CN109075382B - 作为电解质组合物的甲基膦酰氧基甲烷 - Google Patents
作为电解质组合物的甲基膦酰氧基甲烷 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109075382B CN109075382B CN201780026193.XA CN201780026193A CN109075382B CN 109075382 B CN109075382 B CN 109075382B CN 201780026193 A CN201780026193 A CN 201780026193A CN 109075382 B CN109075382 B CN 109075382B
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 90
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- SZZFZADQWWRRTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylphosphonoyloxymethane Chemical class COP(C)=O SZZFZADQWWRRTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- -1 methylphosphonoyloxymethyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 85
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 41
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 28
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
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- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOC SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOC YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910000319 transition metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCCOCC LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- GDZAVHGIQPTDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dimethyl-3,5,8-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Chemical compound C1OC2(C)OCC1(C)CO2 GDZAVHGIQPTDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butoxybutane Chemical compound CCCCOCCCC DURPTKYDGMDSBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RRQYJINTUHWNHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethoxy-2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethane Chemical compound CCOCCOCCOCC RRQYJINTUHWNHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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Abstract
一种电解质组合物,包括:(i)至少一种非质子有机溶剂;(ii)至少一种导电盐;(ⅲ)甲基膦酰氧基甲烷;及(iv)任选地一种或多种添加剂。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及甲基膦酰氧基甲烷(methylphosphonoyloxymethane)在电解质组合物中的用途、用于电化学电池的含有甲基膦酰氧基甲烷的电解质组合物及包含这种电解质组合物的电化学电池。
背景技术
电能储存依然是一项关注度越来越高的主题。电能的有效储存能够使得在其有利时可以发电,当需要时可以使用。二次电化学电池由于具备化学能和电能可逆转换(可充性(rechargeability))的能力,其非常符合这个目的。二次锂电池由于其与其他电池系统相比,能提供高能量密度和比能,锂离子的原子量小、可获得高电池电压(通常3-4V),因此,二次锂电池在电能储存上获得了特别的关注。由于这个原因,这些系统作为能源广泛地用于许多诸如手机、笔记本电脑、迷你照相机等便携式电子设备中。它们作为能源被越来越多地用于汽车中。
在诸如锂离子电池的二次锂电池中,使用有机碳酸酯、醚、酯和离子液体作为用于溶剂化导电盐的足够极性的溶剂。大多数现有技术的锂离子电池通常不包含单一溶剂,而是包含不同有机非质子溶剂的溶剂混合物。
除了溶剂和导电盐之外,电解质组合物通常还含有其它添加剂以改善电解质组合物和包含所述电解质组合物的电化学电池的某些性能。常用的添加剂是例如阻燃剂、过充保护添加剂和成膜添加剂,其在电极表面上的第一次充电/放电循环期间反应,从而在电极上形成薄膜。该膜保护电极不与电解质组合物直接接触。一种众所周知的添加剂成膜添加剂是碳酸亚乙烯酯。
