CN109105894A - 树豆萃取方法及其应用 - Google Patents
树豆萃取方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种有助血糖调节及降低血脂的树豆萃取方法,该方法包括以下步骤:取用树豆植株进行清洗、干燥并细化为粉末后,置于萃取槽中;加入酒精进行萃取和过滤程序;再将所得滤液浓缩去除酒精,然后利用冷冻干燥的方法得到干燥后的萃取物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种树豆萃取方法,具体地,涉及一种利用酒精萃取并浓缩纯化得到树豆萃取物的方法,通过食用该萃取物有助于人体自行调节糖尿病症状及其并发症。
背景技术
糖尿病是由于胰岛素无法正常作用或是分泌量不足,导致体内细胞对于血糖的利用不佳,而使糖尿病患者有长期血糖过高的现象,同时可造成许多慢性并发症。其形成原因复杂,目前没有单一成因,但有研究指出糖尿病的形成可能与基因、生活型态及饮食精致化有关。常见的糖尿病并发症如糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy;DR)、肾功能下降、神经病变、大小血管伤害等。糖尿病及其并发症在当今各国社会的医疗支出皆占有很高的比例,其不断升高的盛行率及年轻化的趋势,使得各界更加重视糖尿病的研究及照护,如何通过其他非医疗的方式协助患者缓解前述身体问题是当务之急。
树豆(英文名Pigeon pea;学名Cajanus cajan(L.)Millsp.)原名马太鞍豆,又称木豆、勇士豆、番仔豆,为一年至多年生的矮灌木,植株高可达一至二公尺,原产为非洲,栽培于热带及亚热带的澳洲、印度、非洲及加勒比海地区以及世界上其他温暖地区。其栽培历史可追溯至三千年前。
树豆的用途十分广泛,各部位皆可利用,未成熟的豆荚可作为新鲜或加工用的蔬菜,干熟的豆仁可磨成粉;其枝叶也能作为牧草或绿肥,干枯枝条则可作为薪柴;且树豆全株具有消炎、解毒及解热功效,可作药用。树豆是台湾原住民的传统作物,被广泛的运用在人们的生活中,又因树豆富含蛋白质及锌等矿物质,其豆仁煮出来的汤品有“勇士汤”之称。
台东地区树豆种植面积约80至120公顷,以达仁乡、大武乡、金锋乡等原住民部落为主,台东农改场在2011年1月18日审查通过三个树豆品种:“树豆台东一号”来自嘉义阿里山,种皮为白色,具有产量高、稳定的特性,成熟期也很一致;“树豆台东二号”来自花莲,种皮为茶褐色、外观鲜艳,抗病、抗虫性强,最适合做面包或糕饼内馅,较为讨喜;“树豆台东三号”来自海端乡,种皮为黑色,耐贫瘠,适合台东以北地区种植,籽实总抗氧化能力高达84.6%,具有开发保健食品的潜力。
过去,树豆的叶子被用来饲养桑蚕;绿色豆荚被用作蔬菜;壳、绿叶及嫩叶被当作饲料及绿肥。民间传说树豆可做多种药物的引药,具有清热解毒、补中益气、利水消食、止血止痢、散瘀止痛、排痈肿的功效,常使用树豆种子来治疗水肿、风湿关节痛、黄疸型肝炎、膀胱或肾脏发炎等病症。
目前的研究多针对树豆籽及叶的功能进行探讨,如:降低血脂、血糖、抗菌、抗氧化等功能。使用树豆叶来解痘毒及消炎,可以用来治口腔炎、痈肿和治疗寄生虫等。树豆根部则被认为具有消炎解毒及解热的功效。树豆籽则可用于治疗糖尿病、溃疡、皮肤过敏、肝炎、麻疹、黄疸、痢疾及去除膀胱结石,可作为退热药,并可稳定月经周期。也有文献指出树豆具有优异的镇痛作用和抑制血管通透性等功效。另有研究指出树豆的叶子、嫩荚、根、茎及成熟的豆子具有抗氧化、抗发炎、抗肿瘤、降血脂、降血糖、抗菌、抗疟疾及治疗镰刀型贫血的药理效果。
