CN109168802B

CN109168802B - Method for biologically preventing and controlling rice field diseases

Info

Publication number: CN109168802B
Application number: CN201810896300.0A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 李双喜; 吕卫光; 陶晓斌; 郑宪清; 张惠兰; 张娟琴; 张翰林; 白娜玲
Original assignee: Shanghai Lanhui Agricultural Ecological Science & Technology Co ltd; SHANGHAI YINGXI FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PROFESSIONAL COOPERATIVES; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Current assignee: Shanghai Lanhui Agricultural Ecological Science & Technology Co ltd; SHANGHAI YINGXI FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PROFESSIONAL COOPERATIVES; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Priority date: 2018-08-08
Filing date: 2018-08-08
Publication date: 2022-01-14
Anticipated expiration: 2038-08-08
Also published as: CN109168802A

Abstract

The invention provides a method for biologically preventing and controlling rice field diseases, which comprises the following steps: 1) returning straws to the field, ploughing with a ploughshare, and throwing earthworms into the rice field; 2) sowing forage grass on the rice field, ploughing the forage grass into the field, and planting the season rice. According to the method for biologically preventing and controlling the diseases of the rice field, when earthworms are thrown into a diseased rice field, matched agricultural technology is adopted, and certain specific crops are planted, so that mycelium and sclerotium of fungal diseases such as rice blast, sheath blight and the like can be eliminated or reduced at a soil source, conidium germination of the mycelium and sclerotium can be inhibited, and the purposes of controlling the diseases of the rice field and reducing the using amount of chemical pesticides can be achieved.

Description

Method for biologically preventing and controlling rice field diseases

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of biological prevention and control of plant protection, particularly belongs to the technical field of biological prevention and control of fungal diseases of rice in ecological agriculture, relates to a method for biologically preventing and controlling diseases of a rice field, and particularly relates to a method for reducing germs such as sheath blight, rice blast and the like in the rice field by utilizing earthworm activities and planting ryegrass or alfalfa.

Background

The history of rice cultivation is long, with the development of modern agriculture, rice breeding technology, cultivation technology, fertilization technology, pest control technology and the like are greatly developed, but the rice diseases, especially the control technology of fungal diseases such as rice blast, sheath blight and the like, are still a difficult problem. The rice blast is one of important diseases of rice, and can cause great yield reduction in various rice areas in the world, wherein the yield reduction is 40-50% in serious cases, and even no grain is harvested. The rice blast is generated in the leaf part and the node part of the rice, and can cause yield reduction to different degrees after the generation, particularly, panicle neck blast or node blast is early and serious, and white spike can be caused to cause failure of production. The rice sheath blight disease is also called as leaf streak disease, commonly known as flower and stalk, rotten foot plague and eyebrow spot, is caused by rhizoctonia solani infection, and is mostly generated under the conditions of high temperature and high humidity. The sheath blight disease is serious in southern rice areas, is one of the main diseases in the current rice production, and can prevent the rice from heading or cause more blighted grains to heading and reduce the grain weight.

At present, straw returning is the main agricultural straw waste utilization mode, but the sheath blight and the rice blast sclerotia and the like infected with diseases enter the soil after straw returning, so that the quantity of germs in the soil is increased, the germs can erupt under the appropriate temperature and humidity conditions, and the prevention and control difficulty is increased. The current rice blast and sheath blight prevention and control technologies in rice cultivation mainly comprise breeding of disease-resistant varieties, water and fertilizer control and medicament prevention and control, and a large amount of chemical pesticides are mainly used, so that the effect is unsatisfactory.

The pathogenic bacteria of fungal diseases such as rice blast, sheath blight and the like mainly live through the winter in soil by virtue of sclerotium, and also live through the winter on disease residues or other hosts such as field weeds and the like by virtue of mycelium, and the occurrence of the diseases can be reduced to the maximum extent only by preventing and controlling the diseases from the source and inhibiting the germination of conidia of the diseases. The existing patent technology mainly takes chemical agent prevention and control as the main part, Wu Chang Hua proposes 'a compound agent for preventing and treating rice sheath blight and rice blast' (application number CN201711488371.9), which mainly comprises fenoxanil, ethazolol, a nitrogen fertilizer, a phosphate fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, humic acid, an auxiliary agent, trace elements, a complexing agent, a surfactant, a synergist and the like, and the bactericide and the trace element fertilizer are combined to prevent and treat the rice blast. Dubiao proposed a "bactericidal composition containing thifluzamide and Bacillus cereus" (application No. CN201711334780.3), the effective components of the composition consist of thifluzamide and Bacillus cereus, the content of 90 hundred million live spores per gram of Bacillus cereus mother drug is set to be 90% of original drug, the weight ratio of thifluzamide to Bacillus cereus is 5: 1-1: and 8, using the composition to prevent and control sheath blight. Wuli provides a pesticide for preventing and treating rice sheath blight and a preparation method thereof (application number CN201711244503.3), wherein the pesticide mainly comprises annual fleabane herb, ivy, rumex acetosa, motherwort herb, michelia alba, cocklebur, pokeberry root, emulsifier and the like. The method mainly adopts a physical prevention and control method mainly based on chemical agents, can achieve certain effects in a short period, but has doubts about the safety and disease prevention sustainability of the chemical agents.

