CN109075145A - 半导体装置 - Google Patents

半导体装置 Download PDF

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CN109075145A
CN109075145A CN201780023523.XA CN201780023523A CN109075145A CN 109075145 A CN109075145 A CN 109075145A CN 201780023523 A CN201780023523 A CN 201780023523A CN 109075145 A CN109075145 A CN 109075145A
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flow path
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semiconductor device
circuit unit
wiring layer
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CN109075145B (zh
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宗石猛
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Kyocera Corp
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Abstract

本公开的半导体装置具备:电路单元,其具有散热层、布线层以及位于散热层与布线层之间的半导体元件;第一流路构件,其由绝缘材料构成;以及第二流路构件,其由绝缘材料构成,其中,电路单元位于第一流路构件与第二流路构件之间,布线层面向第一流路构件或第二流路构件。

Description

半导体装置
技术领域
本公开涉及半导体装置。
背景技术
作为铁道车辆等的电力转换装置,广泛地使用大功率用的半导体装置。作为这样的半导体装置,已知有例如采用了IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)或FWD(Free Wheeling Diode)等半导体元件的逆变器等。并且,在大功率用的半导体装置的情况下,由于开关损耗或导通损耗产生的发热量增大,因此需要采取冷却对策。
例如,专利文献1记载的半导体装置在两个引线框之间夹持半导体元件,在各引线框的外侧设置具有用于使制冷剂流动的制冷剂流路的陶瓷管。并且,半导体元件与信号线通过接合引线而连接。
在先技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2008-103623号公报
发明内容
本公开的半导体装置具备:电路单元,其具有散热层、布线层以及位于所述散热层与所述布线层之间的半导体元件;第一流路构件,其由绝缘材料构成;以及第二流路构件,其由绝缘材料构成。并且,所述电路单元位于所述第一流路构件与所述第二流路构件之间。而且,所述布线层面向所述第一流路构件或所述第二流路构件。
附图说明
本公开的目的、特色及优点通过下述的详细的说明和附图而更加明确。
图1是示意性地表示本公开的半导体装置的第一实施例的剖视图。
图2A是本公开的半导体装置的第一实施例的电路单元的简要主视图。
图2B是本公开的半导体装置的第一实施例的电路单元的简要后视图。
图2C是本公开的半导体装置的第一实施例的电路单元的变形例的从侧面观察的简图。
图3A是示意性地表示本公开的半导体装置的第二实施例的剖视图。
图3B是示意性地表示本公开的半导体装置的第三实施例的剖视图。
图4是示意性地表示本公开的半导体装置的第四实施例的剖视图。
图5是示意性地表示本公开的半导体装置的第五实施例的剖视图。
具体实施方式
