CN1091285A - 酯肪酸药剂 - Google Patents

酯肪酸药剂 Download PDF

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CN1091285A
CN1091285A CN93118320A CN93118320A CN1091285A CN 1091285 A CN1091285 A CN 1091285A CN 93118320 A CN93118320 A CN 93118320A CN 93118320 A CN93118320 A CN 93118320A CN 1091285 A CN1091285 A CN 1091285A
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gla
calcium
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D·F·霍罗宾
B·E·雷诺兹
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Scotia Holdings PLC
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Abstract

通过以GLA,DGLA或LA本身或其盐或其他 药学上可接受的形式给药,或者与相似形式的EPA, DHA或其他EFA联合给药,来增加人或动物的肠 钙吸收,特别是用于治疗骨质疏松症。

Description

本发明涉及脂肪酸药剂,特别涉及增加肠对钙的吸收,具体讲涉及治疗骨质疏松症。
体内主要系列多不饱和脂肪酸的转换路径示于下表1;
表        1
上述路径一般是不可逆的,n-3和n-6系列酸在人体中也是不能互相调换的。
事实上,全顺式构型的这些酸系统命名为相应的十八碳酸,二十碳酸或二十二碳酸的衍生物,如α-9,12-十八碳二烯酸或δ-4,7,10,13,16,19二十二碳六烯酸,但是用数字命名如18∶2        n-6或22∶6        n-3是方便的。例如20∶5n-3酸(二十碳五烯酸)用其开头的第一个英文大写字母EPA来表示,而对22∶6        n-3酸(二十二碳六烯酸)利用其相应的DHA表示,但是当同样链长和不饱和度的n-3和n-6酸存在时(如22∶5酸类),则不用此种办法。较为普遍的用于n-6系列酸的俗名如图所示。虽然十八碳四烯酸(stearidonic        acid)名称将用于18∶4        n-3酸和二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸名称也按这种办法来使用。但此n-3系列中仅有18∶3n-3酸已普遍使用俗名α-亚麻酸。说明亚麻酸的α-异构体特征化要比γ-亚麻酸早,在仅涉及亚麻酸的文献,特别是早期的文献提到的是α-酸。
由于下述二个原因,人和动物对钙的有效吸收是重要的:
1.低钙吸收和一般或过量的尿钙排泄均导致负钙平衡。
2.正常的骨强度需要钙,肠对钙的吸收不足则会导致骨脆弱,骨质疏松(一种主要的健康问题)。
我们以前已发现一种通过使用γ-亚麻酸(GLA)或GLA和二十碳五烯酸(EPA)配伍来降低钙排泄的新的安全的办法,这是EP-Al-0,517,425专利的主题。正如前面所讨论的那样,GLA是亚油酸的(食物中的主要脂肪酸)第一代谢物,由δ-6-去饱和酶把亚油酸转化为GLA。然而,即使在正常的身体内这一转化也是缓慢的,速度是受到限制的,基于此,直接使用GLA是有利的。
在动物和人中进行的研究表明:虽然GLA和EPA单独使用均可引起应答,但GLA和EPA配伍可以对尿中钙的排泄的降低获得最佳效果。
所以在30个复发的高钙石形成者中进一步对人进行了临床研究。开始实验时,所有患者均停止了以前的治疗。实验期间使用标准钙食物(800mg        钙/天)。食用标准食物14天后,把患者分成三组并按下述方法治疗12周。
第1组:每天6g冷水海鱼油(FO)(300mgEPA)。
第2组:每天6g月见草油(EPO)(540mgGLA)。
第3组:6g        EPO和FO(80∶20)的混合物(475mg        GLA,238mg        EPA)。
在14天稳定期结束时,进行了钙45基线水平吸收实验,治疗12周后,按上述方法重复此实验,Ca45的吸收结果摘录于下:
治疗        基线水平        12周
FO        0.36±0.04        0.44±0.06
EPO        0.38±0.03        0.55±0.07
