CN108849038B - 一种沉水植物种植毯及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种沉水植物种植毯及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN108849038B
CN108849038B CN201810586080.1A CN201810586080A CN108849038B CN 108849038 B CN108849038 B CN 108849038B CN 201810586080 A CN201810586080 A CN 201810586080A CN 108849038 B CN108849038 B CN 108849038B
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CN108849038A (zh
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张岩
许秋瑾
王萍
王成
檀伟
朱韻洁
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Suzhou University
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
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Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种沉水植物种植毯，其A类纤维的吸水性和保水性较好，可以吸取并保存大量的水分，一方面能够增加沉水后的重量，提升沉水稳定性，另一方面还能够为植物提供必要的营养环境，避免沉水植物根系和水体之间出现干燥隔离；B类纤维的强度等力学性质优异，保证了沉水植物种植毯的强度，确保了固定效果，避免沉水植物随着水流飘走或者出现倒伏。所述种植毯孔隙较大，透气性非常好，有利于沉水植物根系的呼吸，防止烂根现象的发生；同时，植物根系可以穿过这些纤维孔隙，扎根入水底淤泥中，吸收淤泥中的营养成分、增加沉水植物的稳定性。本发明还提供了一种沉水植物种植毯的制备方法，操作简便，易于实施。

Description

一种沉水植物种植毯及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及沉水种植技术领域，尤其涉及一种沉水植物种植毯及其制备方法。
背景技术
为了改善水体污染，可在水中种植沉水植物，通过沉水植物的生长来对水体进行净化。沉水植物可以增加水中的溶氧，净化水质，扩大水生动物的有效生存空间，从而改善提升整个水生生态系统。沉水植物在水生态修复尤其是提高水的能见度和景观营造方面的作用日益受到人们的重视。但是，由于水位太深或水系底部缺少种植条件往往限制了沉水植物的种植和恢复。
现有技术中多通过采用附加装置增加沉水植物的重力来实现沉水植物沉水的目的，该附加装置主要由有机树脂、金属材料或石料等材料制成，沉入水底后不利于沉水植物的成活和生长。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种沉水植物种植毯及其制备方法，该沉水植物种植毯具有很好的吸水性和保水性，以及较大的孔隙率，有利用沉水植物在水中的成活和生长。
为了实现上述发明目的，本发明提供以下技术方案：
本发明提供了一种沉水植物种植毯，包含层叠设置的上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元，所述上层种植毯单元设置有贯穿的种植孔，所述上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元通过紧固单元进行固定；
所述上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元独立地包含5～30层针刺纤维网，相邻两层针刺纤维网之间设置有粘结层；
每层针刺纤维网包含A类纤维和B类纤维，所述A类纤维为棉纤维、粘胶纤维、维纶纤维、醋酸纤维和秸秆纤维中的一种或几种，所述B类纤维为涤纶纤维和/或ES纤维。
优选的，所述上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元的厚度独立地为8～12mm。
优选的，所述紧固单元为竹钉和/或木钉。
优选的，所述A类纤维和B类纤维的质量比为(1～9):(1～9)。
优选的，所述粘结层用粘结剂为热熔粉、ES纤维、聚酯纤维、丙纶纤维和锦纶纤维中的一种或几种的混合物。
本发明还提供了一种所述沉水植物种植毯的制备方法，包含如下步骤：
