CN109021026B - 顺铂药物前体、制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
顺铂药物前体、制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109021026B CN109021026B CN201810790106.4A CN201810790106A CN109021026B CN 109021026 B CN109021026 B CN 109021026B CN 201810790106 A CN201810790106 A CN 201810790106A CN 109021026 B CN109021026 B CN 109021026B
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种顺铂药物前体、制备方法和应用,所述顺铂药物前体的结构式如式(I),是由活化过的二羟基顺铂与疏水性分子发生酯化反应生成的。纳米制剂的表征通过动态光散射以及透射电子显微镜表明本发明中的纳米粒分布均匀,约30nm;体外细胞毒性实验中表明该纳米药物能够显著抑制肿瘤细胞(A549和LoVo)的增值;体内实验表明,相比顺铂注射液,在降低了系统毒性的基础上,具有抑制非小细胞肺癌A549皮下瘤的效果,具备良好的市场前景与临床应用价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于药物化学及制剂领域,具体涉及一系列顺铂药物前体、其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
顺-二氨二氯铂(cis-damminedichloroplatinum(II),cis-Pt(II)(NH3)2Cl2,CDDP)是以二价铂为中心,分别与两个氨基分子以及两个氯原子配位的一种重金属化合物。在1978年被美国食品药品监督管理局获批用于临床(Bristol-Myers Squibb)。其结构式如下:
CDDP作为一种临床化疗药,广泛地应用于骨肉瘤、软组织肿瘤如睾丸癌、卵巢癌、头颈部鳞癌以及肺癌等的治疗(Ana-Maria Florea and DietricaBüsselbery,Cisplatinas an Anti-Tumor Drug:Cellular Mechanisms of Activity,Drug Resistance andInduce Side Effects,Cancer,2011,3,1315-1317)。CDDP在临床肿瘤治疗中,其抑制肿瘤细胞作用机制,主要是通过和DNA上嘌呤和嘧啶上碱基结合,干扰DNA的转录和复制,同时诱导线粒体凋亡通路,激活如钙信号通路、死亡受体信号通路,从而引起肿瘤细胞的凋亡而抑制生长(L Galluzzi,L Senovilla,et al,Molecular mechanisms of cisplatinresistance,Oncogene,2012,31,1869-1883)。
虽然顺铂注射液在临床上拥有广泛的应用,但是在其临床毒性是不可忽视的,包括几乎都会出现的严重恶心呕吐、约31%病人出现耳鸣或者高音听力丧失等情况,其中最影响用药进程的是有高达20%-30%的病患出现急性肾损伤(AKI),表明存在严重的肾毒性作用(Ronald P.Miller,Raghu K.Tadagavadi,et al,Mechanisms of CisplatinNephrotoxicity,Toxins,2010,22490-2518)。同时,还存在不同程度的神经毒性、骨髓抑制以及胃肠道反应,以至于在耐受量上受到限制。综上,为降低CDDP的系统毒性,需要对CDDP分子进行设计改造,以提高该药物的临床使用潜力。
发明内容
为了解决顺铂水溶性差、药物稳定性差、药物体内最大耐受剂量低等问题,本发明提供了一种顺铂(CDDP)药物前体。
本发明还提供了上述药物前体的制备方法和上述制剂的制备方法。
本发明同时提供了上述药物前体的应用。
本发明中,我们通过对活化过后CDDP的羟基进行疏水基团修饰,发现能够显著提高药物的抗肿瘤活性。此外,前药分子可通过自组装形成纳米颗粒的方式或者通过溶于表面活性剂增加CDDP的水溶性。更重要的是,该方法降低了CDDP的系统毒性,可望扩大CDDP的临床应用范围和应用前景。
一种CDDP药物前体,结构式如式(I)所示:
其中R表示疏水性基团。
本发明中,所述的CDDP药物前体由疏水性基团与CDDP通过酯键连接,利于四价铂前体药物在细胞内的还原环境下被还原成二价顺铂并释放。
本发明中,所述的疏水性基团由脂肪酸提供。所述脂肪酸可选择饱和脂肪酸或不饱和脂肪酸。
