CN109095509A - 一种纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种造影剂,尤其是一种纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子及其制备方法和在超声及MRI造影剂方面的应用。其制备方法为将叠氮多巴胺与单羧基聚乙二醇溶于去离子水中;加入饱和Na2CO3溶液,超声混匀,形成混合溶液;加入空心Fe3O4纳米粒子分散液,摇床反应;在反应液中加入乙醇离心分离,获得纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子,并保存在去离子水中。本发明制备得到的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子粒径均一,直径为6‑8nm,形貌可控,重复性好,生物相容性高,具有明显的空心结构,具有很好的体内T1加权成像效果,而且超声造影效果好;超声信号稳定,至少可维持30min。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种造影剂,尤其是一种纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子及其制备方法和在超声及MRI造影剂方面的应用。
背景技术
肿瘤的形成是长时间、多步骤、多基因突变、多因素控制的复杂变化过程,大多数恶性肿瘤都是单克隆起源,呈现无控制性生长。在临床上,相当一部分患者寻求医治时,疾病已经进入中、晚期,丧失了最佳的治疗时间,这是肿瘤死亡率居高不下的原因之一。
MRI(核磁共振成像)是一项非常重要的非侵入性疾病诊断技术。MRI的显著优点之一是能够获得关于整个组织样本和具有高空间分辨率的动物的三维断层信息和软组织对比度。此外,还可以在不使用电离辐射或放射性示踪剂的情况下获取图像。核磁共振成像虽然具备多种优点,但因其较低的灵敏度却不能满足肿瘤早期诊断的要求。这是因为,早期肿瘤和正常组织在物理特性上差异较小(例如T1和T2),这种微小的物理特性差异不足以产生肿瘤和正常组织的影像对比。为了解决这一难题,人们应用核磁共振造影剂来增强肿瘤和正常组织影像的对比度以利于肿瘤的早期诊断。造影剂一般是顺磁性、超顺磁性或铁磁性材料,能够同氢核发生磁性相互作用,降低本体水质子的弛豫时间。
根据原理可将造影剂分为T1类造影剂和T2造影剂。T1类造影剂在T1加权成像中增加信号的强度,使图像变亮。T2造影剂在T2加权成像中降低信号强度,使图像变暗。临床使用哪一类造影剂则根据组织的特点而定。T1缩短的过程要求氢质子与造影剂的磁性部分直接作用,即水分子的氢核要尽可能地接近磁性微粒以达到弛豫增强效果。T2缩短过程是一种远程效应,通过T2造影剂的局部磁环境的不均匀性干扰T2。
超顺磁纳米颗粒因其较高的r2值,生物相容性和在体内的长循环时间而被广泛用作T2MRI造影剂。然而,负对比效应和磁化率伪影的缺点阻碍了他们在临床中的广泛应用。所得的T2加权成像暗信号常常与来自出血,钙化或金属沉积物的信号混淆而造成临床诊断的误导,并且易形成伪影造成背景图像失真。所以,T1造影剂比T2造影剂更适合用于精确的高分辨率成像。
超声成像作为另一种重要的医学影像诊断形式,可以观察心脏及胎儿的活动情况。超声技术是通过超声探头透过人体的表皮,由表及里的对组织进行探测,这样各个组织所反映的阻抗不一样,所反映出来的衰减信号也就不一样,就可以通过图像的不一样来对疾病进行诊断。而超声诊断由于其特有的一些优势特点也得到了很多人的关注,例如价格相对比较便宜,可获得器官的任意面的断层成像图像,并且还可以观察运动器官的实时的活动情况,成像快,诊断及时,无痛苦且危险性低,属于非损伤性检查。因此,在临床上的应用已经十分普及,是医学影像学中的不可磨灭的重要组成部分。
传统的超声成像造影剂通常是由直径为几十微米到几微米不等的有壳的微气泡和微泡内气体组成的,但这类造影剂粒径较大,且大小不均一,不能通过肺循环,使其应用受限。随着超声造影剂的不断发展,超声技术在医学领域上的作用越来越重要,制备粒径小且稳定性强的超声造影剂,使其能够在肺部甚至更深层部位循环且具有较长的循环时间是研究者的重要任务之一。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子,该纳米粒子可作为超声造影剂及MRI造影剂,粒径均一,形貌可控,重复性好,生物相容性高,在溶液水平和活体水平具有较好的MR T1成像效果,并打破了传统US造影剂粒径上的束缚。
本发明的另一个目的是提供上述纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的制备方法。
本发明的目的可以通过以下方案来实现:
一种纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子,其特征在于:在超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子表面偶联单羧基聚乙二醇(mPEG-COOH)和叠氮多巴胺(DA-N3)。
优选的,所述空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的直径为6-8nm,单羧基聚乙二醇的分子量为1800-2200。
进一步优选的,单羧基聚乙二醇的分子量为2000。