由于它们的多功能适用性,像锂电池这样的电化学电池通常在高温下使用,例如在暴露在阳光下的汽车中。在高温下,电化学电池中的分解反应发生得更快,且电池的电化学性质降低得更快,这些如通过加速的容量衰减和电池内阻的增加得以表明。
JP 2015-097179 A1公开了一种含有氟化碳酸盐、对锂具有大于1V的氧化还原电位的金属离子和至少70体积%的无机亚磷酸(如磷酸三乙酯和二甲基膦酸盐)的有机酯的电解质溶液。加入亚磷酸酯以增加阻燃性和在高温下电解质溶液的降解。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种特别是在高温下具有良好电化学性能的电解质组合物,良好电化学性能例如是循环寿命长(long cycle life)、储存稳定(storage stability)、倍率容量好(good rate capability)、内阻增加低(low increase ofthe internalresistance)。
该目的通过含有以下组分的电解质组合物实现:
(i)至少一种非质子有机溶剂;
(ii)至少一种导电盐;
(ⅲ)甲基膦酰氧基甲烷;及
(iv)任选地一种或多种添加剂。
该问题进一步通过在电解质组合物中使用甲基膦酰氧基甲烷,以及通过包含这种电解质组合物的电化学电池解决。
包含含有甲基膦酰氧基甲烷的电解质组合物的电化学电池在高温下显示出良好的性能,如良好的循环性能、可储存性和电阻增加较低。
具体实施方式
下面详细描述本发明。
根据本发明的电解质组合物含有:
(i)至少一种非质子有机溶剂;
(ii)至少一种导电盐;
(ⅲ)甲基膦酰氧基甲烷;和
(iv)任选地一种或多种添加剂。
电解质组合物优选含有至少一种非质子有机溶剂作为组分(i),更优选含有至少两种非质子有机溶剂(i)。根据一个实施例,电解质组合物可含有至多十种非质子有机溶剂。
所述至少一种非质子有机溶剂(i)优选选自环状和非环状有机碳酸酯、二-C1-C10-烷基醚、二-C1-C4-烷基-C2-C6-亚烷基醚和聚醚、环醚、环状和非环状缩醛和缩酮、邻羧酸酯、环状和非环状羧酸酯、环状和非环状砜以及环状和非环状腈和二腈。
更优选地,所述至少一种非质子有机溶剂(i)选自环状和非环状有机碳酸酯、二-C1-C10-烷基醚、二-C1-C4-烷基-C2-C6-亚烷基醚和聚醚、环状和非环状缩醛和缩酮以及环状和非环状羧酸酯,甚至更优选至少一种非质子有机溶剂(i)选自环状和非环状有机碳酸酯和环状和非环状羧酸酯,最优选所述至少一种非质子有机溶剂(i)包含至少一种非环状有机碳酸酯和至少一种环状有机碳酸酯或至少一种环状非环状羧酸酯和至少一种非环状羧酸酯。
羧酸烷基酯优选选自C1-C4醇与C1-C4羧酸的酯,例如甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇或正丙醇与甲酸、乙酸或丙酸的酯,如甲酸甲酯、甲酸乙酯、甲酸异丙酯、甲酸正丙酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丙酯、乙酸正丙酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸异丙酯和丙酸正丙酯。
非质子有机溶剂可以是部分卤化的,例如它们可以是部分氟化的、部分氯化的或部分溴化的,优选它们可以是部分氟化的。“部分卤化”是指各个分子中的一个或多个H被卤素原子取代,例如,由F、Cl或Br。优选用F取代。至少一种溶剂可选自部分卤化和非卤化的非质子有机溶剂,即电解质组合物可含有部分卤化和非卤化的非质子有机溶剂的混合物。
环状有机碳酸酯的实例是碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸亚丙酯(PC)和碳酸亚丁酯(BC),其中亚烷基链的一个或多个H可以被F和/或C1-C4烷基取代,例如,4-甲基碳酸亚乙酯、单氟碳酸亚乙酯(FEC)和顺式-二氟碳酸亚乙酯和反式-二氟碳酸亚乙酯。优选的环状有机碳酸酯是碳酸亚乙酯,单氟碳酸亚乙酯和碳酸亚丙酯,特别是碳酸亚乙酯和碳酸亚丙酯。
非环状有机碳酸酯的实例是二-C1-C10-烷基碳酸酯,其中每个烷基彼此独立地选择,优选的是二-C1-C4烷基碳酸酯。例子是例如碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)和碳酸甲丙酯。优选的非环状有机碳酸酯是碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)。
根据本发明,二-C1-C10烷基醚的每个烷基彼此独立地选择。二-C1-C10-烷基醚的实例是二甲醚、乙基甲基醚、二乙醚、甲基丙基醚、二异丙基醚和二正丁基醚。
二-C1-C4烷基-C2-C6-亚烷基醚的实例是1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、二甘醇二甲醚(二乙二醇二甲醚)、三甘醇二甲醚(三乙二醇二甲醚)、四甘醇二甲醚(四乙二醇二甲醚)和二乙二醇二乙醚。
合适的聚醚的实例是聚亚烷基二醇,优选聚-C1-C4亚烷基二醇,尤其是聚乙二醇。聚乙二醇可以包含最多20摩尔%的共聚形式的一种或多种C1-C4亚烷基二醇。聚亚烷基二醇优选为二甲基或二乙基封端的聚亚烷基二醇。合适的聚亚烷基二醇,尤其是合适的聚乙二醇的分子量Mw可以为至少400g/mol。合适的聚亚烷基二醇,尤其是合适的聚乙二醇的分子量Mw可以高达5000000g/mol,优选高达2000000g/mol。
环醚的实例是1,4-二恶烷、四氢呋喃及其衍生物如2-甲基四氢呋喃。
非环状缩醛的实例是1,1-二甲氧基甲烷和1,1-二乙氧基甲烷。环状缩醛的实例是1,3-二恶烷、1,3-二氧戊环以及它们的衍生物如甲基二氧戊环。
非环状邻羧酸酯的实例是三-C1-C4烷氧基甲烷,特别是三甲氧基甲烷和三乙氧基甲烷。合适的环状邻羧酸酯的实例是1,4-二甲基-3,5,8-三氧杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷和4-乙基-1-甲基-3,5,8-三氧杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷。