(1)将A类纤维和B类纤维混合后制备成单层纤维网；
(2)将所述单层纤维网层叠后进行针刺处理，得到针刺纤维网；
(3)将5～30层所述针刺纤维网层叠设置，且在相邻两层针刺纤维网之间涂覆粘结剂形成粘结层，加热处理后得到种植毯单元；
(4)将两层种植毯单元层叠后进行固定，其中任意一层种植毯单元设置有贯穿种植孔，得到沉水植物种植毯。
优选的，所述步骤(2)中单层纤维网的厚度为3～5mm；
所述单层纤维网层叠的层数为3～10层。
优选的，所述步骤(2)中针刺处理的预针刺频率为45～600次/min，主针刺频率为45～600次/min，针刺密度为20～200刺/cm2，针刺深度为3～20mm。
优选的，所述步骤(3)中粘结纤维的涂覆密度为3～10g/cm2。
优选的，所述步骤(3)中加热处理的温度为130～160℃，时间为5～10min。
本发明提供了一种沉水植物种植毯，其主要材料为两种不同种类的纤维，A类纤维的吸水性和保水性较好，可以吸取并保存大量的水分，一方面能够增加沉水后的重量，提升沉水稳定性，另一方面还能够为植物提供必要的营养环境，避免沉水植物根系和水体之间出现干燥隔离；B类纤维的强度等力学性质优异，保证了沉水植物种植毯的强度，确保了固定效果，避免沉水植物随着水流飘走或者出现倒伏。所述种植毯由于纤维原料之间的交错作用，孔隙较大，透气性非常好，有利于沉水植物根系的呼吸，防止烂根现象的发生；同时，植物根系可以穿过这些纤维孔隙，扎根入水底淤泥中，吸收淤泥中的营养成分、增加沉水植物的稳定性。此外，本发明所述种植毯对原料来源无特殊要求，可以采用回收纤维原料，有利于回收资源的二次利用，节约资源和成本；所述种植毯以纤维为原料，与有机树脂和金属等材质制备的附加装置相比，降解性能较好，绿色环保。
本发明还提供了一种沉水植物种植毯的制备方法，该方法采用常规的气流成网工艺、针刺加固工艺、粘结工艺和紧固手段即可完成，无需进行复杂的结构设计和连接，操作简便，易于实施，能够进行大批量的工业化生产。
附图说明
图1为本发明沉水植物种植毯的结构示意图；
图2为本发明沉水植物种植毯栽种沉水植物后的结构示意图；
图中，1-下层种植毯单元，2-上层种植毯单元，3-紧固单元，4-种植孔，5-沉水植物。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了一种沉水植物种植毯，包含层叠设置的上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元，所述上层种植毯单元设置有贯穿的种植孔，所述上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元通过紧固单元进行固定；
所述上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元独立地包含5～30层针刺纤维网，相邻两层针刺纤维网之间设置有粘结层；
每层针刺纤维网包含A类纤维和B类纤维，所述A类纤维为棉纤维、粘胶纤维、维纶纤维、醋酸纤维和秸秆纤维中的一种或几种，所述B类纤维为涤纶纤维和/或ES纤维。
如图1所示，本发明提供的种植毯包含层叠设置的上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元，所述上层种植毯单元设置有贯穿的种植孔，所述上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元通过紧固单元进行固定。在本发明中，所述种植孔优选设置在种植毯的中间位置。
在本发明中，所述上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元独立地包含5～30层针刺纤维网，优选为10～20层，更优选为15～18层；相邻两层针刺纤维网之间设置有粘结层。本发明中，所述上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元的厚度独立地优选为8～12mm，更优选为9～10mm。
在本发明中，每层针刺纤维网包含A类纤维和B类纤维，所述A类纤维为棉纤维、粘胶纤维、维纶纤维、醋酸纤维和秸秆纤维中的一种或几种，所述B类纤维为涤纶纤维和/或ES纤维。本发明对所述A类纤维和B类纤维的来源没有任何的特殊限制，采用本领域技术人员所熟知的市售的A类纤维和B类纤维即可。本发明优选采用所述A类纤维和B类纤维的回收材料，具体的如采用旧衣服、旧布料、布料下脚料、纤维下脚料等废旧材料开松回收得到的回收纤维。
在本发明中，所述A类纤维和B类纤维的质量比优选为(1～9):(1～9)，更优选为(1～9):(3～6)。在本发明中，所述A类纤维的吸水性和保水性较好，可以吸取并保存大量的水分，一方面能够增加沉水后的重量，另一方面还能够为植物提供必要的营养环境，避免了沉水植物根系和水体之间出现干燥隔离；所述B类纤维的强度等力学性质较优异，保证了沉水植物种植毯的强度，确保了固定效果，避免沉水植物随着水流飘走或者出现倒伏。