EPO/FO        0.43±0.07        0.68±0.11
虽然用EPO/FO治疗的患者对钙的吸收比EPO高,但用EPO和EPO/FO治疗的患者对钙(Ca45)的吸收均增加了。
基于上述研究,本发明的一个方面在于GLA和/或其中间体及迅速产生的代谢物DGLA在用于制备增加肠对钙吸收的药物的用途或在提高肠对钙吸收的方法中的应用。由于亚油酸(LA)是GLA的前体,所以虽然是转换慢,但LA还是一定效果。所以本发明还涉及亚油酸的用途,正如下面将予提出的,本发明特别涉及对骨质疏松症或其他钙缺乏病的治疗的用途。
本发明还提供了一种促进对钙的吸收的提高和降低尿对钙的排泄来增加系统钙量的方法,其中以任何方便的形式给患者骨质疏松或其他钙缺乏病或有患此类病的危险的动物或人使用每天有效量的GLA或DGLA,或LA。本发明还提供了将GLA、DGLA或LA用于制备按上述方法使用的药物的用途。
同样,如用GLA和/或DGLA来制备药物或进行上述治疗时,本发明提供了预防或治疗动物或人骨质疏松症或其他症状的疾病的方法。
如上所述,体内的GLA迅速地转化为二高(dihomo)-γ-亚麻酸(DGLA);因此,DGLA同GLA具有十分类似的效果。
正如下面将讨论的那样,GLA或DGLA可以任何适宜的形式来使用,如包括但不限于三甘油酯、二甘油酯、一甘油酯、游离脂肪酸、任何适宜的酯、任何适宜的盐、包括锂、钠、钾、钙、锌、镁的盐及其他任何适宜的盐、磷脂、酰胺或药学上可接受的任何其他形式来予使用。
GLA或DGLA的优选剂量范围为0.01-1,000mg/kg/天,更优选0.5-50mg/kg/天,最优选2-30mg/kg/天,可容易地按这种用药量(相对于70kg的成年人)的剂量单位来制备成药品。由于钙盐在增加钙吸收和减少排泄的同时可以补充钙,所以钙盐特别适用于治疗骨质疏松病。
GLA或DGLA可同n-6或n-3系列中的任何基本脂肪酸(如花生四烯酸、α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸或二十二碳六烯酸等)以类似剂量一起使用。特别是,鉴于人的肠对钙的吸收情况,最好将GLA同EPA和/或其代谢物DHA配伍,这可以获得特别显著的效果。
口服、非肠道的(皮下、肌肉内、静脉内或任何其他适宜途径)、肠内的、含GLA的适宜的软膏、乳剂、洗剂、贴剂(patches)等局部使用的、阴道或直肠的给药途径均是适宜的。
可按如上面所指出的那样,使用所说的酸或按其中进行详细介绍的GLA和DGLA那样的药学上可接受的且生理上等效的衍生物来使用这些酸,如所说酸为这种形式的衍生物的话,所提到的任何酸均可作为其中的酸。如同与这些酸本身或其他天然的甘油酯的效果相应的效果所证明的那样,将其应用于本说明书中所引的路径证明了这种等效性。适宜的衍生物的间接证明是它们在身体中具有酸本身那样的重要效果,可用气相色谱分析血、身体脂肪或其他组织中的浓度,用标准技术(如Pelick等人所介绍的技术,第23页“Analysis        of        Lipids        and        Lipoproteins”Ed        Perkins        American        Oil        Chemists        Society        Champaign,Illinois,U.S.A)来证明这种转换。
概括地讲,适宜的情况是,本方法为用氯仿∶甲醇(2∶1)提取血浆样本(1ml),提取液用硫酸钠过滤,蒸发至干,取出并放入0.5ml        氯仿∶甲醇中。用薄层色谱或硅胶平板分离去脂质部分,用三氟化硼-甲醇使能最灵敏地反映出基本的脂肪酸含量的磷脂部分甲基化。分离出得到的脂肪酸的甲酯,用装有红色硅藻土色谱载体(Chromosorb)WAW106/230(上有10%Silar)的六英尺的柱子对其进行Hewlett        Packard        5880气相色谱测定。氦为载气(30ml/分)。以2℃/分的升温速率使烘箱温度从164℃升至190℃。检测器的温度为220℃,注射器温度为200℃。用Hewlett-Packard        Level        4型积分仪自动计算停留时间和峰面积。通过与标准的脂肪酸甲酯进行比较来识别峰。
本发明主要涉及治疗方法和将GLA或DGLA用于制备药物组合物的用途,但应当提出的是,每天食谱所需的γ-亚麻酸和其他EFAs可加入食用黄油或其他食品中,并且当为了实现所说目的时,这些食品将被认为是药物组合物或本文中(包括权利要求所定义的)所说的药物。