树豆根的酒精萃取物经过一系列分离纯化后可得到桦木酸(Betulinic acid),鹰嘴豆芽素A(biochanin A),三羟基黄酮(5,2'-dihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavanone),染料木黄酮(genistein),2'-羟基金雀异黄酮(2’-hydroxygenistein)等异黄酮类成分,过去许多研究证实上述成分如染料木黄酮,又称为金雀异黄酮,具有极佳的抗氧化能力、抑制碳水化合物分解的能力以及抑制碳水化合物分解的能力;三羟基黄酮具有诱导乳癌细胞凋亡的能力;而桦木酸则具有抗疟疾的功效。
树豆原为食品食用、传统药用的作物,本发明根据上述性质,开发一种能够助于糖尿病患者自身增加调节血糖、改善其症状的食品。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种有助血糖调节及降低血脂的树豆萃取方法,其主要特征在于,该方法包括以下步骤:取用树豆植株进行清洗、干燥并细化为粉末后,置于萃取槽中;加入酒精进行萃取及过滤程序;再将所得的滤液浓缩去除酒精后;收集干燥后的萃取物。
可选地,所述萃取包括:以酒精作为萃取液,并以50~90重量%的酒精进行萃取;向所述萃取槽中加入的酒精与待萃物的体积比为10:1~20:1;向所述萃取槽中加入酒精后的萃取时间为10~48小时,通过搅拌和/或震荡的方式持续萃取所述萃取槽内的物质;所述收集干燥后的萃取物中,所述干燥为冷冻干燥技术或喷雾干燥技术。
附图说明
附图是用来提供对本公开的进一步理解,并且构成说明书的一部分,与下面的具体实施方式一起用于解释本公开,但并不构成对本公开的限制。在附图中:
图1是胰岛素耐量试验(Insulin Tolerance,ITT)的实验结果。
具体实施方式
取树豆植株,清洁干净后,将其进行干燥。取干燥后的树豆植株磨碎或均质后,加入萃取液,所述萃取液可以为酒精、水等溶剂,然后在特定条件下萃取。进行粗过滤及浓缩后,再进行干燥,将所得的干燥后的萃取物冷藏保存备用。
以下为较佳的实施,但不因此而限制本发明。
取树豆根,清洁干净后,进行干燥。取干燥后的树豆根,将其磨碎或采用其他方法均质。将上述步骤所得的半成品加入10~20倍体积的50~90重量%的酒精,常温下萃取24小时以上并进行粗过滤及浓缩;优选地,通过抽气过滤接续减压浓缩的方式,以降低溶剂残留。然后进行冷冻干燥或喷雾干燥,将所得的干燥后的萃取物于4℃冷藏保存备用。
采用冷冻干燥技术取代加热烘干对萃取物进行干燥,能够避免破坏萃取物的营养成分;搭配适当的破壁方法破坏植物组织可使叶片中的细胞基质更完整的被萃取;通过超音波震荡,利用超音波能够使萃取液充分与基质混合,增加萃取产率。综合上述基质处理和萃取方法,可有效提高萃取效果,保留更多有效成分,并使所制成品更具安全性,降低溶剂残留的风险。
树豆植株的根、茎、叶、果实经热水回流和酒精萃取后,在初步实验中,都具有降低血糖、血脂的作用;本发明选择降低血糖、血脂效果最为显著的树豆根部进行后续试验。一方面其具有降低血糖及血脂的功效,另一方面,对采收时多弃置不用,且无法食用的根部进行再利用,兼具环保意义。
为确认效果,本发明将萃取物进一步进行动物实验,并进行第二型糖尿病的肾病变评估,实验过程为:将正常小鼠及诱发糖尿病的小鼠,喂食大鼠甲基乙二醛(Methylglyoxal,MGO),诱导胰岛素阻抗。实验组别如下:(1)控制组:正常小鼠,未经甲基乙二醛诱发糖尿病;(2)糖尿病组:以甲基乙二醛诱发第二型糖尿病的小鼠;(3)传统药物组:以甲基乙二醛诱发第二型糖尿病的小鼠,管喂已知降血糖药物每福敏(Metformin)10mg/kg/day;(4)树豆根酒精萃取物(EECR)组:以甲基乙二醛诱发第二型糖尿病的小鼠,按低、中、高剂量分别管喂树豆根酒精萃取物(EECR),低剂量(L-EECR)组10mg/kg/day;中剂量(M-EECR)组50mg/kg/day;高剂量(H-EECR)组100mg/kg/day。