非环状羧酸酯的实例是单羧酸烷基酯,例如C1-C4醇与C1-C4羧酸的酯,例如甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇或正丙醇与甲酸、乙酸或丙酸的酯,如甲酸甲酯、甲酸乙酯、甲酸异丙酯、甲酸正丙酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸异丙酯、乙酸正丙酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸异丙酯和丙酸正丙酯。非环状羧酸酯的其他实例是二羧酸烷基酯,如1,3-二甲基丙二酸酯。
羧酸的环状酯是内酯,例如,γ-丁内酯和ε-己内酯。
环状和非环状砜的实例是乙基甲基砜、二甲基砜和四氢噻吩-S,S-二氧化物(环丁砜)。
环状和非环状腈和二腈的实例是己二腈、乙腈、丙腈和丁腈。
本发明的电解质组合物含有至少一种导电盐(ii)。电解质组合物用作转移参与电化学反应的离子的介质,所述电化学反应发生在电化学电池中。存在于电解质中的导电盐(ii)通常在非质子有机溶剂(i)中溶剂化。优选地,导电盐是锂盐。
导电盐可选自以下基团:
·Li[F6-xP(CyF2y+1)x],其中x是0至6的整数,y是1至20的整数;
·Li[B(RI)4]、Li[B(RI)2(ORIIO)]和Li[B(ORIIO)2],其中每个RI彼此独立地选自F、Cl、Br、I、C1-C4烷基、C2-C4烯基、C2-C4炔基、OC1-C4烷基、OC2-C4烯基和OC2-C4炔基,其中烷基、烯基和炔基可以被一个或多个ORIII取代,其中RIII选自C1-C6烷基、C2-C6烯基和C2-C6炔基,及
(ORIIO)是衍生自1,2-或1,3-二醇、1,2-或1,3-二羧酸或1,2-或1,3-羟基羧酸的二价基团,其中二价基团通过两个氧原子与中心B原子形成5-或6-元环;
·LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiCF3SO3、Li2SiF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、Li(N(SO2F)2)、四氟(草酸)磷酸锂、草酸锂;及
·通式Li[Z(CnF2n+1SO2)m]的盐,其中m和n定义如下:
当Z选自氧和硫时,m=1,
当Z选自氮和磷时,m=2,
当Z选自碳和硅时,m=3,及
n是1至20的整数。
衍生二价基团(ORIIO)的合适的1,2-和1,3-二醇可以是脂肪族或芳香族的,可以选自例如1,2-二羟基苯、丙-1,2-二醇、丁烷-1,2-二醇、丙-1,3-二醇、丁-1,3-二醇、环己基-反-1,2-二醇和萘-2,3-二醇,其任选被一个或多个F和/或被至少一个直链或支链的非氟化、部分氟化或完全氟化的C1-C4烷基取代。这种1,2-或1,3-二醇的实例是1,1,2,2-四(三氟甲基)-1,2-乙二醇。
“完全氟化的C1-C4烷基”是指烷基的所有H原子被F取代。
衍生二价基团(ORIIO)的合适的1,2-或1,3-二羧酸可以是脂肪族或芳香族的,例如草酸、丙二酸(丙烷-1,3-二羧酸)、邻苯二甲酸或间苯二甲酸酸,优选草酸。1,2-或1,3-二羧酸任选被一个或多个F和/或至少一个直链或支链的非氟化、部分氟化或完全氟化的C1-C4烷基取代。
衍生二价基团(ORIIO)的合适的1,2-或1,3-羟基羧酸可以是脂肪族或芳香族的,例如水杨酸、四氢水杨酸、苹果酸和2-羟基乙酸,其任选被一个或多个F和/或至少一个直链或支链的非氟化、部分氟化或完全氟化的C1-C4烷基取代。这种1,2-或1,3-羟基羧酸的实例是2,2-双(三氟甲基)-2-羟基-乙酸。
Li[B(RI)4]、Li[B(RI)2(ORIIO)]和Li[B(ORIIO)2]的实例是LiBF4、二氟草酸硼酸锂和二草酸硼酸锂。
优选地,所述至少一种导电盐(ii)选自LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiCF3SO3、LiBF4、双(草酸)硼酸锂、二氟(草酸)硼酸锂、LiClO4、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2F)2和LiPF3(CF2CF3)3,更优选是LiPF6、LiBF4和LiPF3(CF2CF3)3,更优选导电盐选自LiPF6和LiBF4,最优选的导电盐是LiPF6。
所述至少一种导电盐通常以至少0.1m/l的最小浓度存在,优选地,基于整个电解质组合物,所述至少一种导电盐的浓度为0.5至2mol/l。
本发明的电解质组合物含有作为组分(iii)的甲基膦酰氧基甲烷,其具有化学式(I)
甲基膦酰氧基甲烷具有手性中心,但通常作为两种对映体的混合物存在,因为它可以通过其互变异构形式外消旋化。甲基膦酰氧基甲烷可以通过CH3PCl2与甲醇和碱性催化剂(如三乙胺)的反应来合成。
根据本发明的电解质组合物中甲基膦酰氧基甲烷的浓度(基于电解质组合物的总重量)通常为至少0.01重量%,优选浓度为0.01至5重量%,更优选0.05至1重量%。
本发明的另一个目的是甲基膦酰氧基甲烷在电解质组合物中的用途,例如作为添加剂。优选甲基膦酰氧基甲烷用作电解质组合物中的成膜添加剂。
通常通过向电解质组合物中加入所需量来使用甲基膦酰氧基甲烷。甲基膦酰氧基甲烷通常以上述浓度和优选描述的浓度用于电解质组合物中。
根据本发明的电解质组合物任选地含有至少一种其他添加剂(iv)。添加剂(iv)可选自SEI形成添加剂、阻燃剂、过充保护添加剂(overcharge protection additive)、润湿剂、HF和/或H2O清除剂、LiPF6盐稳定剂、离子溶剂增强剂(ionic salvation enhancer)、缓蚀剂、胶凝剂等。一种或多种添加剂(iv)不同于甲基膦酰氧基甲烷。
