the model by using a camera with high pixels in two states before and after excavation as a target, obtaining plane displacement of each point according to the change of the point, fixing the position of the camera, enabling the photographing direction of the camera to be perpendicular to the upper surface of the model, enabling the focusing point of the camera to be aligned to the most interesting part, enabling the scale to be arranged on a part of the model for accurately measuring displacement, taking a short-distance photograph of the part, inputting model deformation information obtained by photographing into a computer, and calculating the high-precision displacement of the target on the model by software;
(2) subsidence monitoring
Sucking out liquid in the subsurface subsidence basin, slowly pouring the prepared gypsum slurry, ensuring that each subsidence part is poured in place as much as possible, enabling the gypsum slurry to be thin and not too thick, pouring the gypsum slurry into the model at the height which is the height of the upper surface of the model before simulated excavation, calibrating the position relation between different parts of the gypsum slurry and the observation lines arranged in front after the gypsum slurry is dried, taking out the gypsum slurry, cutting the gypsum slurry according to different observation lines, and measuring the subsidence amounts of different positions by measuring the thickness of the gypsum slurry.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a model structure;
fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a model.
In the figure, 1 part of the model, 2 parts of the capsule, 3 parts of the liquid injection port, 4 parts of the lower guide pipe, 5 parts of the toughened column, 6 parts of the valve, 7 parts of the liquid container and 8 parts of the model support.
Detailed Description
The invention will be described in detail with reference to the following embodiments:
1. as shown in fig. 1 and 2, a rectangular parallelepiped capsule 2 is placed in a mold 1 having a regular hexahedral shape of 50cm×50cm before casting. The capsule 2 has dimensions of 15cm×15cm×8cm, a square horizontal cross section and a rectangular vertical cross section. The capsule 2 itself has a certain rigidity so as to keep its original shape without other external forces; but the rigidity of the material cannot be too high, and the volume of the material subjected to very low confining pressure in a hollow state can be reduced to a degree. The upper part of the capsule 2 is provided with a liquid injection port 3, and liquid injection is carried out through the liquid injection port 3; the lower part is connected with a lower conduit 4 and a liquid container 7, a model support 8 is arranged at the bottom of the model, liquid can be discharged to the liquid container 7 through the lower conduit 4, and a valve 6 is arranged to control the liquid discharge amount. The specific gravity of the liquid in the capsule was made equal to 1.14 of the specific gravity of the melt used for the casting mold. The concentration of brine is adjusted so that brine can easily have such a specific gravity value. The capsule 2 is filled with saline and the fill port 3 and valve 6 are closed. Two toughening columns 5 are arranged in the regular hexahedral model 1, before casting, the liquid filled capsules 2 are placed in the designed toughening columns 5, and the capsules can be kept at different depths of molten liquid with a little constraint, so that the capsules are not easy to rise and fall (according to the Archimedes principle), and then casting is carried out. In casting, the required amount was determined from the volume of the mold to be cast, and then from the weight ratio of gelatin, glycerin and water (3:5:12). Then mixing, heating and stirring until a molten state is reached. When the temperature is reduced to approximately 40 c, the casting may be performed. Pouring the melt close to the solidifying point into a mounted mold, so that the depth of the melt is equal to the height of the designed molded body. After a few hours, it solidifies into a molded body.
The material of the model 1 is formed by mixing and melting gelatin, glycerol, namely glycerin and water according to a certain proportion and condensing. The outer frame of the model 1 consists of a toughened glass plate, toughened columns, a metal frame and other reinforcing parts. According to the trial and error, the mixing ratio of gelatin, glycerol and water was 3:5:12. The final model material has a volume weight gamma of 1140kg/m 3 The elastic modulus E was 0.02MPa and the Poisson's ratio μ was 0.43. Thus, the model material has a relatively low modulus of elasticity and a large poisson's ratio. According to a similar theory, if the modulus of elasticity of the model 1 is reduced by an order of magnitude, it shows that the displacement caused by the excavation increases by an order of magnitude. When the elastic modulus is reduced to a certain degree, the deformation of the model body can be directly observed by naked eyes. In this way the dimensions of the mould 1 can be made very small. Therefore, even a model of 15cm height, deformation of the model under the action of the self-weight volumetric force can be observed. Therefore, with the aid of such a small model 1, deformation of the rock mass can be simulated. This is also an advantage over large-sized "hard" models.
2. Simulating underground excavation
(1) Excavation simulation of different thicknesses
After the mould 1 is fully consolidated, the valve 6 of the lower conduit 4 is opened, brine is discharged from the capsule 2, discharged liquid is input into the liquid container 7 below the mould through the lower conduit 4, and the amount of brine injected into the container is controlled through the valve 6 on the capsule 2 to simulate the excavation effect of underground mining areas with different thicknesses.
(2) Excavation simulation at different depths
When casting, the depth of the underground mining area is preset by moving the position of the capsule 2 on the toughened column 5, and then on the basis, the excavation simulation of the underground mining areas with different depths is realized.
3. Deformation monitoring
(1) Observation of subsurface basin shape
The liquid with obvious contrast color is slowly poured on the central part of the upper surface of the model surrounding rock, and the shape change of the top view of the liquid is observed in the color liquid expansion process, so that the edge of the basin with the largest size can be captured in time as the shape of a closed curve, namely the shape of the edge of the basin.