在半导体装置中,在经由引线框而在陶瓷管中流动的制冷剂与半导体元件之间进行换热的情况下,虽然能够对半导体元件进行冷却,但是由于进行信号的发送接收的布线即接合引线未与陶瓷管相接,因此接合引线的冷却不充分,接合引线带有热量,由此可能会产生半导体元件无法正常地发挥功能这样的问题。
本公开的半导体装置能够有效地对半导体元件进行冷却,并且也能够有效地除去进行信号的发送接收的布线层的热量。
以下,关于本公开的半导体装置,参照附图进行说明。其中,以下参照的各图仅示出为了说明本公开的半导体装置的特征所必需的结构构件。因此,本公开的半导体装置可以还具备各图中未示出的周知的结构构件。
图1是示意性地表示本公开的半导体装置的第一实施例的剖视图。
图1所示的半导体装置100在第一流路构件11与第二流路构件21之间夹持电路单元10,电路单元10具有散热层13、布线层16a~16d以及位于散热层13与布线层16a~16d之间的半导体元件14。
并且,第一流路构件11及第二流路构件21在其内部具有用于使冷却介质(以下也称为“制冷剂”)流动的制冷剂流路12、22。在此,作为制冷剂,可以是能够进行冷却的液体或气体。例如,作为液体的制冷剂,可以使用纯水或Galden(注册商标)等,也可以添加防锈剂。这样,通过使制冷剂在制冷剂流路12、22中流动,由此能够对电路单元10从两侧进行冷却。并且,在电路单元10中,布线层16a~16d面向第二流路构件21,由此能够在信号的发送接收时有效地除去在布线层16a~16d产生的热量。因此,在本公开的半导体装置100中,半导体元件14保有的功能的下降少。此外,散热层13面向第一流路构件11,由此能够经由布线层16a~16d及散热层13来高效地冷却半导体元件14。
另外,第一流路构件11及第二流路构件21由绝缘材料构成,因此能够直接形成布线层16a~16d及散热层13,能够将布线层16a~16d、散热层13的热量立即向第一流路构件11、第二流路构件21转移。
在此,作为绝缘材料,可以是氧化铝质陶瓷、氧化铝-氧化锆复合陶瓷、氮化铝质陶瓷、氮化硅质陶瓷等陶瓷。特别是氮化硅质陶瓷兼具优异的导热率及机械强度,因此通过利用氮化硅质陶瓷来构成第一流路构件11及第二流路构件21,由此本公开的半导体装置100兼具优异的冷却效率及机械强度。
在此,例如,氮化硅质陶瓷是在构成陶瓷的全部成分100质量%之中,含有70质量%以上的氮化硅的陶瓷。并且,第一流路构件11、第二流路构件21的材质可以通过以下的方法进行确认。首先,使用X射线衍射装置(XRD)进行测定,将得到的2θ(2θ为衍射角度)的值用JCPDS卡进行鉴定。接下来,使用ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma)发光分光分析装置(ICP)或荧光X射线分析装置(XRF),进行各成分的定量分析。在此,在XRD中,确认氮化硅的存在,从通过ICP或XRF测定出的硅(Si)的含量换算成氮化硅(Si3N4)的含量如果为70质量%以上,则为氮化硅质陶瓷。需要说明的是,关于其他的陶瓷也同样。
另外,作为通过陶瓷来构成第一流路构件11及第二流路构件21的方法,存在准备模具并对坏土进行挤压的挤压法、将生片层叠来制成的层叠法等,若为层叠法,则能够自由地设计制冷剂流路12、22的构造。
图2A是本公开的半导体装置的第一实施例的电路单元的简要主视图。在图2A中,示出在去除了第一流路构件11的状态下朝向布线层16a~16d进行观察而得到的图。此外,在图2A中,示出在同样构成的四个布线层16a~16d中,布线层16a~16d经由硬钎料或软钎料15a~15d而连接于半导体元件(例如IGBT)14的形态。需要说明的是,在图2A中,作为被遮挡的结构的硬钎料或软钎料15a~15d由虚线表示。
并且,图2B是本公开的半导体装置的第一实施例的电路单元的简要后视图,是与上述图2A对应的图。在图2B中,被遮挡的结构及局部被遮挡的部分的半导体元件14及布线层16a~16d由虚线表示。