阻燃剂的实例是有机磷化合物,如环磷腈、有机磷酰胺、有机亚磷酸酯(organicphosphites)、有机磷酸酯(organic phosphates)、有机膦酸酯(organic phosphonates)、有机膦(organic phosphines)和有机次膦酸酯(organic phosphinates)及其氟化衍生物。
环磷腈的实例是乙氧基五氟环三磷腈(ethoxypentafluorocyclotriphosphazene),可购自日本化学工业(Nippon Chemical Industrial)、商标PhoslyteTM E,六甲基环三磷腈和六甲氧基环三磷腈,优选乙氧基五氟环三磷腈。有机磷酰胺的实例是六甲基磷酰胺。有机亚磷酸酯的实例是三(2,2,2-三氟乙基)亚磷酸酯。有机磷酸酯的实例是磷酸三甲酯、磷酸三甲酯、三(2,2,2-三氟乙基)磷酸酯、二(2,2,2-三氟乙基)甲基磷酸酯和磷酸三苯酯。有机膦酸酯的实例是膦酸二甲酯、乙基甲基膦酸酯、甲基正丙基膦酸酯、正丁基甲基膦酸酯、二乙基膦酸酯、乙基正丙基膦酸酯、乙基正丁基膦酸酯、二正丙基膦酸酯、正丁基正丙基膦酸酯、二正丁基膦酸酯和双(2,2,2-三氟乙基)甲基膦酸酯。有机膦的实例是三苯基膦。有机次膦酸盐的实例是膦酸二甲酯、次膦酸二乙酯、次正丙基次膦酸盐、三甲基次膦酸盐、三甲基次膦酸盐和三正丙基次膦酸盐。
HF和/或H2O清除剂的实例是任选卤代的环状和非环状硅烷基胺。
根据本发明的SEI形成添加剂是在电极上分解以在电极上形成钝化层的化合物,其防止电解质和/或电极的劣化。以这种方式,电池的寿命显著延长。术语“SEI”表示“固体电解质界面”。SEI形成添加剂也称为成膜添加剂,这两个术语在此可互换使用。优选地,SEI形成添加剂在阳极上形成钝化层。在本发明的上下文中,阳极被理解为电池的负极。优选地,相对于对锂,例如锂嵌入石墨阳极,阳极的还原电位为1伏或更低。为了确定化合物是否有资格作为阳极成膜添加剂,可以制备包含石墨电极和含锂离子的阴极(例如锂钴氧化物)和含有少量所述化合物的电解质的电化学电池,通常电解质组合物的0.1至10重量%,优选电解质组合物的0.2至5重量%。在阳极和阴极之间施加电压时,相对于锂金属参比,电化学电池的差分容量记录在0.5V和2V之间。如果在第一次循环期间观察到显著的差分容量,例如在1V下-150mAh/V,但在所述电压范围内的任何后续循环期间没有或基本上没有,则该化合物可被当作SEI形成添加剂。SEI形成添加剂本身是本领域技术人员已知的。
SEI形成添加剂的实例是含有至少一个双键的环状碳酸酯,如碳酸亚乙烯酯及其衍生物、氟化碳酸亚乙酯及其衍生物(如单氟碳酸亚乙酯,顺式-和反式-二氟碳酸酯)、环状含硫酸酯(如丙磺酸内酯及其衍生物和亚硫酸亚乙烯及其衍生物)、包含草酸盐的化合物(如草酸锂、草酸硼酸盐(包括草酸二甲酯、双(草酸)硼酸锂、二氟(草酸)硼酸锂、双(草酸)硼酸铵)、草酸磷酸盐(包括四氟(草酸)磷酸锂));
和含有式(II)阳离子的离子化合物:
其中,
X是CH2或NRa,
R1选自C1至C6烷基,
R2选自-(CH2)u-SO3-(CH2)v-Rb,
-SO3-是-O-S(O)2-或-S(O)2-O-,优选地-SO3-是-O-S(O)2-,
u是1至8的整数,优选u是2、3或4,其中不直接与N原子和/或SO3基团键合的–(CH2)u–亚烷基链的一个或多个CH2基团可以被O替换,其中–(CH2)u–亚烷基链的两个相邻的CH2基团可以被C-C双键替换,优选–(CH2)u–亚烷基链不被取代,u是1到8的整数,优选u是2、3或4,
v是1至4的整数,优选v是0,
Ra选自C1至C6烷基,
Rb选自C1-C20烷基、C2-C20烯基、C2-C20炔基、C6-C12芳基和C7-C24芳烷基,其可含有一个或多个F,并且其中不直接与SO3基团键合的烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基的一个或多个CH2基团可以被O替换,优选Rb选自C1-C6烷基、C2-C4烯基和C2-C4炔基,其可以含有一个或多个F,其中不直接与SO3基团键合的烷基、烯基、炔基和芳烷基的一个或多个CH2基团可以被O替换,Rb的优选实例包括甲基、乙基、三氟甲基、五氟乙基、正丙基、正丁基、正己基、乙烯基、乙炔基、烯丙基或丙-1-炔基,
和选自双草酸硼酸盐、二氟(草酸)硼酸盐、[FzB(CmF2m+1)4-z]-、[FyP(CmF2m+1)6-y]-、(CmF2m+1)2P(O)O]-、[CmF2m+1P(O)O2]2-、[O-C(O)-CmF2m+1]-、[O-S(O)2-CmF2m+1]-、[N(C(O)-CmF2m+1)2]-、[N(S(O)2-CmF2m+1)2]-、[N(C(O)-CmF2m+1)(S(O)2-CmF2m+1)]-、[N(C(O)-CmF2m+1)(C(O)F)]-、[N(S(O)2-CmF2m+1)(S(O)2F)]-、[N(S(O)2F)2]-、[C(C(O)-CmF2m+1)3]-、[C(S(O)2-CmF2m+1)3]-的阴离子,其中m是1至8的整数,z是1到4的整数,y是1到6的整数。
优选阴离子是双草酸硼酸盐、二氟(草酸)硼酸盐、[F3B(CF3)]-、[F3B(C2F5)]-、[PF6]-、[F3P(C2F5)3]-、[F3P(C3F7)3]-、[F3P(C4F9)3]-、[F4P(C2F5)2]-、[F4P(C3F7)2]-、[F4P(C4F9)2]-、[F5P(C2F5)]-、[F5P(C3F7)]-或[F5P(C4F9)]-、[(C2F5)2P(O)O]-、[(C3F7)2P(O)O]-或[(C4F9)2P(O)O]-、[C2F5P(O)O2]2-、[C3F7P(O)O2]2-、[C4F9P(O)O2]2-、[O-C(O)CF3]-、[O-C(O)C2F5]-、[O-C(O)C4F9]-、[O-S(O)2CF3]-、[O-S(O)2C2F5]-、[N(C(O)C2F5)2]-、[N(C(O)(CF3)2]-、[N(S(O)2CF3)2]-、[N(S(O)2C2F5)2]-、[N(S(O)2C3F7)2]-、[N(S(O)2CF3)(S(O)2C2F5)]-、[N(S(O)2C4F9)2]-、[N(C(O)CF3)(S(O)2CF3)]-、[N(C(O)C2F5)(S(O)2CF3)]-或[N(C(O)CF3)(S(O)2-C4F9)]-、[N(C(O)CF3)(C(O)F)]-,[N(C(O)C2F5)(C(O)F)]-,[N(C(O)C3F7)(C(O)F)]-,[N(S(O)2CF3)(S(O)2F)]-、[N(S(O)2C2F5)(S(O)2F)]-、[N(S(O)2C4F9)(S(O)2F)]-、[C(C(O)CF3)3]-、[C(C(O)C2F5)3]-或[C(C(O)C3F7)3]-、[C(S(O)2CF3)3]-、[C(S(O)2C2F5)3]-和[C(S(O)2C4F9)3]-。