作为优选,所述脂肪酸的碳链长度为C2~C22。
作为优选,所述不饱和脂肪酸为二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)、亚麻酸、油酸或亚油酸;所述饱和脂肪酸为正己酸、正庚酸、月硅酸或者硬脂酸。进一步优选为亚麻酸、油酸或亚油酸。
即,作为优选,所述顺铂药物前体为如下化合物之一或混合物:
更为优选地,不饱和脂肪酸为亚油酸或者亚麻酸(即所述顺铂药物前体优选为式(5)或者(6)所示的化合物),饱和脂肪酸为正已酸(即所述顺铂药物前体优选为式(1)所示的化合物)、月桂酸(即所述顺铂药物前体优选为式(3)所示的化合物)和硬脂酸(即所述顺铂药物前体优选为式(4)所示的化合物)。与饱和脂肪酸相比,不饱和脂肪酸的水溶性更好,可以在水中进行自组装。
与饱和脂肪酸相比,不饱和脂肪酸的水溶性更好,可以在水中进行自组装。作为优选,本发明的药物前体优选为化合物(5)~(7)中的一种或多种。
本发明提供的CDDP药物前体既能溶解于吐温等两亲性表面活性剂,又可以分子自组装溶解于水,这大大增加了CDDP的应用范围。
同时,本发明还提供了所述CDDP药物前体式(I)化合物的制备方法,包括:
(1)在H2O2环境下,CDDP活化获得二羟基二氨二氯铂,式(II);
(2)二羟基二氨二氯铂和脂肪酸酐发生酯化反应;
(3)反应完成后对粗产品进行分离纯化,获得如式(I)所示CDDP药物前体,反应过程如图1所示。
作为优选,所述脂肪酸酐选自二十二碳六烯酸、亚麻酸、油酸或亚油酸、正己酸、正庚酸、月硅酸或者硬脂酸对应的酸酐,即亚麻酸酐、油酸酐或亚油酸酐、正己酸酐、正庚酸酐、月硅酸酐或者硬脂酸酐。
作为优选,所述二羟基二氨二氯铂和脂肪酸酐摩尔比为1:(1~5)。进一步优选为1:2。
在上述反应步骤中,反应溶剂选自但不限于二氯甲烷,DMF(二甲基甲酰胺)、DMSO(二甲基亚砜)或者上述溶剂两种或者三种的混合液。
优选的所述步骤在室温到80℃进行反应。
本发明制备方法中步骤(1)二羟基二氨二氯铂可以按照Wenjia Shen et al,Thermogelling Polymer-Platinum(IV)Conjugates for Long-Term Delivery ofCisplatin,Biomacromolecules,2015,16,105-115所提供的方法制备。
所述酯化反应在缩合剂存在下进行,所述缩合剂优选为N,N’-二环己基碳二亚胺、1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺或N,N’-二异丙基碳二酰亚胺。
作为优选,所述二羟基二氨二氯铂和缩合剂的摩尔比为1:(1~2)。
本发明还提供了顺铂药物纳米制剂的制备技术,将难于溶解于水中的抗肿瘤药物包载于非离子表面活性剂中,形成载药纳米体系,同时解决了CDDP难以直接与两亲性高分子材料或者表面活性剂共组装形成纳米粒的问题。
作为优选,所述表面活性剂泊洛沙姆包括泊洛沙姆F127泊洛沙姆F68和泊洛沙姆L65中的一种或多种。
作为进一步优选,所述表面活性剂为泊洛沙姆F127。
一种制备上述任意技术方案所述顺铂纳米制剂的方法,将顺铂药物前体溶解在有机溶剂中,逐滴加入泊洛沙姆(优选为的水溶液F127)水溶液中,减压去除有机溶剂,用冰水清洗多余泊洛沙姆后得到顺铂纳米制剂。
作为优选,所述有机溶剂为二氯甲烷。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果为:
(1)本发明的顺铂纳米药物相比于临床顺铂注射液,在血液循环时,铂前药能够稳定存在于纳米颗粒内部。进入细胞后,通过细胞内大量存在的还原性谷胱甘肽,把四价的铂药还原成二价的铂,并释放具有生物活性的顺铂。
(2)在顺铂耐药细胞株中,我们发现经亚油酸修饰的铂前药分子(式(5)所示化合物)具有更优于顺铂的杀伤肿瘤细胞的能力,显示出克服顺铂耐药的特性。
(3)这些前药能够改善药物在体内对肾脏的损伤,显著降低直接注射CDDP造成的系统毒性,提高动物体内的耐受剂量。
(4)本发明使用的辅料泊洛沙姆,已被收载于美国食品药品管理局(FDA),作为静脉、吸入、眼用制剂,一系列口服制剂以及局部用药制剂使用,是一种无毒、无刺激、无致敏的辅料,保证安全性的同时,提高前体药物在体内的稳定性。
(5)本发明通过酯化反应获得所述药物前体,稳定性高,安全性好,符合临床用药的要求,符合大规模工业化生产的要求,具备良好的市场前景与临床应用价值。
附图说明
图1为实施例1中二羟基二氨二氯铂II的合成;
图2为实施例2中含饱和烷烃链化合物的CDDP前体药物1的合成;
图3为实施例3中含饱和烷烃链化合物的CDDP前体药物2的合成;