一种纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的制备方法,其步骤包括:
(1)将叠氮多巴胺与单羧基聚乙二醇溶于去离子水中;加入饱和Na2CO3溶液,超声混匀,形成混合溶液;
(2)在步骤(1)中获得的混合液中加入空心Fe3O4纳米粒子分散液,摇床反应;
(3)在步骤(2)中的反应液加入乙醇离心分离,获得纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子,并保存在去离子水中。
优选的,所述步骤(1)中,叠氮多巴胺、单羧基聚乙二醇、去离子水与饱和Na2CO3溶液的加入量配比为10-70mg:15-100mg:1-20mL:1mL。
优选的,所述步骤(2)中,叠氮多巴胺、单羧基聚乙二醇与空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的重量比为0.5-4:1-10:1。
进一步优选的,所述叠氮多巴胺、单羧基聚乙二醇与空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的重量比为0.5-1:1-5:1,其水动力学直径在100-300nm之间,超声效果相当好。
所述空心Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子的水动力学直径随着叠氮多巴胺、单羧基聚乙二醇的增加,水动力学直径逐渐增大。优选的,所述空心Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子的水动力学直径在50-300nm,尤其是控制在100-300nm之间,超声效果相当好。
优选的,所述空心Fe3O4纳米粒子为油溶性纳米粒子,分散在氯仿中,浓度为2-5mg/mL。
优选的,所述步骤(2)中,摇床反应的工艺条件为,37℃摇床反应12-16h。
上述纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子在MR T1成像造影剂中的应用。
上述纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子在超声造影成像造影剂中的应用。
本发明以高温热解法合成的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子为载体,其表面含有油胺油酸等物质,表现为疏水性。DA-N3与mPEG-COOH分别含有酚羟基和羧基,将他们与空心Fe3O4纳米粒子混合,通过化学键作用使得DA-N3与mPEG-COOH键联到空心Fe3O4纳米粒子表面,即获得纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子(Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子)。由于mPEG-COOH具有很高的生物相容性,得到的Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子具有优异的生物相容性,可以提高造影剂在血液中的循环时间。由于DA-N3的存在,可进一步接靶向物质用于MR主动靶向成像。
所得Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子粒径均一,形貌可控,重复性好,生物相容性高,具有明显的空心结构。由于该纳米粒子具有较好的顺磁性和较小的粒径,适用于肿瘤T1核磁共振成像,同时,基于该纳米粒子具有空心结构,适用于超声造影成像。
本发明的有益效果:
1、本发明制备得到的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子粒径均一,直径为6-8nm,形貌可控,重复性好,生物相容性高,具有明显的空心结构。
2、所述超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子有很好的体内T1加权成像效果,可以用作MRT1成像造影剂。
3、所述超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子在用作超声造影剂时,超声造影效果好;信号稳定,至少可维持30min。打破了传统超声造影剂粒径在微米级别上的限制,为超声造影剂的研究与发展开创了新篇。
4、所述超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的水动力学直径随着叠氮多巴胺、单羧基聚乙二醇的增加,水动力学直径逐渐增大,当水动力学直径控制在100-300nm之间,超声效果相当好。
5、本发明的制备过程简单,反应条件温和,原料廉价易得。
附图说明
图1为本发明的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的XRD图。
图2为实施例1中超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的TEM图及粒径统计图,其中,图2(a)为TEM图,图2(b)为粒径统计图。
图3为实施例2中制得的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的水动力学直径。