此外,图2C是本公开的半导体装置的第一实施例的电路单元的变形例的从侧面观察的简图。在图2C的变形例10a中,示出半导体元件14的集电极处于散热层13侧,半导体元件14的栅极处于布线层16a侧,半导体元件14的发射极处于布线层16e侧,半导体元件14的集电极与散热层13连接,半导体元件14的栅极经由硬钎料或软钎料15a而与布线层16a连接,半导体元件14的发射极与布线层16e连接的情况。需要说明的是,在半导体元件14为IGBT的情况下,通过在第二流路构件21设置其他的布线层并连接于半导体元件14的集电极及发射极而能够作为IGBT功率模块发挥功能。
并且,构成电路单元10的布线层16a~16d是用于与外部的装置、信号端子等连接的布线或端子。而且,构成电路单元10的散热层13是用于将半导体元件14的热量向第一流路构件11转移的构件。需要说明的是,散热层13也可以作为电极发挥功能。而且,半导体元件14是例如IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)或FWD(Free Wheeling Diode)等,可以具有作为其他的电路元件的电容器、电阻等。
构成电路单元10的布线层16a~16d及散热层13只要由金属构成即可,但是在金属之中,如果由铜、铜合金、铝、铝合金等构成,则具有优异的导热率。需要说明的是,可以如图1所示,布线层16a~16d经由硬钎料或软钎料15a~15d而连接于半导体元件14。同样,虽然未图示,但散热层13也可以经由硬钎料、软钎料或者以金、银、铜为主成分的纳米金属膏剂而连接于半导体元件14。需要说明的是,硬钎料或软钎料15a~15d只要使用公知的材料即可,例如,只要使用银系硬钎料或锡系软钎料即可。
在此,作为布线层16a~16d、散热层13(总之,以下有时记载为金属层)的形成方法,存在将铜板或铝板等金属板直接粘贴于第一流路构件11或第二流路构件21的DBC(Direct Bond Copper)法或DBA(Direct Bond Aluminum)法、经由添加有钛、锆、铪、铌等活性金属的银及铜的硬钎料而将金属板接合的AMB(Active Metal Bonding)法、使用以金属成分为主成分的膏剂来形成的印刷法、以钛或铬为基底层并通过溅射来形成金属层的溅射法、以钛或铬为基底层或者形成了微细的凹凸之后形成金属层的镀敷法等。
在此,在使用镀敷法的情况下,在第一流路构件11及第二流路构件21形成金属层时未作用热应力,因此能够成为即使在长期的热循环中也难以产生裂纹的半导体装置100,能够提高可靠性。
图3A是示意性地表示本公开的半导体装置的第二实施例的剖视图。在此,半导体装置200的电路单元20是成为与上述电路单元10同样的层叠构造的单元,同样,布线层26a~26d面向上述的第一流路构件11,能被有效地冷却。
需要说明的是,电路单元10、20可以不必具有同样的层叠构造。例如,在上述电路单元10、20中,即使在构成各层的元件或构件局部不同的情况下,可以通过例如改变散热层13、23的厚度来吸收上述的元件等的厚度的差异,避免产生应力性的变形地收纳于第一流路构件11与第二流路构件21之间。
在此,如图3A所示,电路单元10与电路单元20彼此相邻地配置,以上下相反、即“散热层→半导体元件→布线层”和“布线层→半导体元件→散热层”的方式使层叠顺序彼此相反。
即,在图3A中,在沿着从第一流路构件11向第二流路构件21的方向定义的排列中,将按照散热层13、半导体元件14、布线层16a~16d的顺序排列的电路单元设为第一电路单元10,将按照布线层26a~26d、半导体元件24、散热层23的顺序排列的电路单元设为第二电路单元20。并且,在半导体装置200中,两个电路单元10、20如上所述相邻设置,由此布线层16a~16d及布线层26a~26d面向第一流路构件11或第二流路构件21,因此能够有效地被冷却。此外,通过将相邻的电路单元10、20上下颠倒地层叠配置,能够在热及热应力的方面上取得平衡。