(2) Surface deformation monitoring
(1) Plane displacement monitoring
Several mutually perpendicular observation lines are arranged on the upper surface of the model, a plurality of observation points are arranged on the observation lines, extremely thin metal stubs are penetrated into corresponding points, and the other ends of the stubs are flush with the surface of the model to be observed and serve as targets. And shooting the model by using a camera with high pixels in two states before and after excavation, and obtaining the plane displacement of each point according to the change of the point positions. In order to improve the accuracy of displacement measurement, the position of the camera is fixed, the photographing direction of the camera is perpendicular to the upper surface of the model, and the focusing point of the camera is aligned to the most interesting part. In order to accurately measure the displacement, a scale can be placed on a part of the model, and a short-distance photographing can be carried out on the part. The model deformation information obtained by photographing is input into a computer, and the high-precision displacement (size and direction) of the target on the model is calculated through software.
(2) Subsidence monitoring
After the observation is completed, the liquid in the subsurface subsidence basin is sucked out, and then the prepared gypsum slurry is slowly poured in, so that each subsidence part is guaranteed to be poured in place as much as possible. The gypsum slurry should be thin, not too thick, so it will dry out quickly, which is experienced, tested several times, and not hard lumps and bubbles. The pouring height is the height of the upper surface of the model before the simulation excavation (the heights of different positions of the upper surface of the model should be marked in advance), and the model can be trimmed and smoothed by a tool before the model is semi-dried. After the gypsum slurry is dried, calibrating the position relation between different positions of the gypsum slurry and the observation lines arranged in front, taking out the gypsum slurry, and cutting the gypsum slurry according to the different observation lines, so that the subsidence amounts of different positions can be measured by measuring the thickness of the gypsum slurry.
The foregoing description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the invention in any way, and any simple modification, equivalent variation and modification made to the above embodiments according to the technical substance of the present invention falls within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. An experimental method for simulating underground mining, the casting mould characterized in that: before casting, a rectangular hexahedral capsule with the size of 15cm multiplied by 8cm is placed in a model with the size of 50cm multiplied by 50cm regular hexahedron, the horizontal section is square, the vertical section is rectangular, and the capsule has certain rigidity so as to keep the original shape of the capsule without other external force; but the rigidity of the capsule is not too strong, the volume of the capsule can be reduced to a degree under the action of very low confining pressure in a hollow state, and the upper part of the capsule is provided with a liquid injection port through which liquid is injected; the lower part is connected with a conduit, liquid can be discharged into a liquid container through the conduit at the lower part, a valve is arranged to control the liquid discharge amount, brine is filled into the capsule, the specific gravity of the liquid is equal to the specific gravity of the molten mass by 1.14, the valve is closed, two toughening columns are arranged in the model, the capsule filled with the liquid is arranged at the designed toughening column position before the casting, then the casting is carried out, gelatin, glycerol and water are mixed according to the volume to be cast into the model, heating and stirring are carried out until the molten state is reached, when the temperature is reduced to be close to 40 ℃, the casting is carried out, the melt close to the solidifying point is poured into the installed mould, the depth of the melt is equal to the height of the designed model body, and the model body is solidified after a few hours;
and (3) excavating and simulating:
(1) Excavation simulation of different thicknesses
After the model is fully solidified, a valve of a lower conduit is opened, brine is discharged from the capsule, discharged liquid is input into a liquid container beside the model through the lower conduit, and the amount of the brine injected into the container is controlled through the valve on the capsule to simulate the excavation effect of underground mining areas with different thicknesses;
(2) Excavation simulation at different depths
When casting, the depth of the underground mining area is preset by moving the position of the capsule on the toughened column, and then on the basis, the excavation simulation of the underground mining areas with different depths is realized;
and (3) deformation observation:
(1) Observation of subsurface basin shape
Slowly pouring liquid with obvious contrast color on the central part of the upper surface of the model surrounding rock, observing the shape change of the top view of the liquid in the color liquid expansion process, and capturing the edge of the basin with the maximum size in time as the shape of a closed curve, namely the shape of the edge of the basin;
(2) Surface deformation monitoring
(1) Plane displacement monitoring
Setting a plurality of mutually perpendicular observation lines on the upper surface of a model, setting a plurality of observation points on the observation lines, penetrating an extremely thin metal stub on a corresponding point, enabling the other end of the stub to be flush with the surface of the model to be observed, taking a picture of the model by using a camera with high pixels in two states before and after excavation as a target, obtaining plane displacement of each point according to the change of the point, fixing the position of the camera, enabling the photographing direction of the camera to be perpendicular to the upper surface of the model, enabling the focusing point of the camera to be aligned to the most interesting part, enabling the scale to be arranged on a part of the model for accurately measuring displacement, taking a short-distance photograph of the part, inputting model deformation information obtained by photographing into a computer, and calculating the high-precision displacement of the target on the model by software;
(2) subsidence monitoring
Sucking out liquid in the subsurface subsidence basin, slowly pouring the prepared gypsum slurry, ensuring that each subsidence part is poured in place, forming the gypsum slurry into a thin shape, and calibrating the position relationship between different parts of the gypsum slurry and the observation lines arranged in front after the gypsum slurry dries and is dried, and then taking out the gypsum slurry and cutting the gypsum slurry according to different observation lines, so that the subsidence amounts of different positions can be measured by measuring the thickness of the gypsum slurry.
2. An experimental method for simulating underground mining according to claim 1, wherein the material is: the material of the model is made of gelatin, glycerin and water with the mixing ratio of 3:5:12.
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| 模型试验柔性均布压力加载系统研制及其应用;王汉鹏;王琦;李海燕;李为腾;张敦福;;岩土力学;33(07);1945-1950 * |
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