如有必要,可将这样的或作为衍生物的天然或合成酸同医药上接受的载体进行混合生产的药物组合物用于本发明。然而,在目前至少提供具有高的GLA含量的可获得的油的形式的GLA是方便的,因此在本说明书中提及了“油”这一术语。
目前可获得的油源之一是月见草种籽油(如Oenothera        biennis.和Oenothera        amarckiana)月见草籽提取的油提取物含8%GLA和约72%的亚油酸(其甘油酯形的),同时还含有其他甘油酯(这里的百分含量是以总的脂肪酸为基准计算的)。其他的GLA来源有琉璃苣种的,如Borago        officinalis,这提供的油源要比Oenothera油丰富。Ribes科成员的籽油也富含GLA。最近通过对用发酵培养的真菌的研究表明真菌油源是大有希望的油源。某些水藻也可以产生GLA,可以培养并收集这些水藻。合成也是可能的。
可用惯常的提取方法如冷压、螺杆挤压(部分炒过的种籽)或用溶剂萃取等方法从种籽中提取所说油。
用于本说明书所说目的月见草油部分样品(甲基酯形式)的相对比例列于下表:
棕榈酸酯        6.15
硬脂酸酯        1.6
油酸酯        10.15
亚油酸酯        72.6
γ-亚麻酸酯        8.9
上述的种籽油提取物可以此种形式使用或如需要的话可分离制备成一种含γ-亚麻酸和亚油酸的三甘油酯作为主要的脂肪酸成分,γ-亚麻酸(如需要的话)占绝大部分的油组合物。种籽油提取物似乎有稳定DGLA(如存在的话)的效果。
可用化学合成或用真菌或海藻发酵的方法制备DGLA。对于高级n-6酸而言,22∶4和22∶5        n-6酸的天然来源包括从屠宰场获取的肾上腺(22∶5)和肾(22∶4),这些也为AA源。
n-3酸长期以来一直从海鱼油获取,特别是20∶5n-3(EPA)和22∶6        n-3(DHA)酸更是如此,近来也从微生物和海藻发酵来制取。可用如在温和非氧化条件下进行皂化,其后再用制备性的气液相色谱法从上述油源中分离出油。合成是困难的,但并非是不可能的,此法提供了另一种油源。
如上简述,所说组合物可方便地与适宜于经口、局部、非肠道或其他给药途径给药的形式,其中有适宜药用的载体,此组合物可配制成多种制剂,因此,例如,在需要时可配制成片剂、胶囊剂、可吸收的液体或粉形制剂,如当γ-亚麻酸或其他酸可通过皮肤吸收时,也可配制为局部用制剂。可用蛋白增溶所说游离酸以制备水解的月见草(Oenothera)或其他油的可注射溶液剂。乳液剂或盐剂也可经输液注射给药。
所说制剂也可方便地加入防腐剂。业已发现浓度为0.1%(重量计)左右的α-生育酚适合于本发明所说目的,且是本领域中众所周知的诸多可能的稳定剂中的一种稳定剂,所说稳定剂还包括如抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯和硬脂酸酯。
当然,存在于任何剂量单位中的活性物质的绝对量在不超过适宜于所用给药速度和给药方式的量,但另一方面,也希望在少量剂量下也能足以获得所需要的给药速度。给药速度取决于所要求的药理作用。
所说组合物也可为泡沫剂、乳剂、悬浮剂、阴道栓剂、栓剂、透皮吸收剂、以及其他合适的剂型。
下面是为实现本发明所说目的组合物和给药实施例。
1.每天以软或硬明胶囊或片剂的形式给药100-2000mgGLA,其条件是:
a.每个胶囊40-80mg        GLA(月见草油形式的)。
b.每个胶囊50-150mg        GLA(琉璃苣油、黑茶藨子油,真菌油或其他适宜油形式的)。
c.每个胶囊100-150mg        GLA(三甘油酯,或任何适宜的GLA盐、如锂、钙、镁、锌或钾盐形式的)。
2.每天给药DGLA,剂量为100-2000mg(上述1c形式)。
3.给药GLA或DGLA(同EPA配伍)(有或无DHA),如每胶囊40-80mg        GLA(月见草形式的)同时给每胶囊10-100mg        EPA(冷水海鱼油形式的)。
4.给药GLA或DGLA,给药剂型是由如上述1c中GLA的任何适宜的盐和赋形剂(如柠檬酸-水合物、碳酸氢钠或其他二价酸如酒石酸或马来酸)以及甜味剂(如乳糖或山梨糖醇)和调味剂制得的可溶性粉剂或起泡颗粒剂。
5.给药GLA或DGLA,给药剂型是液体月见草油、琉璃苣或其他形式油本身或用适宜增味剂或稳定剂制备的泡沫剂或乳剂形式。
6.给药GLA或DGLA,给药剂型可以是用淀粉、明胶、何拉伯树胶或其他配方微囊包封的任何适宜药剂形式。
7.给药GLA,给药剂型是阴道栓剂、栓剂、皮肤用贴剂(Patches)或其他任何适宜给药途径的剂型。
8.含500mg钙-GLA盐的钙-GLA片剂或软或硬明胶胶囊,1-5次/天。

