CN108791120A - 用于车辆的双电压单元 - Google Patents

用于车辆的双电压单元 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108791120A
CN108791120A CN201810390692.3A CN201810390692A CN108791120A CN 108791120 A CN108791120 A CN 108791120A CN 201810390692 A CN201810390692 A CN 201810390692A CN 108791120 A CN108791120 A CN 108791120A
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China
Prior art keywords
voltage
output
supply unit
battery
voltage supply
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Granted
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CN201810390692.3A
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CN108791120B (zh
Inventor
J·福塞尔
P·阿尔姆哈根
R·埃里克松
J·斯耶格兰
P·本特松
T·斯托尔福什
J·穆勒
A·贝尔弗拉格
A·瓦纳尔哈弗
A·埃里克松
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Volvo Car Corp
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Volvo Car Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R16/00—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
    • B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • B60L1/003—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles to auxiliary motors, e.g. for pumps, compressors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/007—Physical arrangements or structures of drive train converters specially adapted for the propulsion motors of electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/0046—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/16—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with provision for separate direct mechanical propulsion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
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    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
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    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/22—Balancing the charge of battery modules
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/24—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries
    • B60L58/26—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries by cooling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R16/00—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
    • B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
    • B60R16/03—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for
    • B60R16/033—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for characterised by the use of electrical cells or batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/10—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
    • B60W20/15—Control strategies specially adapted for achieving a particular effect
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/0862—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines characterised by the electrical power supply means, e.g. battery