The earthworms are ancient soil animals, are called as 'most valuable animals on the earth' by Darwin, are an ancient and novel biotechnology for treating soil by utilizing the activities of the earthworms, and are used for repairing heavy metal contaminated soil, facility soil-borne disease soil and the like. Moreover, the earthworm (also called earthworm) is an animal with high economic value, has high medicinal value, is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, has cold property and salty taste, and has the effects of clearing heat, arresting convulsion, dredging collaterals, relieving asthma and promoting urination. Earthworms have a very miscellaneous feeding property, are omnivorous animals, and are not eaten by glass, plastic, metal and rubber, but are eaten by humus, animal wastes, soil bacteria and the like and decomposition products of the substances. Therefore, the earthworms can be combined with agricultural measures, and the method has extremely important significance for preventing and controlling rice field diseases, particularly sheath blight and rice blast.

Disclosure of Invention

In view of the above-mentioned shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention aims to provide a method for biologically preventing and controlling rice field diseases, which comprises selecting and cultivating specific varieties of earthworms, combining a series of agronomic measures, utilizing the activities of the earthworms and the substances such as antibacterial peptides secreted by the earthworms to match with specific crops to prevent and control rice field diseases, particularly banded sclerotial blight and rice blast, feeding fungal sclerotium and mycelium to inhibit the germination of conidia, further reducing the dosage of chemical pesticides and slowing down the occurrence of diseases.

In order to achieve the above objects and other related objects, the present invention provides a method for biologically controlling diseases in paddy fields, comprising the steps of:

1) returning straws to the field, ploughing with a ploughshare, and throwing earthworms into the rice field;

2) sowing forage grass on the rice field, ploughing the forage grass into the field, and planting the season rice.

Preferably, in step 1), the paddy field is a paddy field after harvesting rice in the previous season.

Preferably, in step 1), the paddy field is a paddy field suffering from a disease.

More preferably, the paddy field is a paddy field suffering from diseases in the same year or the last year.

More preferably, the disease is selected from one or both of sheath blight disease and rice blast.

Preferably, in the step 1), the straw returning is to be subjected to straw crushing, and the crushing length of the straw is 5-10 cm.

More preferably, the straw crushing is performed by a straw harvesting crusher. The straw is smashed, so that the contact area between the straw and the soil can be enlarged as much as possible, and the rapid decomposition is realized. The straw harvesting crusher is a conventionally used straw harvesting crusher and can be purchased and obtained from the market.

Preferably, in the step 1), returning the straws to the field is returning the total straws to the field.

Preferably, in the step 1), the straw fast decomposing agent is applied in a spreading manner when the straw is returned to the field, and the spreading amount is 40-50 kg/mu.

More preferably, the straw fast decomposing inoculant is a conventional rice and wheat straw decomposing inoculant sold in the market.

Preferably, in the step 1), the plowing depth of the plowshare plows is not less than 20 cm.

More preferably, the plowing depth of the furrow plough is 20-25 cm. The plowshare ploughing can accelerate the decomposition and the feeding of humus such as rotten straws by earthworms in the decomposition process, and is convenient for the earthworms to eliminate fungus sclerotia, mycelia and the like attached to the straws and in soil.

Preferably, in the step 1), the earthworm is a Megascoleus wilsonii which belongs to the upper and lower habitats.

Preferably, in the step 1), the adding amount of the earthworms is 50-200 kg/mu.

Preferably, in the step 1), an organic fertilizer is also applied when the earthworms are thrown, and the amount of the organic fertilizer is 0.5-3 t/mu. The earthworms are thrown into the rice field along with the organic fertilizer.