图4为实施例4中含饱和烷烃链化合物的CDDP前体药物3的合成;
图5为实施例5中含饱和烷烃链化合物的CDDP前体药物4的合成;
图6为实施例6中含不饱和烷烃链化合物的CDDP前体药物5的合成;
图7为实施例7中含不饱和烷烃链化合物的CDDP前体药物6的合成;
图8为实施例8中含不饱和烷烃链化合物的CDDP前体药物7的合成;
图9为实施例9制备的顺铂药物前体5形成纳米粒的粒径图;
图10为实施例9制备的顺铂药物前体5形成纳米粒的透射电镜图;
图11为实施例9中制备的5-NP在不同剂量下体内毒性评价的体重变化。以临床用顺铂注射液作为对照;
图12为实例9中制备的5-NP在体内毒性评价中肾脏细胞的凋亡情况。以临床用顺铂注射液及生理盐水作为对照;
图13为实施例9中制备的5-NP在抑制皮下肿瘤生长的药效学评价。以生理盐水及临床用顺铂注射液作为对照;
图14为本发明的CDDP前体药物5与CDDP前体药物1、3、4的水溶性对比照片。
其中,CDDP表示顺铂,EDC表示1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺,DMAP表示4-二甲氨基吡啶,DIEA表示N,N-二异丙基乙胺,DCM表示二氯甲烷,MeOH表示甲醇。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细说明,但本发明并不受其限制。
实施例1二羟基二氨二氯铂II的合成,如图1所示:
在100mL圆底烧瓶中加入CDDP(1g,3.33mmol)和15ml 30%双氧水(30%,w/v)。避光75℃搅拌5小时,4℃冷却2小时,通过减压过滤得到淡黄色晶体,再分别用水、乙醇和乙醚清洗,干燥后得到产物II(998mg,产率90%)。
实施例2含饱和烷烃链化合物的CDDP前体药物1的合成,如图2所示:
在100mL圆底烧瓶中加入II(100mg,0.3mmol)和正己酸酐(127mg,0.6mmol),溶解在(DMF)中,加入N,N’-二环己基碳二亚胺(0.3mmol)。70℃搅拌3小时,反应结束后加水析出淡黄色固体;然后经过水和石油醚清洗,过滤得到产物1(95mg,产率60%)。
产物1的1H NMR核磁数据如下:
1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6):δ0.84-0.88(t,6H),1.23-1.27(m,8H),1.42-1.51(m,4H),2.16-2.22(m,4H),6.38-6.63(m,6H)。
实施例3含饱和烷烃链化合物的CDDP前体药物2的合成,如图3所示:
在100mL圆底烧瓶中加入II(100mg,0.3mmol)和正庚酸酐(146mg,0.6mmol),溶解在2mL无水二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,加入1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺(0.3mmol)。70℃搅拌3小时,反应结束后加水析出得到微黄色固体;然后经过水和石油醚清洗,过滤得到产物2(109mg,产率65%)。
产物2的1H NMR核磁数据如下:
1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6):δ0.83-0.88(t,6H),1.21-1.25(m,12H),1.41-1.50(m,4H),2.17-2.22(m,4H),6.39-6.63(m,6H)。
实施例4含饱和烷烃链化合物的CDDP前体药物3的合成,如图4所示:
在100mL圆底烧瓶中加入II(100mg,0.3mmol)和月桂酸酐(230mg,0.6mmol),溶解在3mL无水二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,加入或N,N’-二异丙基碳二酰亚胺(0.3mmol)。70℃搅拌过夜,反应结束后加水析出得到无色固体;然后经过水和石油醚清洗,过滤得到产物3(167mg,产率80%)。
产物3的1H NMR核磁数据如下:
1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6):δ0.83-0.88(t,6H),1.21-1.27(m,32H),1.42-1.50(m,4H),2.16-2.22(m,4H),6.40-6.63(m,6H)。
实施例5含饱和烷烃链化合物的CDDP前体药物4的合成,如图5所示:
在100mL圆底烧瓶中加入II(100mg,0.3mmol)和硬脂酸酐(336mg,0.6mmol),溶解在4mL无水二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,加入N,N’-二环己基碳二亚胺(0.3mmol)。70℃搅拌24小时,反应结束后加水析出得到无色固体;然后经过水和石油醚清洗,过滤得到产物4(119mg,产率46%)。
产物4的1H NMR核磁数据如下:
1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6):δ0.85-0.89(t,6H),1.20-1.27(m,56H),1.40-1.48(m,4H),2.17-2.21(m,4H),6.40-6.63(m,6H)。
实施例6含不饱和烷烃链化合物的CDDP前体药物5的合成,如图6所示:
在100mL圆底烧瓶中加入1(100mg,0.3mmol)和亚油酸酐(342mg,0.63mmol),溶解在3mL无水二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,加入N,N’-二环己基碳二亚胺(0.3mmol)。25℃搅拌48小时,反应结束后,减压除去溶剂;固体用柱层析色谱分离纯化(DCM:MeOH=100:1)过滤得到产物5(153mg,产率58%)。
产物5的1H NMR核磁如下:
1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6):δ0.84-0.88(t,6H),1.25-1.27(m,28H),1.43-1.49(m,4H),1.99-2.04(m,8H),2.18-2.22(t,4H),2.72-2.75(t,4H),5.27-5.38(m,8H),6.42-6.63(m,6H)。
实施例7含不饱和烷烃链化合物的CDDP前体药物6的合成,如图7所示:
在100mL圆底烧瓶中加入II(100mg,0.3mmol)和亚麻酸酐(323mg,0.6mmol),溶解在3mL无水二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,加入N,N’-二环己基碳二亚胺(0.3mmol)。25℃搅拌48小时,反应结束后,减压除去溶剂;固体用柱层析色谱分离纯化(DCM:MeOH=100:1)过滤得到产物6(138mg,产率54%)。
产物6的1H NMR核磁数据如下:
1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6):δ0.92-0.96(t,6H),1.24-1.26(m,16H),1.43-1.48(m,4H),1.99-2.04(m,8H),2.20-2.23(t,4H),2.70-2.74(t,8H),5.32-5.45(m,12H),6.40-6.61(m,6H)。
实施例8含不饱和烷烃链化合物的CDDP前体药物7的合成,如图8所示:
在100mL圆底烧瓶中加入1(100mg,0.3mmol)和油酸酐(345mg,0.63mmol),溶解在3mL无水二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,加入N,N’-二环己基碳二亚胺(0.3mmol)。25℃搅拌48小时,反应结束后,减压除去溶剂;固体用柱层析色谱分离纯化(DCM:MeOH=100:1)过滤得到产物7(148mg,产率57%)。
产物7的1H NMR核磁数据以及质谱数据如下:
1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6):δ0.83-0.87(t,6H),1.24-1.27(m,40H),1.42-1.48(m,4H),1.98-2.03(m,8H),2.18-2.21(t,4H),5.29-5.43(m,4H),6.41-6.62(m,6H)。
实施例9顺铂前体药物5纳米制剂的制备
取实施例中纯化得到的顺铂药物前体5(CDDP含量为1mg)溶解于3ml二氯甲烷中,在25摄氏度下,逐滴加入至10ml的1.2%泊洛沙姆F127(m/v)水溶液(g/mL)中,滴加完毕后,均匀稳定搅拌10min,减压去除二氯甲烷,使用冰水离心清洗多余泊洛沙姆F127即可得到顺铂纳米药物(记为5-NP)。
通过对DLS(动态光散射,Dynamic light scattering)和TEM(透射电子显微镜,Transmission electron microscopy)对纳米制剂进行表征,表明所制备的纳米粒径分布均在30nm左右,且分布均匀。DLS如图9所示,TEM如图10所示。
对本发明得到的其他顺铂前体药物进行同样的测定,粒径分布均在50nm以下,且分布均匀。