更优选的阴离子选自双草酸硼酸盐、二氟(草酸)硼酸盐、CF3SO3 -和[PF3(C2F5)3]-。
本文所用的术语“C2-C20烯基”是指具有2至20个碳原子且具有一个自由价的不饱和直链或支链烃基。不饱和是指烯基含有至少一个C-C双键。C2-C6烯基包括例如乙烯基、1-丙烯基、2-丙烯基、1-正丁烯基、2-正丁烯基、异丁烯基、1-戊烯基、1-己烯基、1-庚烯基、1-辛烯基、1-壬烯基、1-癸烯基等。优选的是C2-C10烯基,更优选的是C2-C6烯基,甚至更优选的是C2-C4烯基,特别是乙烯基和1-丙烯-3-基(烯丙基)。
本文所用的术语“C2-C20炔基”是指具有2至20个碳原子且具有一个自由价的不饱和直链或支链烃基,其中烃基含有至少一个C-C三键。C2-C6炔基包括例如乙炔基、1-丙炔基、2-丙炔基、1-正丁基、2-正丁炔基、异丁基、1-戊炔基、1-己炔基、-庚炔基、1-辛炔基、1-壬炔基、1-癸炔基等。优选的是C2-C10炔基,更优选的是C2-C6炔基,甚至更优选的是C2-C4炔基,特别优选的是乙炔基和1-丙炔-3-基(炔丙基)。
如本文所用的术语“C6-C12芳基”表示具有一个自由价的芳族6至12元碳氢环或稠环。C6-C12芳基的实例是苯基和萘基。优选的是苯基。
本文所用的术语“C7-C24芳烷基”表示被一个或多个C1-C6烷基取代的芳族6至12元芳香碳氢环或稠合芳香环。C7-C24芳烷基含有总共7-24个C原子并具有一个自由价。自由价可以位于芳香环或C1-C6烷基,即C7-C24芳烷基可以通过芳香部分或通过芳烷基的烷基部分结合。C7-C24芳烷基的实例是甲基苯基、苄基、1,2-二甲基苯基、1,3-二甲基苯基、1,4-二甲基苯基、乙基苯基、2-丙基苯基等。
在WO 2013/026854 A1中详细描述了式(II)化合物及其制备方法。根据本发明优选的式(II)化合物的实例公开在WO 2013/026854 A1的第12页第21行至第15页第13行。
含有至少一个双键的环状碳酸酯包括双键是环的一部分的环状碳酸酯(如碳酸亚乙烯酯及其衍生物,例如甲基碳酸亚乙烯酯和4,5-二甲基碳酸亚乙烯酯)和双键不是环的一部分的环状碳酸酯(如亚甲基碳酸亚乙酯(methylene ethylene carbonate)、4,5-二亚甲基碳酸亚乙酯、乙烯基碳酸亚乙酯和4,5-二乙烯基碳酸亚乙酯)。优选的含有至少一个双键的环状碳酸酯是碳酸亚乙烯酯、亚甲基碳酸亚乙酯、4,5-二亚甲基碳酸亚乙酯、乙烯基碳酸亚乙酯和4,5-二乙烯基碳酸亚乙酯,最优选的是碳酸亚乙烯酯。
环状含硫酸酯的实例包括环状磺酸酯(如丙磺酸内酯及其衍生物、甲烷二磺酸亚甲基酯及其衍生物以及丙烯磺内酯及其衍生物)和衍生自亚硫酸的环状酯(如亚硫酸亚乙酯及其衍生物)。优选的的环状含硫酸酯是丙磺酸内酯、丙烯磺酸内酯、甲烷二磺酸亚甲基酯和亚硫酸亚乙酯。
优选的SEI形成添加剂是草酸硼酸盐、氟化碳酸亚乙酯及其衍生物,含有至少一个双键的环状碳酸酯、环状含硫酸酯和式(II)化合物。更优选地,电解质组合物含有至少一种选自含有至少一个双键的环状碳酸酯和环状含硫酸酯的添加剂。电解质组合物可含有至少一种选自含有至少一个双键的环状碳酸酯和环状含硫酸酯的添加剂或至少一种选自含有至少一个双键的环状碳酸酯的添加剂和至少一种选自环状含硫酸酯的添加剂。如果电解质组合物含有SEI形成添加剂(iv),则其通常以电解质组合物的0.1至10重量%的浓度存在,优选0.2至5重量%。
过充保护添加剂的实例是式(III)的化合物:
R3是环己基或C6-C12芳基,其可以被一个或多个彼此独立地选自F、Cl、Br、I、C6-C12芳基和C1-C6烷基的取代基取代,其中C6-C12芳基和C1-C6烷基可以被一个或多个彼此独立地选自F、Cl、Br和I的取代基取代;及
R4、R5、R6、R7和R8可以相同或不同,并且彼此独立地选自H、F、Cl、Br、I、C6-C12芳基和C1-C6烷基,其中C6-C12芳基和C1-C6烷基可以被一个或多个彼此独立地选自F、Cl、Br和I的取代基取代。
式(III)化合物的实例是环己基苯、联苯、邻三联苯和对三联苯,优选的式(III)化合物是环己基苯和联苯。
胶凝剂的实例是聚合物,如聚偏二氟乙烯、聚偏二乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物、聚偏二乙烯-六氟丙烯-三氟氯乙烯共聚物、全氟磺酸(Nafion)、聚环氧乙烷、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯腈、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚丁二烯、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚苯胺、聚吡咯和/或聚噻吩。将这些聚合物添加到电解质中以将液体电解质转化为准固体或固体电解质,从而改善溶剂保留,特别是在老化期间。
作为添加剂(iv)添加的化合物在电解质组合物和包含电解质组合物的装置中可具有多种作用。例如,草酸硼酸锂可作为增强SEI形成的添加剂加入,但也可以作为导电盐加入。