在本发明中，所述粘结层用粘结剂优选为热熔粉、ES纤维、聚酯纤维、丙纶纤维和锦纶纤维中的一种或几种的混合物。本发明对所述粘结剂的来源和尺寸没有特殊要求，采用本领域技术人员所熟知的市售的能够实现粘结目的的粘结剂即可。
本发明对所述种植孔的设置方式没有特殊要求，可以根据待种植的沉水植物的种类、大小等特征进行常规设置。
在本发明中，所述种植孔的设置数量与所述沉水植物种植毯种植面的面积以及待种植沉水植物的种类和大小直接相关，若在一块沉水植物种植毯上设置多个种植孔时，种植孔之间的距离需要满足沉水植物后期生长的空间需求。本发明优选在每一块沉水植物种植毯上设置一个种植孔，该沉水植物种植毯的大小满足沉水需求即可，这样能够最大限度的减少沉水植物种植毯的使用面积，节约资源。在本发明具体实施例中，所述种植毯种植面的面积为20cm×20cm，种植孔的开口长度为16cm或17cm。
在本发明中，所述紧固单元优选为竹钉和/或木钉；所述紧固装置的设置能够保证上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元的结合强度，防止二者在水中发生分离。本发明对所述紧固装置的尺寸、数量、排布方式等特征没有特殊要求，根据根领域的常规技术知识进行设置，能够实现紧固上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元的目的即可。
本发明对所述沉水植物种植毯的密度无特殊要求，大于1g/cm3，能够实现水中下沉目的即可；所述沉水植物种植毯的密度可以根据实际需要，通过调整纤维种类和配比、针刺纤维网的密度、各层厚度等条件来进行调节；本发明所述沉水植物种植毯的密度优选大于等于1.5g/cm3。
本发明还提供了一种上述技术方案所述沉水植物种植毯的制备方法，包含如下步骤：
(1)将A类纤维和B类纤维混合后制备成单层纤维网；
(2)将所述单层纤维网层叠后进行针刺处理，得到针刺纤维网；
(3)将5～30层所述针刺纤维网层叠设置，且在相邻两层针刺纤维网之间涂覆粘结剂形成粘结层，加热处理后得到种植毯单元；
(4)将两层种植毯单元层叠后进行固定，其中任意一层种植毯单元设置有贯穿种植孔，得到沉水植物种植毯。
本发明将A类纤维和B类纤维混合后制备成单层纤维网。本发明优选采用气流成网机制备单层纤维网，所述气流成网机采用本领域技术人员所熟知的现有装置即可；所述气流成网机的风机速度优选为600～1000r/min，更优选为700～900r/min，最优选为800～850r/min；所述气流成网机的输送帘速度优选为2～3m/min；所述气流成网机的主锡林速度优选为2000～2500r/min，更优选为2100～2400r/min，最优选为2200～2300r/min；所述气流成网机的剥棉辊速度优选为20～30r/min，更优选为22～28r/min，最优选为24～26r/min；所述气流成网机的横向吹风机速度优选为800～1000r/min，更优选为850～950r/min。在本发明中，所述单层纤维网的厚度优选为0.1～5mm，更优选为0.5～3mm，最优选为1～1.5mm。
得到单层纤维网后，本发明将所述单层纤维网层叠后进行针刺处理，得到针刺纤维网。在本发明中，所述步骤(2)中层叠的层数优选为3～10层，更优选为5～8层。本发明优选采用市售的针刺机来实现所述针刺处理；所述步骤(2)中针刺处理的预针刺频率优选为45～600次/min，更优选为100～500次/min，最优选为200～300次/min；所述步骤(2)中针刺处理的主针刺频率优选为45～600次/min，更优选为100～500次/min，最优选为200～300次/min；所述步骤(2)中针刺处理的针刺密度优选为20～200刺/cm2，更优选为50～150刺/cm2，最优选为80～120刺/cm2；所述步骤(2)中针刺处理的针刺深度优选为3～20mm，更优选为5～15mm，最优选为8～12mm。本发明所述针刺处理能够将蓬松的单层纤维网压缩为致密的针刺纤维网；所述针刺纤维网的密度为调节所述沉水植物种植毯密度的主要因素，当需要增大沉水植物种植毯的密度时，增大针刺纤维网的密度即可；反之，缩小即可。
得到针刺纤维网后，本发明将5～30层所述针刺纤维网层叠设置，且在相邻两层针刺纤维网之间涂覆粘结剂形成粘结层，加热处理后得到种植毯单元。在本发明中，所述步骤(3)中粘结剂的涂覆密度优选为3～10g/cm2，更优选为5～8g/cm2；所述步骤(3)中加热处理的温度优选为130～160℃，更优选为140～150℃；所述步骤(3)中加热处理的时间优选为5～10min，更优选为6～8min。本发明对所述加热处理的实施方式没有特殊要求，能够实现加热粘结的目的即可。