实施例10顺铂前体药物纳米制剂抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的能力
考察实施例中顺铂前体药物制剂对肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用,具体方法如下:
取对数生长期细胞,接种于96孔培养板(5000个细胞/孔)。放入在37℃细胞培养箱中恒温培养24h后,加入实施例9制备得到的顺铂纳米制剂,取7个浓度梯度(100,50,25,8.3,0.83,0.167,0.0334μM),以顺铂注射液作为对照组,每种药每个浓度4个重复值,加完药后将96孔细胞板放入细胞培养箱中培养72h后,在96孔板的每孔内加入30μL的四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT,5mg/ml溶解于PBS),继续放入细胞培养箱中培养4h后,吸弃培养基,每孔加入100μL二甲亚砜,用酶标仪检测490nm处的吸光值。计算细胞存活率,得到药物对细胞生长的IC50(半数抑制浓度)。所制备的顺铂纳米制剂对肿瘤细胞的体外毒性结果见表1。
表1.CDDP药物制剂在肿瘤细胞中的MTT活性测试(IC50±SD,μM)。
表1结果显示,在与人非小细胞肺癌A549及人结肠癌细胞LoVo培养72h后,纳米制剂5-NP的半数抑制浓度明显小于顺铂溶液的半数抑制浓度。说明顺铂在通过结构优化修饰以及制成纳米制剂后,在抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的能力上并不影响其药效发挥,反而相比顺铂溶液有显著提高。
按照相同的方法制备顺铂药物前体1~5和7的纳米制剂,进行相同的检测,其中化合物5~7对A549的IC50均小于15,对LoVo的IC50均小于2。
实施例11顺铂前体药物纳米制剂体内毒性评价
对实施例9制备的纳米制剂5-NP进行体内毒性的评价。4周龄ICR小白鼠,雌雄各半,每个三天一次尾静脉注射给药,总共三次:生理盐水,顺铂注射液(5mg/kg,10mg/kg和20mg/kg),纳米制剂5-NP(5mg/kg,10mg/kg,20mg/kg,30mg/kg),总共9组,每组10只。以第一天给药为0天,每隔三天进行对老鼠体重变化进行测量和统计。且于12天时,将老鼠麻醉致死后,取出肾脏固定后,进行组化分析。其中不同剂量的纳米制剂以及顺铂注射液的体重统计结果见图11,肾脏组化结果见图12。由图11可知,顺铂注射液在10mg/kg以及20mg/kg条件下,体重下降明显且在第6天和第9天死亡。纳米制剂相对顺铂注射液,整体体重变化不明显,说明系统毒性明显降低。由图12可知,顺铂注射液在剂量为20mg/kg时,肾脏细胞有明显凋亡现象,纳米制剂组没有影响。
实施例12顺铂前体药物纳米制剂体内抗肿瘤动物药效评价
对实施例9制备的纳米制剂5-NP对动物人非小细胞肺癌A549皮下瘤进行抑瘤评价。Balb/c裸鼠移植肿瘤2周后,每隔三天一次尾静脉给药,总共三次:生理盐水,顺铂注射液(5mg/kg),纳米药物、5-NP(5mg/kg),总共3组。以第一次给药为0天,每隔三天进行对瘤体体积变化以及体重变化的统计。对皮下瘤的药效评价结果见图13。由图可知,实例9中的纳米制剂5-NP的抑瘤效果与顺铂注射液相当。
上述实验结果表明,所制备的顺铂前体药物纳米制剂,在不影响其药物效果的情况下,显著降低顺铂的系统毒性,因此有望大幅提高CDDP药物的临床应用范围,具有非常大的临床应用前景。
实施例13顺铂前体药物水溶性评价
将5mgCDDP前体药物1、3、4、5分别溶解于5mL(浓度为1mg/mL)的水中,搅拌30分钟,静置15min后,如图14所示。CDDP前体药物1、3的状态为浑浊,CDDP前体药物2的状态为絮状析出,CDDP前体药物5为澄清透明。利用相同的实验步骤,对CDDP前体药物6和7进行水溶性实验,结果为澄清透明。
由实施例13可知,本发明得到的不饱和脂肪酸改性的CDDP前体药物具有更好的水溶性。
Claims (5)
3.根据权利要求2所述的顺铂药物前体的制备方法,其特征在于,所述缩合剂为N,N’-二环己基碳二亚胺、1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺或N,N’-二异丙基碳二酰亚胺。
4.根据权利要求2所述的顺铂药物前体的制备方法,其特征在于,所述二羟基二氯二氨铂与脂肪酸酐摩尔比为1:(1~5)。
5.一种权利要求1所述顺铂药物前体在制备抗肿瘤药物中的应用。
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