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
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    • F02N11/087—Details of the switching means in starting circuits, e.g. relays or electronic switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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Abstract

一种用于车辆的电压供应单元，设置有适于向第一负载供应第一电压的第一输出并且设置有适于向第二负载供应第二电压的第二输出，其中所述第二电压通过由第一电压供电的DC/DC转换器获得，其中所述DC/DC转换器的低电压侧连接到第二输出并且所述DC/DC转换器的高电压侧连接到第一输出。本发明的优点是能够通过一个电池的使用来供应两种不同的电压，这简化了封装并且减少了重量和成本。

Description

用于车辆的双电压单元
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于车辆的双电压单元，其适于向车辆的电气部件供应较高和较低的电压。
背景技术
包括内燃发动机的车辆受到许多不同的立法要求和规定的约束。这些要求和规定中的一些是针对燃料消耗和废气排放。不同国家或市场可能有不同的要求。用于减少燃料消耗的一种措施是为车辆提供在车辆停止时(例如在红绿灯处或在队列中)允许关闭内燃发动机的起动/停止功能。
由于所述起动/停止功能，需要更大且更大功率的电池以便能够更频繁地运行起动电机。尤其是在寒冷的天气状况下，起动/停止功能还可能导致电压降低到例如10.5伏以下，这可以是被认为是用于车辆电气系统的最低允许电压。需要10.5伏以上的电压以确保所有电子控制单元正常工作。这个问题通常是通过使用第二个较小的辅助电池解决，而不是使用更大且更大功率的电池，该辅助电池将仅在发动机的起动期间向车辆的电气系统供电使得起动电池的电压降低不会影响到电气系统。
在现代汽车中，发动机舱中的封装情形使得电池不适合安装在发动机舱中，而发动机舱曾经是电池的常规位置。通常，主电池放置在车辆的后部，并且辅助支持电池放置在车辆的前部(例如在发动机舱中)。这需要长而粗的电缆来传输到主电池和来自主电池所需的电流。
为了减少电损耗，对车辆的高电流部件(例如起动电机)使用附加的48伏系统变得越来越普遍。48伏电池也与主电池一起放置在车辆的后部，而高电流负载主要放置在车辆的前部。高电流负载包括例如起动电机、用于动力转向的伺服电机以及自动制动系统。这些负载将需要高电流以及高峰值电流。
因此存在对用于车辆的电压供应单元改进的空间。
发明内容
因此，本发明的一个目的是提供一种改进的电压供应单元，其适于向车辆的电气系统供应多于一种电压。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种包括空气冷却的改进的电压供应单元。
根据本发明的问题的解决方案描述于关于电压供应单元的权利要求1特征部分中、关于车辆的权利要求11中以及关于方法的权利要求13中。其它权利要求包含创造性的电压供应单元和车辆的有利的进一步发展。所述权利要求还包含计算机程序和用于执行这种方法的计算机程序产品。
在用于车辆的电压供应单元中，设置有适于向第一负载供应第一电压的第一输出并且设置有适于向第二负载供应第二电压的第二输出，本发明的目的通过以下方式实现：所述第二电压通过由所述第一电压供电的DC/DC转换器获得，其中所述DC/DC转换器的低电压侧连接到所述第二输出并且所述DC/DC转换器的高电压侧连接到所述第一输出。
通过根据本发明的电压供应单元的第一实施例，提供了具有两种不同输出电压的电压供应单元，其中较低电压从由较高电压供电的DC/DC转换器获得。以这种方式，可以从单个电池向车辆的电气系统提供两种不同的供应电压。在电压供应单元中使用单个电池有几个优点。空间是一个优点。单个电池比两个或三个不同的电池需要更少的空间，这允许了电压供应单元更紧凑的封装。因此将电压供应单元安装在车辆的前部、在发动机舱中将是可能的。另一个优点是功率损耗的减少。与具有在车辆后部的电池的传统解决方案相比，更短的电力电缆意味着更少的功率损耗。这将进一步减少电力电缆和系统的重量和成本。
在一个示例中，车辆设置有48伏的较高供应电压和12伏的较低、常规的供应电压。在正常驾驶情况下，电池将向车辆的高电压负载供应较高的电压，例如48伏。DC/DC转换器将向车辆的低电压负载供应较低的电压，例如12伏。所述DC/DC转换器由所述电池供电。用作发电机的电机向48伏电池充电。所述电机还可用作电动机来驱动车辆或在起动驾驶时帮助加速车辆。
所述电池适用于向高电压负载和向DC/DC转换器供应48伏电压。因此在正常情况下不需要单独的12伏电池。在某些情况下，当从12伏输出获取高电流峰值时，所述DC/DC转换器将没有时间来调节输出电压。如果所需电流超过来自DC/DC转换器的正常电流输出，则DC/DC转换器将又不能将输出电压调节到12伏。高峰值电流的一个例子可例如是当电动转向电机起动时。在DC/DC转换器能够调节输出电压之前所述高峰值电流可导致低电压降低到预定的电压安全水平以下，该安全水平可例如为10.5伏。低于该电压安全水平，车辆的电子控制单元可能无法正常工作并且可能会例如停止、重置或输出错误值。因此输出电压永远不低于电压安全水平是很重要的。
所述电池包括多个串联布置的电池单元。通过将一些电池单元用作低电压电池组，可以向低电压负载提供高峰值电流。此低电压电池组在高电流负载被激活之前或同时连接到低电压输出。以这种方式，由低电压高电流负载获取的峰值电流能够由低电压电池组提供，这确保了输出电压将不会降低到电压安全水平以下。当已经输送了峰值电流并且DC/DC转换器稳定时，电池组能够被断开。
所述电压供应单元进一步设置有开关，如果高电压负载获取过多电流，该开关适于从电池断开部分或全部高电压负载。这是为了确保电池能够始终向DC/DC转换器提供足够的电流使得能够供应低电压负载。由于安全系统运行于低电压，因此低电压系统处于优先是很重要的。
在用于向车辆的电气系统供应电能的方法中，包括以下步骤：由电池向连接到第一输出的第一负载供应第一电压，由连接到电池的DC/DC转换器向连接到第二输出的第二负载供应第二电压，以及当预定的附加负载连接到第二输出时，将包括在电池中的第二电池组连接到第二输出。