胰岛素耐量试验(Insulin Tolerance,ITT)的实验流程为:分别对控制组,糖尿病组,传统药物组,低、中、高剂量树豆根酒精萃取物组的小鼠连续喂食84天。使经过上述处理的大鼠禁食4小时后,测定其空腹血糖,通过腹腔注射方式给予胰岛素(0.5U/kg bw),然后测定30、60、90及120分钟时大鼠的血糖变化,实验结果如图1。结果显示,在胰岛素腹腔注射后,糖尿病组大鼠血清的血糖值并无明显变化(约为100mg/ml),表示其对胰岛素无敏感性,而喂食树豆根酒精萃取物大鼠的血清中血糖值则呈显著下降,喂食中、低剂量树豆根酒精萃取物大鼠的血糖下降趋势与传统药物组相当,而喂食高剂量树豆根酒精萃取物的大鼠相比传统药物组表现出更高的胰岛素敏感性。
血清醣化生化值分析实验流程为:分别对各组小鼠连续喂食84天后,测试其血糖(GLU)和糖化血色素(Hba1c)值,结果如表1。结果显示,糖尿病组与高剂量组有明显的差异,高剂量组在降血糖的方面是最好的,相较低、中剂量组也有剂量递减的效应。中、高剂量组的糖化血色素(Hba1c)值与糖尿病组相比具有显著的差异,与控制组相比无显著差异,其中以高剂量组与糖尿病组的差异最为明显。
血清脂质生化分析的实验流程为:分别对各组小鼠连续喂食84天后,测试其胆固醇(CHOL)、三酸甘油酯(TG)、低密度胆固醇(LDL)和高密度胆固醇(HDL)值,结果如表2。结果显示,糖尿病组的总胆固醇(CHOL)、低密度胆固醇(LDL)和高密度胆固醇(HDL)的生化值与控制组相比并无显著差异,但糖尿病组的三酸甘油酯含量明显上升,喂食低、中、高剂量树豆根酒精萃取物可使三酸甘油酯含量显著下降。胆固醇与高密度胆固醇的比例(CHOL/HDL)是预测动脉粥样硬化风险的参考数值,高比例代表心脏病的发作风险较高,低比例代表该风险较低。表2结果也显示,除了三酸甘油酯外,随树豆酒精萃取物剂量的增加,大鼠胆固醇(CHOL)、低密度胆固醇含量呈下降趋势,动脉粥样硬化指标((CHOL-HDL)/HDL)呈下降趋势且低于糖尿病组,其中以中剂量(M-EECR)组的降低趋势较为显着,由2.38下降至1.59。
表1
项目 | 血糖(mg/dL) | 糖化血色素(g/dL) |
控制组 | 112±8 | 6.77±0.36 |
糖尿病组 | 223±14 | 9.75±0.49 |
传统药物组 | 92±15 | 7.83±0.45 |
低剂量树豆根酒精萃取物组 | 225±16 | 7.32±0.59 |
中剂量树豆根酒精萃取物组 | 208±11 | 6.97±0.69 |
高剂量树豆根酒精萃取物组 | 109±10 | 6.20±0.38 |
表2
*动脉粥样硬化指标(Atherogenic index)=(CHOL-HDL)/HDL。
Claims (5)
1.一种有助血糖调节及降低血脂的树豆萃取方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
取用树豆植株;
将包含所述树豆植株的待萃物进行清洗、干燥并细化为粉末后,置于萃取槽中;
向所述萃取槽中加入酒精;
进行粗过滤;
浓缩去除所述酒精;
收集干燥后的萃取物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的助血糖调节及降低血脂的树豆萃取方法,其中,向所述萃取槽中加入酒精包括:以50~95重量%的酒精进行萃取。
3.根据权利要求1所述的萃取方法,其中,向所述萃取槽中加入的酒精与所述待萃物的体积比为(10~20):1。
4.根据权利要求1所述的助血糖调节及降低血脂的树豆萃取方法,其中,向所述萃取槽中加入酒精后的萃取时间为10~48小时,通过搅拌和/或震荡的方式持续萃取所述萃取槽内的物质。
5.根据权利要求1所述的助血糖调节及降低血脂的树豆萃取方法,其中,所述收集干燥后的萃取物中,所述干燥为冷冻干燥技术或喷雾干燥技术。
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