根据本发明的一个实施方案,电解质组合物含有至少一种添加剂(iv)。优选地,电解质组合物含有至少一种添加剂(iv),其选自成膜添加剂、阻燃剂、过充保护添加剂、润湿剂、HF和/或H2O清除剂、LiPF6盐稳定剂、离子溶剂增强剂、缓蚀剂、胶凝剂,更优选电解质组合物含有至少一种阻燃剂,甚至更优选电解质组合物含有至少一种选自环磷腈、有机磷酰胺、有机亚磷酸酯、有机膦酸酯、有机膦和有机次膦酸酯的阻燃剂,特别优选电解质组合物含有环磷腈。
在电解质组合物含有一种或多种阻燃剂的情况下,电解质组合物优选含有基于电解质组合物的总重量的总共1至10重量%的一种或多种阻燃剂,更优选2至5重量%的一种或多种阻燃剂。
优选的电解质组合物含有,基于电解质组合物的总重量的:
(i)至少74.99重量%的至少一种有机非质子溶剂;
(ii)0.1至25重量%的至少一种导电盐;
(iii)0.01至5重量%的甲基膦酰氧基甲烷;和
(iv)0至25重量%的至少一种添加剂。
基于电解质组合物的重量,本发明的电解质组合物的水含量优选低于100ppm,更优选低于50ppm,最优选低于30ppm。水含量可以根据卡尔费休(Karl Fischer)法通过滴定测得,如DIN 51777或ISO760:1978详细所述。
基于电解质组合物的重量,本发明的电解质组合物的HF含量优选低于60ppm,更优选低于40ppm,最优选低于20ppm。HF含量可以通过电势量或电势图滴定法(potentiometricor potentiographic titration method)通过滴定测得。
本发明的电解质组合物优选在工作条件下为液体;更优选它在1巴(bar)和25℃下是液体,甚至更优选的电解质组合物在1巴和-10℃下是液体,特别是电解质组合物在1巴和-25℃是液体,甚至更优选的是电解质组合物在1巴和-35℃下是液体。
本发明的电解质组合物通过电解质生产领域的技术人员已知的方法制备,通常通过将导电盐(ii)溶解在相应的溶剂(i)的混合物中,加入甲基膦酰氧基甲烷(iii)和任选的添加剂(iv),如上所述。
电解质组合物可用于电化学电池中,优选用于锂电池、双层电容器或锂离子电容器,更优选用于锂电池,甚至更优选用于二次锂电池,最优选用于二次锂离子电池。
本发明进一步提供一种电化学电池,其包含如上所述或如优选所述的电解质组合物。
这种电化学电池的一般结构是已知的并且对于本领域(电池)技术人员来说是熟悉的,例如记载在电池的林登手册上(Linden's Handbook of Batteries)(ISBN 978-0-07-162421-3)。
电化学电池可以是锂电池、双层电容器或锂离子电容器。
优选地,电化学电池是锂电池。本文所用的术语“锂电池”是指电化学电池,其中阳极在电池充电/放电期间的某个时间包含锂金属或锂离子。阳极可包括锂金属或锂金属合金,封闭和释放(occluding and releasing)锂离子的材料,或其他含锂化合物;例如锂电池可以是锂离子电池,锂/硫电池或锂/硒硫电池。
特别优选的是,电化学装置是锂离子电池,即包含阴极的二次锂离子电化学电池,阴极包含可以可逆地封闭和释放锂离子的阴极活性材料,阳极包含可以可逆地封闭和释放锂离子的阳极活性材料。术语“二次锂离子电化学电池”和“(二次)锂离子电池”在本发明中可互换使用。
所述至少一种阴极活性材料优选包含能够封闭和释放选自锂化过渡金属磷酸盐和锂离子嵌入金属氧化物(lithium ion intercalating metal oxides)的锂离子的材料。
锂化过渡金属磷酸盐的实例是LiFePO4和LiCoPO4,锂离子嵌入金属氧化物的实例是LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMnO2、具有通式Li(1+z)[NiaCobMnc](1-z)O2+e的层状结构的混合过渡金属氧化物(其中z为0至0.3;a、b和c可以相同或不同,并且独立地为0至0.8,其中a+b+c=1;-0.1≤e≤0.1)、含锰尖晶石(如LiMnO4)和通式为Li1+tM2-tO4-d(其中d为0-0.4,t为0-0.4,M为Mn和选自含有Co和Ni组的至少一种其它金属)和Li(1+g)[NihCoiAlj](1-g)O2+k(g、h、I、j和k的代表值是:g=0,h=0.8至0.85,i=0.15至0.20,j=0.02至0.03,k=0)的尖晶石。
阴极可以进一步包括导电材料(如导电碳)和常用组分(如粘合剂)。适于作为导电材料和粘合剂的化合物是本领域技术人员已知的。例如阴极可包含导电多晶相的碳,例如选自石墨、炭黑、碳纳米管、石墨烯或至少两种上述物质的混合物。此外,阴极可包含一种或多种粘合剂,例如一种或多种有机聚合物,如聚乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚丁二烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯醇、聚异戊二烯和至少两种共聚单体的共聚物,共聚单体选自乙烯、丙烯、苯乙烯、(甲基)丙烯腈和1,3-丁二烯,特别是苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物和卤化(共)聚合物(如聚亚乙烯基氯、聚氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVdF)、聚四氟乙烯、四氟乙烯和六氟丙烯的共聚物、四氟乙烯和偏二氟乙烯的共聚物、聚丙烯腈)。