Preferably, in the step 1), after the earthworms are thrown, the soil in the rice field is watered, so that the water content of the soil in the rice field is kept to be 40-70%. The water content of the soil refers to that the soil is properly irrigated in the rice field in time to keep the rice field at a certain water content. Particularly, after the earthworms are thrown, irrigation measures are needed to be implemented in the rice field so as to keep the water content of the rice field.

More preferably, the number of watering is 1-2.

Preferably, in the step 2), the pasture grass is one or a mixture of two of ryegrass and alfalfa. The pasture can provide a suitable living environment for the earthworms in spring.

Preferably, in the step 2), the sowing time of the pasture grass is 3 months in the next year after the earthworms are thrown.

Preferably, in the step 2), the amount of the pasture is 0.2-1.5 kg/mu.

More preferably, the using amount of the ryegrass is 0.5-1.5 kg/mu, and the using amount of the alfalfa is 0.2-0.3 kg/mu.

Preferably, in the step 2), the sowing area of the pasture is 30-50% of the coverage area of the paddy field crops.

Preferably, in the step 2), the time for turning over the pasture grass into the field is 5 months in the next year after earthworms are thrown.

Preferably, in the step 2), the pasture turning mode is rake plough turning, and the turning depth is 10-15 cm.

Preferably, in the step 2), the succeeding crop planted in the rice is a green manure crop or a leisure crop. The following crops are not planted with grain crops such as wheat.

More preferably, the green manure crop is broad bean.

More preferably, the leisure means abandoned, i.e. not planted with any crop.

Preferably, after the current season rice is planted, the steps 1) to 2) are repeated to realize rice worm rotation.

More preferably, the time of the rice earthworm rotation is 1-2 years.

The invention further provides application of the method for biologically preventing and controlling the diseases of the paddy field.

Preferably, the disease is selected from one or two of sheath blight disease or rice blast.

As described above, the method for biologically preventing and controlling rice field diseases provided by the invention can eliminate or reduce mycelium and sclerotia of fungal diseases such as rice blast, sheath blight and the like in a soil source and inhibit conidium germination of the mycelium and sclerotia of the fungal diseases by adopting a matched agricultural technology and planting certain specific crops while putting earthworms in a diseased rice field, thereby achieving the purposes of controlling rice field diseases and reducing the dosage of chemical pesticides. Has the following beneficial effects:

(1) according to the method for biologically preventing and controlling the rice field diseases, earthworms screen specific varieties, ingest fungus sclerotia and mycelium of germs such as rice field sheath blight, rice blast and the like in soil, and after passing through the abdomen of the earthworms, the germination of the fungus sclerotia, the mycelium and conidia is strongly inhibited; meanwhile, the earthworm feces discharged by the earthworms are rich in major elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium required by plants and also rich in various trace elements required by the plants, mineral elements become effective ions with water solubility and easy absorption by the plants through the action of microorganisms, and beneficial microorganisms are multiplied in the earthworm feces; and the earthworms also have strong disease resistance, secrete a large amount of antibacterial peptides and other substances, inhibit the germination of plant germs including sheath blight and rice blast conidia and reduce the occurrence of diseases in the next year.

(2) The invention provides a method for biologically preventing and controlling rice field diseases, which adopts an agricultural technology to realize the rapid decomposition and decay of rice straws, and the rich soil organic matters and the rice straws provide food sources for the mass propagation of earthworms and promote the elimination of sclerotia and mycelium of fungal diseases such as rice blast, banded sclerotial blight and the like by the earthworms.

(3) The method for biologically preventing and controlling the diseases of the rice field can eliminate or reduce the fungal diseases such as rice blast, sheath blight and the like at the source of soil, reduce the dosage of chemical pesticides and slow down the occurrence of the diseases. Compared with the conventional treatment, the method can obviously reduce the dosage of chemical pesticides by 35 percent, reduce the times of pesticide application by 2-3 times and reduce the incidence rate, and the technology can realize effective prevention and control of the incidence rate of fungal diseases (sheath blight and rice blast) by over 75 percent through field tests. The technology is convenient to manage, can realize one-time investment and rice field disease prevention and control combination, and is beneficial for a long time.

Detailed Description

The present invention is further illustrated below with reference to specific examples, which are intended to be illustrative only and not to limit the scope of the invention.

The embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to specific embodiments, and other advantages and effects of the present invention will be easily understood by those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present specification. The invention is capable of other and different embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways, and its several details are capable of modification in various respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Example 1

In the new village of Shanghai city Chongming district, three stars town west, the rice blast in the rice field in the season is seriously ill, and the yield of the rice in the season is reduced by 20 percent compared with the yield of the rice in the past year. Harvesting the rice in the rice field affected by the disease in the season, returning the straws to the field, and ploughing with a ploughshare. And (3) crushing the straws in the returning field by adopting a straw harvesting crusher, wherein the crushing length of the straws is 5-10cm, the straws are returned to the field in full amount, a ploughshare is ploughed at the same time, the ploughing depth is 20-25cm, and a straw quick-decomposing inoculant needs to be applied in a scattering way when the straws are returned to the field, and the spreading quantity is 40-50 kg/mu. In addition, earthworms are thrown in the rice field affected by diseases, the variety of the earthworms is upper-eating lower-dwelling Virginia virgata, the throwing amount of the earthworms is 200kg released per mu, and organic fertilizer is also applied when the earthworms are thrown, wherein the using amount of the organic fertilizer is 2-3t per mu. After the straw is returned to the field and the earthworms are thrown, the soil in the rice field is watered once, and the water content of the soil in the rice field is kept between 40 and 70 percent. And (3) sowing ryegrass in the next 3 months after the earthworms are put in, wherein the seed consumption of the ryegrass per mu is 0.5-1.5kg, the sowing area of the ryegrass is 30-50% of the crop coverage area of the rice field, and the ryegrass is ploughed into the rice field at the beginning of 5 months in the next year after the earthworms are put in. Then, rice is planted to realize rice-earthworm rotation, the implementation period is two years, and the rice succeeding crops are leisure.

Example 2

In the new village of three stars town west in the Chongming district of Shanghai city, the rice sheath blight disease in the rice field in the season is seriously attacked, and the yield of the rice in the season is reduced by 25 percent compared with the yield of the rice in the past year. Harvesting the rice in the rice field affected by the disease in the season, returning the straws to the field, and ploughing with a ploughshare. And (3) crushing the straws in the returning field by adopting a straw harvesting crusher, wherein the crushing length of the straws is 6-8cm, the straws are returned to the field in full amount, a ploughshare is ploughed at the same time, the ploughing depth is 22-24cm, and a straw quick-decomposing inoculant needs to be applied in a scattering way when the straws are returned to the field, and the spreading amount is 42-48 kg/mu. In addition, earthworms are thrown in the rice field affected by diseases, the variety of the earthworms is upper-eating lower-dwelling Virginia virgata, the throwing amount of the earthworms is 100kg released per mu, and organic fertilizer is also applied when the earthworms are thrown, wherein the using amount of the organic fertilizer is 1-2t per mu. After the straws are returned to the field and the earthworms are thrown, the soil in the rice field is watered once, and the water content of the soil in the rice field is kept between 50 and 60 percent. Sowing alfalfa 3 months after the earthworms are put in the rice field, wherein the seed consumption of alfalfa is 0.2-0.3kg per mu, the sowing area of alfalfa is 35-45% of the crop coverage area of the rice field, and ploughing the alfalfa into the rice field 5 months after the earthworms are put in the rice field. Then planting rice, realizing rice-earthworm crop rotation, wherein the implementation period is one year, and the succeeding crops of the rice are green manure crops, namely broad beans.

Comparative example 1

The rice field affected by rice blast disease in example 1 was treated by selecting small areas and three methods, namely blank control, chemical preparation, control method + chemical preparation with reduced dosage, wherein the control method was the same as that in example 1, the chemical preparation with reduced dosage was 65% of the chemical preparation with conventional dosage, and the number of times of chemical preparation with reduced dosage was 2-3 times less than that with conventional dosage. The rice field affected by rice blast in example 1 was investigated for control effect by referring to the pesticide field efficacy test criterion (one) (GB/T17980.19-2000), the control effect of leaf blast was investigated 8-l0d after the application of the pesticide at the 2 nd time, and the control effect of neck blast was investigated 1 after the disease development of neck blast was stable. Sampling is carried out at five points on the diagonal line of each small area, 5 clusters and 25 clusters are investigated at each point, the disease degree of the leaves and the ears is investigated, the disease index and the prevention effect are calculated, and the specific prevention effect is shown in table 1.