图4为实施例3中制得的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的水动力学直径。
图5为实施例4中制得的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的水动力学直径。
图6为实施例2中制得的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的在0.5T磁场下的MRI成像图。
图7为实施例3中制得的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的在3T磁场下的MRI成像图。
图8为实施例4中制得的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子在不同浓度条件下溶液中的超声成像图。
图9为实施例4中制得的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子在不同浓度条件下溶液中的超声信号强度对比图。
图10为实施例6中制得的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子在小鼠肝脏中的超声成像图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例,对本发明作进一步说明:
实施例中用到的空心Fe3O4纳米粒子及叠氮多巴胺的制备方法如下:
油溶性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的制备方法:
取20mL 1-十八烯与0.3mL油胺混合,通氮气并磁力搅拌,加至120℃并保持30min以除去体系内水分。加至183-185℃,关闭氮气流换氮气球,用注射器快速加入0.7mL Fe(CO)5,反应温度不能低于180℃,反应30min,冷至室温。弃去上清液,加正己烷与无水乙醇离心,重复2次,将所得Fe/Fe3O4纳米粒子分散到10mL正己烷中,加入0.01mL油胺备用。
取30mg Me3NO分散到20mL十八烯中,磁搅拌通氮气,加至130℃保持1h。注入含80mg上述Fe/Fe3O4正己烷分散液,130℃保持1h以除去正己烷。然后升温至210℃并保持2h,冷却至190℃,加入0.3mL油酸,冷至室温。加异丙醇离心分离1次,再加正己烷与无水乙醇离心2次,最终分散到氯仿中。
图1中的XRD图谱可以看出,所得纳米粒子与与标准卡片77-1545匹配,为Fe3O4。
叠氮多巴胺的制备方法为:
将0.42g NaN3(6.43mmol)和1g氯乙酰儿茶酚(5.36mmol)置于100mL圆底烧瓶中,加入15ml二甲亚砜DMSO,磁力搅拌反应12h。然后,加入50mL冰水,用乙醚萃取,用饱和NaCl溶液洗涤,最后用Na2CO3干燥、备用。
实施例1
取10mg叠氮多巴胺与20mg单羧基聚乙二醇于25mL茄形瓶中,加入2.5mL去离子水和0.5mL饱和Na2CO3溶液,超声振荡混匀,取2.5mL 8mg/mL空心Fe3O4纳米粒子分散液加入其中,37℃摇床反应12-16h,加乙醇离心分离,分散到去离子水中备用。
图2(a)为本实施案例中空心Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子的TEM图,图2(b)为粒径统计图,从TEM图可知空心Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子在水中均匀分散,且具有明显的空心结构,经粒径统计纳米粒子的外径为6.8±1.0nm。
实施例2
取20mg叠氮多巴胺与20mg单羧基聚乙二醇于25mL茄形瓶中,加入5mL去离子水和1mL饱和Na2CO3溶液,超声振荡混匀,取5mL4mg/mL空心Fe3O4纳米粒子分散液加入其中,37℃摇床反应12-16h,加乙醇离心分离,分散到去离子水中备用。
图3为本实施案例中制备的空心Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子的水动力学直径。
图6为本实施案例中制备的空心Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子在0.5T磁场下的MR成像,随着纳米粒子浓度的不断增加,成像越来越亮,即信号越来越强,表现出优越的T1成像效果。
实施例3
取20mg叠氮多巴胺与50mg单羧基聚乙二醇于25mL茄形瓶中,加入5mL去离子水和1.2mL饱和Na2CO3溶液,超声振荡混匀,取5mL 4mg/mL空心Fe3O4纳米粒子分散液加入其中,37℃摇床反应12-16h,加乙醇离心分离,分散到去离子水中备用。
图4显示了本实施案例中制备的空心Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子的水动力学直径。
图7显示了本实施案例中制备的空心Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子通过尾静脉注射到4T1种植的BALB/C小鼠肿瘤处,在3T磁场下的MRI成像图,在材料打进小鼠体内后20min即有微弱的信号,肿瘤部位较其他组织具有较高的信号,且肿瘤外围信号比肿瘤内部信号更亮,随着时间的增长,信号强度在肿瘤内的分布逐渐均匀。80min时信号强度达到最大,100min后信号开始下降,120min后信号进一步减弱,肿瘤部位明显变暗。结果表明空心Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子表现出了很好的体内T1加权成像效果。