通常,陶瓷与金属的热膨胀系数不同,因此由于该差异而产生热应力,但是如图3A所示,通过将相邻的电路单元10、20上下颠倒地层叠,能够避免上述那样的热应力重叠的状况,将其弊病抑制成最小限度。需要说明的是,相邻的电路单元10、20并不局限于两个,也可以为三个,还可以前后排列。此外,可以将多个电路单元前后左右地排列。需要说明的是,在制造图3A所示的半导体装置200的情况下,首先,在第一流路构件11及第二流路构件21分别形成散热层13、23及布线层16a~16d、26a~26d。然后,在散热层13、23经由硬钎料、软钎料或纳米金属膏剂而分别接合半导体元件14、24,并将硬钎料或软钎料15a~15d、25a~25d配置在布线层16a~16d、26a~26d的规定的位置,之后将第一流路构件11与第二流路构件21层叠,经过回流焊工序,从而能够高效地制造出半导体装置200。
图3B是示意性地表示本公开的半导体装置的第三实施例的剖视图。图3B的半导体装置201在上述图3A的半导体装置200中具备连结管51、61。并且,为了在第一流路构件11或第二流路构件21上接合连结管51、61,在连结管51、61与第一流路构件11或第二流路构件21的对置面之间具有粘接层15e。将粘接剂(例如,硅系的硬钎料或聚酰亚胺系的粘接剂)涂布在第一流路构件11或第二流路构件21与连结管51、61之间,之后,经过回流焊工序,从而形成该粘接层15e。由此,能够在半导体元件14、24-布线层16a~16d、26a~26d间的软钎焊(或硬钎焊)的同时进行连结管51、61的接合。
在此,本公开的半导体装置201在连结管51、61与第一流路构件11或第二流路构件21的对置面之间具有粘接层15e,但是也可以从连结管51、61的外周面至第一流路构件11或第二流路构件21地设置粘接层15e的一部分。在此,连结管51、61的外周面是与对置面邻接的面。并且,如果满足这样的结构,则能够通过粘接层15e来进一步抑制在制冷剂流路52、62中流动的制冷剂从第一流路构件11或第二流路构件21与连结管51、61之间泄漏的状况。而且,即使粘接层15e的一部分从连结管51、61的制冷剂流路52、62的内表面至第一流路构件11或第二流路构件21地设置,也能够进一步抑制在制冷剂流路52、62中流动的制冷剂从第一流路构件11或第二流路构件21与连结管51、61之间泄漏的状况。
图4是示意性地表示本公开的半导体装置的第四实施例的剖视图。图4所示的半导体装置300成为将上述图3B中的半导体装置201上下重叠两层而且增加了制冷剂流入用的管91及制冷剂流出用的管101的结构,制冷剂在各制冷剂流路的内部回流。而且,通过第一流路构件11、电路单元10、20及第二流路构件21来构成一组冷却单元19,同样,通过第一流路构件31、电路单元30、40及第二流路构件41来构成一组冷却单元39。如图4所示,第一流路构件11及第二流路构件41是在冷却单元19、39中兼用的构件。在此,图4中的电路单元30、40是成为与上述的电路单元10、20同样的层叠构造的单元,但是也可以不必具有同样的层叠构造。
作为上述的半导体装置300的特征,首先是,通过连结管51、61、71、81将第二流路构件21、第一流路构件11(或第二流路构件41)及第一流路构件31连结,由此能够三维地构成冷却单元,即使在这种情况下,在热及应力方面也能够取得平衡。半导体装置300的特征还在于,将硬钎料膏剂等配置在规定的部位并进行热处理等,由此能够构成堆叠类型的功率模块,能够构成高密度的电路并实现高冷却效率的半导体装置300。
图5是示意性地表示本公开的半导体装置的第五实施例的剖视图。图5所示的半导体装置400是采用了使连结管一体化的管的情况下的实施例,预先准备具有切口112的管111,通过与上述的冷却单元连结而能够容易地进行堆叠类型的功率模块的构筑。需要说明的是,在制造图5所示的半导体装置400的情况下,准备环状的垫片,在多个流路构件间的与切口112对应的位置配置垫片,由此能够容易地进行跨多个流路构件设置的管111的插通。需要说明的是。这样的环状的垫片还具有在管111破损时防止液体泄漏的效果。