The grading standard (taking the leaf as a unit) for investigating the diseased leaves (namely, the leaf plague) is as follows: level 0: no disease; level 1: the number of the leaf spots is less than 5, and the length is less than 1 cm; and 3, level: 6-10 leaf spots, wherein the length of part of the spots is more than 1 cm; and 5, stage: 1125 leaf spots, wherein part of the spots are connected into pieces and account for 10-25% of the leaf area; and 7, stage: the number of the scab of the leaf is more than 26, and the scab is connected into pieces and occupies 26-50% of the area of the leaf; and 9, stage: the scabs are connected into pieces and account for more than 51 percent of the leaf area or the whole leaves are dead.

Wherein the classification standard (taking ears as a unit) for investigating the neck blast is as follows: level 0: no disease exists; stage > 1: the loss of each ear is less than 5% (the occurrence of individual small branch peduncles); and 3, level: 6-20% of each ear is lost (1/3 left and right branch stalk disease); and 5, stage: the loss of each ear is 21-50% (the neck or main axis of the ear is diseased, the grain is half shrunken); and 7, stage: the loss of each ear is 51-70% (the neck of the ear is diseased, most of the ears are shriveled); and 9, stage: the loss of each ear is 71-100% (the ear neck is attacked, resulting in white ear).

TABLE 1 control of Rice blast by different treatments

As can be seen from Table 1, in 2016-2017, two consecutive years, the control method plus the chemical agent with reduced amount of matched application have obvious control advantages compared with the simple matched application of the chemical agent in controlling the leaf blast, controlling the ear blast, the yield and the yield increase, the yield increase amplitude is 21.8-23.7% compared with the blank control, the yield per mu can reach more than 500kg, and the incidence rate of the fungal diseases (sheath blight and rice blast) can be effectively controlled and controlled to be higher than 75%.

In summary, according to the method for biologically preventing and controlling rice field diseases provided by the invention, when earthworms are thrown into a diseased rice field, and certain specific crops are planted by adopting a matched agricultural technology, mycelium and sclerotium of fungal diseases such as rice blast, sheath blight and the like can be eliminated or reduced from a soil source, and conidium germination of the mycelium and sclerotium can be inhibited, so that the purposes of controlling rice field diseases and reducing the using amount of chemical pesticides can be achieved. Therefore, the invention effectively overcomes various defects in the prior art and has high industrial utilization value.

The foregoing embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and utilities of the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention. Any person skilled in the art can modify or change the above-mentioned embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, it is intended that all equivalent modifications or changes which can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and technical spirit of the present invention be covered by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for biologically preventing and controlling rice field diseases comprises the following steps:

2) sowing pasture in the rice field, ploughing the pasture into the field and planting the rice in season;

in the step 1), the paddy field is a paddy field suffering from diseases; the rice field is the rice field after harvesting the rice in the previous season;

the disease is one or two of banded sclerotial blight or rice blast;

in the step 1), the straw returning process comprises the following conditions:

A1) the straw is crushed when the straw is returned to the field, and the crushing length of the straw is 5-10 cm;

A2) returning the straws to the field in a total amount;

A3) when returning the straws to the field, the rapid decomposition agent is applied in a spreading amount of 40-50 kg/mu;

in the step 1), the plowing depth of the plowing of the furrow plough is not less than 20 cm;

in the step 1), the earthworm throwing conditions include:

B1) the earthworm is a giant lumbricus with the species of upper-feeding and lower-feeding;

B2) the putting amount of the earthworms is 50-200 kg/mu;

B3) when the earthworms are thrown, organic fertilizer is also applied, and the using amount of the organic fertilizer is 0.5-3 t/mu;

B4) after the earthworms are put into the rice field, watering the soil in the rice field to keep the water content of the soil in the rice field at 40-70%;

in the step 2), the pasture grass comprises the following conditions:

C1) the pasture grass is selected from one or a mixture of ryegrass and alfalfa grass;

C2) the sowing time of the pasture is 3 months in the next year after earthworms are put in;

C3) the amount of the pasture is 0.2-1.5 kg/mu;

C4) the sowing area of the pasture is 30-50% of the crop coverage area of the rice field;

C5) the time for turning over the pasture into the field is 5 months in the next year after earthworms are put in;

C6) the pasture turning mode is rake plough turning, and the turning depth is 10-15 cm;

in the step 2), the succeeding crop planted by the rice is a green manure crop or a leisure crop;

and after the current-season rice is planted, repeating the steps 1) to 2) to realize rice-earthworm rotation.

2. The application of a method for biologically preventing and controlling rice field diseases in preventing and controlling rice field diseases;