实施例4
取20mg叠氮多巴胺与100mg单羧基聚乙二醇于25mL茄形瓶中,加入5mL去离子水和0.3mL饱和Na2CO3溶液,超声振荡混匀,取5mL的4mg/mL空心Fe3O4纳米粒子分散液加入其中,37℃摇床反应12-16h,加乙醇离心分离,分散到去离子水中备用。
图5为本实施案例中空心Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子的水动力学直径。
图8为本实施案例中空心Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子在不同浓度条件下溶液中的超声成像图。
图9为本实施案例中空心Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子在不同浓度条件下溶液中的超声信号强度对比图。可以看出该超声造影剂信号稳定,图中截取图片均为录像5min时的图,从信号强度可以明显看出,随着浓度的增大,造影信号强度逐渐增强,到1.5mg/mL时达到最大值,随后随浓度增大而降低。
实施例5
取20mg叠氮多巴胺与40mg单羧基聚乙二醇于25mL茄形瓶中,加入5mL去离子水和0.7mL饱和Na2CO3溶液,超声振荡混匀,取5mL的4mg/mL空心Fe3O4纳米粒子分散液加入其中,37℃摇床反应12-16h,加乙醇离心分离,分散到去离子水中备用。
图10为本实施案例中空心Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子在小鼠肝脏中的超声成像图。通过尾静脉注射200μL 2.2mg/mL的本实施例制备的的空心Fe3O4-mPEG-COOH/DA-N3纳米粒子,并立即持续测定超声造影效果,发现材料注入1min后超声信号开始增强,随着时间的推移,材料逐渐充满整个肝脏,到5min时,材料充满整个肝脏,超声信号强度达到最大值,直至30min信号强度都稳定在这一水平。这一实验结果打破了传统超声造影剂粒径在微米级别上的限制,为超声造影剂的研究与发展开创了新篇。
以上所述为本发明的较佳实施例而已,但本发明不应该局限于该实施例所公开的内容。所以凡是不脱离本发明所公开的精神下完成的等效或修改,都落入本发明保护的范围。
Claims (9)
1.一种纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子,其特征在于:在超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子表面偶联单羧基聚乙二醇和叠氮多巴胺。
2.根据权利要求1所述的纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子,其特征在于:所述空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的直径为6-8nm,单羧基聚乙二醇的分子量为1800-2200。
3.一种纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的制备方法,其步骤包括:
(1)将叠氮多巴胺与单羧基聚乙二醇溶于去离子水中;加入饱和Na2CO3溶液,超声混匀,形成混合溶液;
(2)在步骤(1)中获得的混合液中加入空心Fe3O4纳米粒子分散液,摇床反应;
(3)在步骤(2)中的反应液加入乙醇离心分离,获得纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子,并保存在去离子水中。
4.根据权利要求3所述的纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)中,叠氮多巴胺、单羧基聚乙二醇、去离子水与饱和Na2CO3溶液的加入量配比为10-70mg:15-100mg:1-20mL:1mL。
5.根据权利要求3所述的纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(2)中,叠氮多巴胺、单羧基聚乙二醇与空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的重量比为0.5-4:1-10:1。
6.根据权利要求3所述的纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的制备方法,其特征在于:所述空心Fe3O4纳米粒子为油溶性纳米粒子,分散在氯仿中,浓度为2-5mg/mL。
7.根据权利要求3所述的纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(2)中,摇床反应的工艺条件为,37℃摇床反应12-16h。
8.权利要求1所述的纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子在MR T1成像造影剂中的应用。
9.权利要求1所述的纳米级的超顺磁性空心Fe3O4纳米粒子在超声造影成像造影剂中的应用。
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