本发明对所述加热处理的具体操作方法没有特殊要求，使用本领域技术人员熟知的操作方法进行即可。在本发明中，所述加热处理优选在加压条件下进行，所述压力能够确保粘结层的粘结效果，得到结合强度更好的种植毯单元。同时，由于所述压力的存在，针刺纤维网层中的纤维会排布的更加致密，得到密度和强度更高的种植毯单元。在本发明中，所述加压的压力优选为50～200N，更优选为100～150N。
得到种植毯单元后，本发明将两层种植毯单元层叠后进行固定，其中任意一层种植毯单元设置有贯穿种植孔，得到沉水植物种植毯。具体的，本发明可以将两层种植毯单元层叠后进行固定，对其中任意一层种植毯单元设置贯穿种植孔，得到沉水植物种植毯。本发明采用上述紧固单元实现两层种植毯单元层的固定，在此不再进行赘述；本发明优选采用切割的方式设置贯穿种植孔，对所述贯穿种植孔的技术要求如上文所述，在此不再进行赘述。
本发明还可以将一层设置有贯穿种植孔的种植毯单元和一层未做任何处理的种植毯单元层叠后固定，得到沉水植物种植毯。本方案所述种植孔和固定方案如上文所述，在此不再进行赘述。
本发明所述沉水植物种植毯在使用时，直接将沉水植物的根部塞入种植孔中，然后使用紧固装置对种植孔进行紧固后沉入水底即可。本发明沉水植物种植毯栽种沉水植物后的结构示意图如图2所示。
下面结合实施例对本发明提供的沉水植物种植毯及其制备方法进行详细的说明，但是不能把它们理解为对本发明保护范围的限定。
实施例1
(1)将90kg的A纤维(棉纤维)与10kg的B纤维(涤纶纤维)混合后加入到气流成网机梳理形成单层纤维网；
气流成网机的风机速度为600r/min，输送帘速度为2m/min，主锡林速度为2000r/min，剥棉辊速度为20r/min，横向吹风机速度为800r/min；
(2)将5层单层纤维网层叠之后在针刺机上进行针刺预加固，得到针刺纤维网；
预针刺频率为600次/min，主针刺频率为600次/min，针刺密度为200刺/cm2，针刺深度3mm；
(3)在所述针刺纤维网的一个表面涂覆3g/cm2的ES纤维，然后将20层涂覆了ES纤维的针刺纤维网层叠，在160℃、150N下热粘合8min得到种植毯单元；
(4)将两层(3)中的种植毯单元叠加在一起，用竹钉固定，在上层种植毯中间位置开一个贯穿的种植孔，得到沉水植物种植毯；
该沉水植物种植毯的种植面尺寸为20cm×20cm，种植孔的开口长度为17cm；
(5)将培养好的沉水植物(黑藻、轮叶黑藻、苦草、金鱼藻、狐尾藻、茨藻、小茨藻、菹草、马来眼子菜、蓖齿眼子菜、狐藻、伊乐藻)从(4)所述种植毯的种植孔处塞入，再次用竹钉将开口处封住，固定好沉水植物；将固定好的沉水植物沉入水中，水面浸没种植毯，沉水植物在种植毯上生长状况良好，没有烂根现象发生。
实施例2
(1)将10kg的A纤维(质量比为2:3:5的粘胶纤维、维纶纤维和秸秆纤维)与90kg的B纤维(ES纤维)混合后加入到气流成网机梳理形成单层纤维网；
气流成网机的风机速度为800r/min，输送帘速度为3m/min，主锡林速度为2300r/min，剥棉辊速度为25r/min，横向吹风机速度为900r/min；
(2)将8层单层纤维网层叠之后在针刺机上进行针刺预加固，得到针刺纤维网；
预针刺频率为200次/min，主针刺频率为300次/min，针刺密度为50刺/cm2，针刺深度20mm；
(3)在所述针刺纤维网的一个表面涂覆10g/cm2的ES纤维，然后将10层涂覆了ES纤维的针刺纤维网层叠，在145℃、200N下热粘合8min得到种植毯单元；
(4)将两层(3)中的种植毯单元叠加在一起，用竹钉固定，在上层种植毯中间位置开一个贯穿的种植孔，得到沉水植物种植毯；
该沉水植物种植毯的种植面尺寸为20cm×20cm，种植孔的开口长度为16cm；
(5)将培养好的沉水植物(黑藻、轮叶黑藻、苦草、金鱼藻、狐尾藻、茨藻、小茨藻、菹草、马来眼子菜、蓖齿眼子菜、狐藻、伊乐藻)从(4)所述种植毯的种植孔处塞入，再次用竹钉将开口处封住，固定好沉水植物；将固定好的沉水植物沉入水中，水面浸没种植毯，沉水植物在种植毯上生长状况良好，没有烂根现象发生。
实施例3
(1)将50kg的A纤维(醋酸纤维)与50kg的B纤维(质量比为1:1的涤纶纤维和ES纤维)混合后加入到气流成网机梳理形成单层纤维网；
气流成网机的风机速度为1000r/min，输送帘速度为3m/min，主锡林速度为2000r/min，剥棉辊速度为28r/min，横向吹风机速度为900r/min；
(2)将3层单层纤维网层叠之后在针刺机上进行针刺预加固，得到针刺纤维网；
预针刺频率为300次/min，主针刺频率为450次/min，针刺密度为150刺/cm2，针刺深度15mm；