Claims (11)

1、一种增加人或动物肠对钙吸收的方法,该方法包括以GLA、DGLA或LA,本身或其盐或其他药学上可接受的形式给药,上述给药形式也可以与EPA、DHA或其他基本脂肪酸一起联合给药。
2、一种通过激发人或动物对钙的吸收增加和尿钙排泄减少来增加系统钙储存的方法,所说该方法包括以GLA、DGLA或LA本身或其盐或其他药学上可接受的形式给药,上述给药也可以与EPA、DHA或其他基本脂肪酸一起联合给药。
3、根据权利要求1或2的方法,所说方法为用于治疗或预防骨质疏松症或其他钙缺乏病。
4、根据权利要求1,2或3的方法,其中使用的一种或多种主要脂肪酸为钙盐。
5、根据权利要求1,2,3或4的方法,其中所说的GLA、DGLA或LA或每一基本脂肪酸的剂量范围为0.01-1,000mg/kg/天,优选0.5-50mg/kg/天,更优选2-30mg/kg/天。
6、根据权利要求5的方法,其中脂肪酸按单位剂量形式给药。
7、GLA、DGLA或LA本身或其盐或其他药学上可接受的形式在制备用于增加肠钙吸收药物中的应用,这种应用也可以与EPA,DHA或其他基本脂肪酸联合应用。
8、GLA、DGLA或LA本身或其盐或其他药学上可接受的形式在制备用于通过激发钙吸收增加和尿钙排泄减少而增加系统钙储存的药物中的应用,这种应用也可以与EPA、DHA或其他基本脂肪酸联合应用。
9、根据权利要求7或8的用途,其中一种或多种主要脂肪酸以钙盐形式存在于所说药物中。
10、根据权利要求7、8或9的用途,其中所说GLA、DGLA或LA或每种主要脂肪酸适宜于给药的剂量范围为0.01-1,000mg/kg/天,优选0.5-50mg/kg/天,更优选2-30mg/kg/天。
11、根据权利要求7,8,9或10的用途,其中所说药物以单位剂量的形式存在。
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