包含在本发明的锂电池内的阳极包含能可逆地封闭和释放锂离子或能够与锂形成合金的阳极活性材料。例如,可以可逆地封闭和释放锂离子的碳质材料可以用作阳极活性材料。合适的碳质材料是结晶碳材料,如石墨材料(如天然石墨、石墨化焦炭、石墨化中间相碳微球(graphitized MCMB)和石墨化中间相沥青基碳纤维(graphitized MPCF)、无定形碳(如焦炭、在1500℃以下烧制的中间相碳微球(MCMB)和中间相沥青基碳纤维(MPCF))、硬碳和碳酸阳极活性材料(热分解碳、焦炭、石墨,如碳复合材料、可燃有机聚合物和碳纤维)。如果在电解质组合物中存在碳酸亚丙酯,则可用作阳极活性材料的一些碳质材料易于被碳酸亚丙酯劣化。这种劣化通常是由于在电池的电化学循环过程中碳酸亚丙酯分子嵌入碳质材料中引起的。丙烯分子的嵌入导致碳质材料层的剥落。例如,由于碳酸亚丙酯的嵌入,石墨材料很容易被剥落破坏。通常,包含至少部分石墨层的碳质材料易于在循环期间由电解质组合物中存在的碳酸亚丙酯引起的这种劣化。为了确定碳质材料是否易于被碳酸亚丙酯劣化,可以遵循以下步骤:
为了确定碳质材料是否对由碳酸亚丙酯引起的劣化敏感,可以制造类似于下面在实验部分中描述的方法的纽扣电池。代替如该方法中所述的石墨电极,使用基于碳质材料的电极作为负电极。必须使用在PC:DMC(1:1,以重量计)中1M LiPF6的溶液作为电解质。对碳酸亚丙酯的劣化敏感的碳质材料显示出很强的容量衰减,并且在20次循环后具有低于基于电池的理论容量25%的容量保持率。
甲基膦酰氧基甲烷的加入有效地防止了碳酸亚丙酯使碳质阳极活性材料劣化。根据本发明的一个实施方案,阳极活性材料选自易于被碳酸亚丙酯劣化的碳质材料。优选地,阳极活性材料选自包含至少部分石墨层的碳质材料,更优选阳极活性材料选自石墨材料。
其他阳极活性材料是锂金属,或含有能够与锂形成合金的元素的材料。含有能够与锂形成合金的元素的材料的非限制性实例包括金属、半金属或其合金。应当理解,本文所用的术语“合金”是指两种或更多种金属的合金以及一种或多种金属与一种或多种半金属的合金。如果合金整体上具有金属性质,则合金可含有非金属元素。在合金的结构中,固体溶体、共晶(低共熔混合物)、金属间化合物或其两种或多种共存。这种金属或半金属元素的实例包括但不限于锡(Sn)、铅(Pb)、铝(Al)、铟(In)、锌(Zn)、锑(Sb)、铋(Bi)、镓(Ga)、锗(Ge)、砷(As)、银(Ag)、铪(Hf)、锆(Zr)、钇(Y)和硅(Si)。元素的长形元素周期表中第4族或第14族的金属和半金属元素是优选的,特别优选钛、硅和锡,特别是硅。锡合金的实例包括一种(作为除了锡的第二种组成元素)含有一种或多种选自含有硅、镁(Mg)、镍、铜、铁、钴、锰、锌、铟、银、钛(Ti)、锗、铋、锑和铬(Cr)组的元素。硅合金的例子包括一种(作为除了硅的第二种组成元素)含有一种或多种选自含有锡、镁、镍、铜、铁、钴、锰、锌、铟、银、钛、锗、铋、锑和铬组的元素。
另一种可能的阳极活性材料是硅基材料。硅基材料包括硅本身(例如无定形硅和结晶硅)、含硅化合物(例如SiOx(0<x<1.5)和Si合金)以及含有硅和/或含硅化合物的组合物(例如,硅/石墨复合材料和碳涂层含硅材料)。硅本身可以以不同的形式使用,例如以纳米线、纳米管、纳米颗粒、薄膜、纳米多孔硅或硅纳米管的形式。硅可以沉积在集电器上。集电器可选自涂覆金属线、涂覆金属网格、涂覆金属网、涂覆金属板、涂覆金属箔或涂覆金属板。优选地,集电器是涂覆的金属箔,例如,涂层铜箔。硅薄膜可以通过本领域技术人员已知的任何技术沉积在金属箔上,例如,通过溅射技术。制备硅薄膜电极的一种方法请见R.Elazari et al.;Electrochem.Comm.2012,14,21-24。
其他可能的阳极活性材料是Ti的锂离子嵌入氧化物。
优选地,阳极活性材料选自能够可逆地封闭和释放锂离子的碳质材料,特别优选的是可以可逆地封闭和释放锂离子的碳质材料选自易于被碳酸亚丙酯劣化的碳质材料,特别优选石墨材料。在另一个优选的实施方案中,阳极活性物质选自可以可逆地封闭和释放锂离子的硅基材料,优选阳极包括硅薄膜或硅/碳复合物。在另一个优选的实施方案中,阳极活性物质选自Ti的锂离子嵌入氧化物。
阳极和阴极可以通过制备电极浆料组合物来制备,制备电极浆料组合物通过将电极活性材料、粘合剂、任选的导电材料和增稠剂(如果需要)分散在溶剂中,并将浆料组合物涂覆到集电器上来制备。集电器可以是金属线、金属网格、金属网、金属片、金属箔或金属板。优选的集电器是金属箔,例如铜箔或铝箔。
本发明的锂电池可包括其他常用配件,如隔膜、外壳、连接线缆等。外壳可以是任何形状的,如立方体或圆柱形,棱柱形或使用的外壳为作为袋装加工的金属塑料复合膜。合适的隔膜为例如玻璃纤维隔膜和如聚烯烃隔膜的聚合物隔膜。
若干个本发明的锂电池可以与另外一个相连,如串联或并联。优选串联。本发明进一步提供了将如上所述的本发明的锂离子电池在设备中的用途,尤其是在移动设备中的用途。移动设备的例子为车辆,例如汽车、自行车、飞机或如船或舰的水上交通工具。移动设备的其他例子为那些便携式设备,如电脑,尤其是手提式电脑、电话或电力工具,如来自建筑业,尤其是钻头、电动螺丝起子或电动敲平头钉器。但本发明的锂离子电池也可用于固定的能量储存。
即使不进一步说明,假定本领域技术人员可以在最大程度上应用上述说明。因此,优选的实施例和例子仅用于描述,不会有任何限制的影响。
通过以下实施例说明本发明,但这些实施例不限制本发明。
1.电解质组合物
电解质组合物由甲基膦酰氧基甲烷(MPOM)、碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)和碳酸亚乙烯酯(VC)制备。准确的组成示于表1和2中。重量%基于电解质组合物的总重量。
MPOM根据以下方法制备。向溶于四氢呋喃(THF)(无水,200mL)的CH3PCl2(1.0当量,390mmol,50.66g)的冷溶液(0℃)中小心地加入甲醇(2.5当量,980mmol,31.24g)和溶于THF(无水,100mL)的三乙胺(1.02当量,400mmol,40.66g)的除水混合物,反应温度保持在0℃-5℃。加完后,将反应混合物加热至50℃保持60分钟,冷却至室温,滤出形成的沉淀。浓缩滤液并蒸馏(2毫巴(mbar),46℃),得到MPOP,为无色油状物(25.8g,270mmol,70%收率)。
2.电化学测试
电化学性能
差分容量:
使用锂镍钴锰氧化物(Li(Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33)O2,NCM 111)电极(容量为2mAh/cm2)和石墨电极(容量为2.15mAh/cm2)制造纽扣电池。使用玻璃纤维过滤器隔板(Whatmann GF/D)作为隔板,用100μl各自的电解质组合物浸泡。电池以C/5的速率充电。在气候室中在25℃下测定差分容量图。通过在2.5V至3.1V的电压范围内差分容量(mAh/V)(高于0.5mAh/V的值)的增加来确定添加剂的反应电位。添加剂甲基膦酰氧基甲烷在2.65V时已显示出其分解反应。分解导致石墨电极的钝化,并且未观察到VC在2.9V下的典型反应。结果如表1所示。
表1差分容量
电池测试
使用锂镍钴锰氧化物((Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2,NCM 622),电极密度3.4g/ccm,质量负荷17mg/cm2)和石墨阳极(人造石墨,电极密度1.4g/cm3,质量负荷10mg/cm2)和12μm厚的聚烯烃隔膜制造袋状电池(220mAh)。将电池充满700μl电解质,储存6小时,然后抽空并密封。以0.2C的充电速率充电,并将电池在完全充电的条件下在45℃下储存5天,以形成电池。在形成之后,首先通过0.2C充电和放电步骤检查电池的容量,然后在1C的充电和放电速率1C、2C和3C下进行放电速率测试。之后,电池在完全充电状态(4.2V)下在60℃储存20天或在45℃下以1C充电和放电速率(4.2V截止)循环100个循环。在循环和储存之前,以及施加1C、2C和3C脉冲(在3.6V)和测量电压降之后,测量电池的电阻。结果总结在表2中。
表2
(*):容量恢复率,是基于相对于初始C/5放电量,的储存后的C/5放电量;
(**):容量恢复率,是基于相对于初始C/5放电量,的100次循环后的C/5放电量。
Claims (13)
1.一种电解质组合物,其中,所述电解质组合物包括基于所述电解质组合物总重量的:
(i)至少74.99重量%的至少一种有机非质子溶剂;
(ii)0.1至25重量%的至少一种导电盐;
(iii)0.01至5重量%甲基膦酰氧基甲烷;及
(iv)0至25重量%的至少一种添加剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电解质组合物,其中,所述电解质组合物包含基于所述电解质组合物的总重量的0.01至5重量%的甲基膦酰氧基甲烷(iii)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的电解质组合物,其中,所述电解质组合物包含基于所述电解质组合物的总重量的0.05至1重量%的甲基膦酰氧基甲烷(iii)。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的电解质组合物,其中,所述至少一种非质子有机溶剂(i)选自环状和非环状有机碳酸酯、二-(C1-C10)-烷基醚、二-(C1-C4)-烷基-(C2-C6)-亚烷基醚和聚醚、环醚、环状和非环状的乙缩醛和酮、邻羧酸酯、环状和非环状羧酸酯、环状和非环状砜以及环状和非环状腈;其中,
所述二-(C1-C10)-烷基醚包括二甲醚、乙基甲基醚、二乙醚、甲基丙基醚、二异丙基醚和二正丁基醚;
所述二-(C1-C4)-烷基-(C2-C6)-亚烷基醚包括1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、二甘醇二甲醚(二乙二醇二甲醚)、三甘醇二甲醚(三乙二醇二甲醚)、四甘醇二甲醚(四乙二醇二甲醚)和二乙二醇二乙醚;
所述聚醚包括聚亚烷基二醇;
环醚包括1,4-二恶烷、四氢呋喃及其衍生物如2-甲基四氢呋喃;
所述邻羧酸酯包括三-C1-C4烷氧基甲烷、1,4-二甲基-3,5,8-三氧杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷和4-乙基-1-甲基-3,5,8-三氧杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的电解质组合物,其中,所述至少一种非质子有机溶剂(i)选自环状和非环状有机碳酸酯,和环状和非环状羧酸酯。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的电解质组合物,其中,所述至少一种导电盐(ii)选自锂盐。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的电解质组合物,其中,所述至少一种导电盐(ii)选自LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiCF3SO3、LiBF4、双(草酸)硼酸锂、二氟(草酸)硼酸锂、LiClO4、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2F)2和LiPF3(CF2CF3)3。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的电解质组合物,其中,所述电解质组合物包括至少一种添加剂(iv)。
9.根据权利要求1或2的电解质组合物,其中电解质组合物含有至少一种选自含有至少一个双键的环状碳酸酯和环状含硫酸酯的添加剂(iv)。
10.一种电化学电池,包括根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的电解质组合物。
11.根据权利要求10所述的电化学电池,其中,所述电化学电池是锂电池、双层电容器或锂离子电容器。
12.根据权利要求10或11所述的电化学电池,其中,所述电化学电池是锂电池,包含含有选自碳质材料、Ti的锂离子嵌入氧化物和/或硅基材料的阳极活性材料的阳极。
13.根据权利要求10所述的电化学电池,其中,所述电化学电池包括含有至少一种阴极活性材料的阴极,所述阴极活性材料选自嵌入锂离子嵌入金属氧化物和锂化过渡金属磷酸盐。
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