(3)在所述针刺纤维网的一个表面涂覆5g/cm2的ES纤维，然后将30层涂覆了ES纤维的针刺纤维网层叠，在155℃、110N下热粘合8min得到种植毯单元；
(4)将两层(3)中的种植毯单元叠加在一起，用竹钉固定，在上层种植毯中间位置开一个贯穿的种植孔，得到沉水植物种植毯；
该沉水植物种植毯的种植面尺寸为20cm×20cm，种植孔的开口长度为16cm；
(5)将培养好的沉水植物(黑藻、轮叶黑藻、苦草、金鱼藻、狐尾藻、茨藻、小茨藻、菹草、马来眼子菜、蓖齿眼子菜、狐藻、伊乐藻)从(4)所述种植毯的种植孔处塞入，再次用竹钉将开口处封住，固定好沉水植物；将固定好的沉水植物沉入水中，水面浸没种植毯，沉水植物在种植毯上生长状况良好，没有烂根现象发生。
由以上实施例可知，本发明提供了一种沉水植物种植毯，其主要材料为两种不同种类的纤维，A类纤维的吸水性和保水性较好，可以吸取并保存大量的水分，一方面能够增加沉水后的重量，提升沉水稳定性，另一方面还能够为植物提供必要的营养环境，避免沉水植物根系和水体之间出现干燥隔离；B类纤维的强度等力学性质优异，保证了沉水植物种植毯的强度，确保了固定效果，避免沉水植物随着水流飘走或者出现倒伏。所述种植毯由于纤维原料之间的交错作用，孔隙较大，透气性非常好，有利于沉水植物根系的呼吸，防止烂根现象的发生；同时，植物根系可以穿过这些纤维孔隙，扎根入水底淤泥中，吸收淤泥中的营养成分、增加沉水植物的稳定性。此外，本发明所述种植毯对原料来源无特殊要求，可以采用回收纤维原料，有利于回收资源的二次利用，节约资源和成本，经济环保。
本发明还提供了一种沉水植物种植毯的制备方法，该方法采用常规的气流成网工艺、针刺加固工艺、粘结工艺和紧固手段即可完成，无需进行复杂的结构设计和连接，操作简便，易于实施，能够进行大批量的工业化生产。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当指出，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明原理的前提下，还可以做出若干改进和润饰，这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (5)

1.一种沉水植物种植毯，包含层叠设置的上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元，所述上层种植毯单元设置有贯穿的种植孔，所述上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元通过紧固单元进行固定；
所述上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元独立地包含5~30层针刺纤维网，所述上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元单元内部相邻两层针刺纤维网之间设置有粘结层；
每层针刺纤维网由A类纤维和B类纤维组成，所述A类纤维为棉纤维、粘胶纤维、维纶纤维、醋酸纤维和秸秆纤维中的一种或几种，所述B类纤维为涤纶纤维和/或ES纤维；所述A类纤维和B类纤维的质量比为1：（1~9）；
所述沉水植物种植毯的制备方法，包含如下步骤：
(1)将A类纤维和B类纤维混合后制备成单层纤维网；
(2)将所述单层纤维网层叠后进行针刺处理，得到针刺纤维网；
(3)将5~30层所述针刺纤维网层叠设置，且在相邻两层针刺纤维网之间涂覆粘结剂形成粘结层，加热处理后得到种植毯单元；所述加热处理的温度为130~160℃，时间为5~10min；所述加热处理在加压的条件下进行，所述加压的压力为50~200N；
(4)将两层种植毯单元层叠后进行固定，其中任意一层种植毯单元设置有贯穿种植孔，得到沉水植物种植毯；
所述步骤(2)中单层纤维网的厚度为3~5mm；所述单层纤维网层叠的层数为3~10层；所述步骤(3)中粘结纤维的涂覆密度为3~10g/cm2。
2.根据权利要求1所述的沉水植物种植毯，其特征在于，所述上层种植毯单元和下层种植毯单元的厚度独立地为8~12mm。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的沉水植物种植毯，其特征在于，所述紧固单元为竹钉和/或木钉。
4.根据权利要求1所述的沉水植物种植毯，其特征在于，所述粘结层用粘结剂为热熔粉、ES纤维、聚酯纤维、丙纶纤维和锦纶纤维中的一种或几种的混合物。
5.根据权利要求1所述的沉水植物种植毯，其特征在于，所述步骤(2)中针刺处理的预针刺频率为45~600次/min，主针刺频率为45~600次/min，针刺密度为20~200刺/cm2，针刺深度为3~20mm。
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