需要说明的是,在上述的半导体装置300、400中,也与上述的半导体装置201同样,为了与连结管51、61、71、81、管91、101、111、环状的垫片接合而预先涂布粘接剂(例如,硅系的硬钎料或聚酰亚胺系的粘接剂),经过回流焊工序,由此能够在半导体元件-布线层间的软钎焊的同时进行与上述连结管51、61、71、81、管91、101、111、环状的垫片的接合。需要说明的是,连结管51、61、71、81、管91、101、111、环状的垫片优选为能耐受回流焊工序的原料,例如是金属、树脂、陶瓷。需要说明的是,如果为树脂,则优选为聚酰亚胺。而且,电路单元10、20、30、40通过树脂模制进行密封,由此能够提高作为半导体装置300、400的可靠性。作为树脂模制,只要使用硅酮凝胶或环氧树脂即可。需要说明的是,树脂模制不仅是电路单元10、20、30、40,而且将连结管51、61、71、81、管91、101、111、环状的垫片也一并进行树脂模制,由此能够对连结管51、61、71、81、管91、101、111、环状的垫片与第一流路构件11、31及第二流路构件21、41之间的接合部进行加强。
本公开不脱离其主旨或主要的特征而能够以其他的各种方式实施。因此,前述的实施方式在所有的点上只不过是例示,本公开的范围由请求的范围示出,不受说明书本文的任何限制。而且,属于请求的范围内的变形或变更全部为本公开的范围内的变形或变更。
符号说明
10、20、30、40 电路单元
11、31 第一流路构件
21、41 第二流路构件
12、22、32、42 制冷剂流路
13、23 散热层
14、24 半导体元件
15a、15b、15c、15d 硬钎料或软钎料
15e 粘接层
16a、16b、16c、16d、16e 布线层
19、39 冷却单元
25a、25b、25c、25d 硬钎料或软钎料
26a、26b、26c、26d 布线层
51、61、71、81 连结管
52、62、72、82 制冷剂流路
92、102 制冷剂流路
91、101、111 管
100、200、201、300、400 半导体装置
112 切口

Claims (7)

1.一种半导体装置,其特征在于,具备:
电路单元,其具有散热层、布线层以及位于所述散热层与所述布线层之间的半导体元件;
第一流路构件,其由绝缘材料构成;以及
第二流路构件,其由绝缘材料构成,
所述电路单元位于所述第一流路构件与所述第二流路构件之间,所述布线层面向所述第一流路构件或所述第二流路构件。
2.根据权利要求1所述的半导体装置,其中,
在所述电路单元内的从所述第一流路构件向所述第二流路构件的排列中,
将按照所述散热层、所述半导体元件、所述布线层的顺序排列的电路单元设为第一电路单元,将按照所述布线层、所述半导体元件、所述散热层的顺序排列的电路单元设为第二电路单元时,所述第一电路单元与所述第二电路单元相邻设置。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的半导体装置,其中,
将所述第一流路构件、所述电路单元、所述第二流路构件设为一组冷却单元时,
在两组冷却单元中,兼用所述第一流路构件或所述第二流路构件。
4.根据权利要求1~3中任一项所述的半导体装置,其中,
所述第一流路构件与所述第二流路构件由连结管连接。
5.根据权利要求1~4中任一项所述的半导体装置,其中,
所述第一流路构件及所述第二流路构件由氮化硅质陶瓷构成。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的半导体装置,其中,
在所述连结管与所述第一流路构件或所述第二流路构件的对置面之间具有粘接层,并且,
所述粘接层的一部分从所述连结管的外周面至所述第一流路构件或所述第二流路构件地设置。
7.一种半导体装置的制造方法,其是权利要求4~6中任一项所述的半导体装置的制造方法,
所述半导体装置的制造方法的特征在于,
在所述半导体元件与所述布线层之间配置硬钎料或软钎料,
在所述第一流路构件与所述连结管之间以及所述第二流路构件与所述连结管之间配置粘接剂,之后进行热处理,由此将所述半导体元件与所述布线层接合,将所述第一流路构件与所述连结管接合,将所述第二流路构件与所述连结管接合。
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KR20180121624A (ko) 2018-11-07

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