通过所述方法的此第一实施例，所述方法将能够由单个电池组向车辆电气系统供应两种不同的电压。所述电池组的一部分被用作辅助电池以便能够向低电压负载供应高峰值电流。以这种方式，能够确保低电压总是高于预定的电压安全水平。通过此方法，不需要使用多于一个电池。这将节省空间和重量，并且将减少功率损耗，因为不需要为车辆的后部使用长电力电缆。
附图说明
下面将参考附图更详细地描述本发明，其中：
图1示出了根据本发明的示意性电压供应单元，
图2示出了根据本发明的电压供应单元的示意性剖视图，
图3示出了包括根据本发明的电压供应单元的示意性车辆，
图4示出了用于向车辆供应电能的创造性方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
在下面描述的具有进一步发展的本发明的实施例仅被视为示例并且绝不限制本专利各权利要求所提供的保护的范围。
图1示出了连接到第一负载10、第二负载11以及电机6的示意性电压供应单元1。所述电压供应单元1包括适于向第一负载10供应第一电压的第一输出7。在该示例中，所述第一电压将是48伏，但是其它系统中能够使用更高的电压(例如400伏)。所述电压供应单元进一步包括适于向第二负载11供应第二较低电压的第二输出8。在该示例中，所述第二电压将是标准的12伏电压。所述电压供应单元进一步包括接地端子9，其具有零伏电势。所述12伏电压是通过由48伏电压供电的DC/DC转换器5获得的。所述DC/DC转换器的12伏电压侧连接到第二输出8并且DC/DC转换器的48伏电压侧连接到第一输出7。用作为电池充电的发电机的电机6连接到第一输出7。
电压供应单元能够因此供应两种不同的输出电压，其中较低电压是从由较高电压供电的DC/DC转换器获得的。以这种方式，可由单个电池向车辆的电气系统提供两种不同的供应电压。车辆的大多数部件将以12伏运行，但是一些高功率部件(例如用作起动电机或驱动电机的电机)将以48伏运行以便减少电流和功率损耗。当用于动能回收系统(KERS)中时，48伏负载可能仅仅是电机，或者可能是几个高电压部件，例如电机以及例如防抱死制动系统(ABS)。通过使用DC/DC转换器而不是常规的支持低电压的电池，减少了空间和重量。此外，带有DC/DC转换器的48伏电池能够取代常规的12伏主电池。
48伏电池2包括串联连接的多个电池单元。典型的电池单元可具有2.4伏的标称电势并且对于所述电池可使用18个电池单元。所述电池包括第一电池组3和第二电池组4，其中此示例中的第二电池组构成所述电池的前六个电池单元。
在通常情况下，48伏输出将供应高电压负载10而12伏输出将通过DC/DC转换器供应低电压负载11。如果附加高功率负载12连接到12伏输出，或者如果连接到12伏输出的附加高功率负载12被接通，则可能不得不向负载供应一个瞬时电流冲击。这种电流冲击(current surge)可能具有高峰值。由于DC/DC转换器需要一些时间去适应所要求的输出中的变化，因此当从12伏输出获取瞬时高电流峰值时，DC/DC转换器将不能足够快地调节输出电压。所述DC/DC转换器也可被设计成使得其不适于传递如此高的电流峰值。这可以例如当电动转向电机起动时发生。所述高峰值电流可导致低电压输出降低到预定的电压安全水平以下，该安全水平在DC/DC转换器能够调节输出电压之前可能是例如10.5伏。低于该电压安全水平，车辆的电子控制单元可能无法正常工作，并且可能会例如停止、重置或输出错误值。因此输出电压永远不低于电压安全水平是很重要的。电子控制单元中的故障可能是例如破坏车辆的数据总线通信。
所述电压供应单元在这种情况下将通过使用第二开关15将第二电池组4连接到12伏输出。所述第二开关优选为具有低电阻的半导体开关。所述第二电池组优选在高功率负载连接到12伏输出之前一些时候或者在连接到12伏输出的高功率负载被接通之前一些时候连接到12伏输出，使得在附加负载12需要电流之前获得稳定状态。第二电池组将能够供应所需的瞬时电流冲击并且将用作常规的支持电池。当瞬时电流已经被传递并且DC/DC转换器的输出稳定时，第二开关15能够将第二电池组4从12伏输出断开。
由于第二电池组将不会经常或在很长时间连接到12伏输出，因此不会有第一电池组和第二电池组之间的充电状态不平衡的问题。然而在电压供应单元中集成平衡功能是有利的，其能够当需要时为第二电池组充电使得电池将正常工作。这可以例如通过关闭第二开关来实现，以便从DC/DC转换器的低电压输出为第二电池组充电。
所述第一电池组和第二电池组串联连接，从而形成48伏电池。在正常操作中，第二电池组未连接到12伏输出。第二开关因此是常开的，并且所述12伏输出仅由DC/DC转换器提供。
输出7还设置有第一开关14，该第一开关可以在紧急情况下打开，例如当车辆的总功耗高于特定值时，以确保有足够的功率从48伏电池通过DC/DC转换器供应12伏负载。在正常情况下，第一开关是关闭的。所述第一开关优选为具有低电阻的半导体开关。所述第一负载在一个示例中是在车辆的起动/停止系统中使用的起动发动机。其它高电压负载也是可以的。所述负载可以例如是用作用于内燃发动机的辅助电机的电机，其用于在加速期间增加附加功率。如果第一负载的电流消耗超过预定的值，使得电池的功率不足以供应第一负载以及通过DC/DC转换器供应第二负载，则第一开关可断开第一负载或第一负载的一部分。如果第一输出的电压降低到预定的值以下，则DC/DC转换器可能不能够输出稳定的电压。由于车辆的安全功能是由12伏输出供电，所以12伏输出是优先的。因此，通过第二输出确保稳定且可靠的12伏电压是很重要的。所述系统被设计成使得这种情形在正常操作情况下不会发生，但可能发生在例如寒冷的天气条件伴随耗尽的电池的情况下。第一开关14还可构成用于高电压输出的主开关。
如果电池完全耗尽，电压供应单元包括电池充电功能，该功能允许48伏电池通过外部12伏电源充电。该功能优选集成到DC/DC转换器中作为升压转换器，使得所述12伏电源可连接到第二输出。48伏电池现在能够通过DC/DC转换器充电。这在例如当常规车辆通过跨接电缆帮助车辆起动时是有用的。
当车辆停车并且点火装置关闭时，电压供应单元还可用于为当点火装置关闭时仍然工作的部件所需的无功电流(idle current)。这可以例如是时钟、报警电路、遥控接收器以及在黑暗中的停车灯。在这种情况下，DC/DC转换器关闭并且第二电池组连接到第二输出。车辆的无功电流相对较低并且通常低于1安培。通过使用第二电池组来供应无功电流，能够避免DC/DC转换器的损耗。此外，用于这种低电流的DC/DC转换器的效率相对较低。当第二电池组耗尽或第二电池组的电荷降至预定水平以下时，DC/DC转换器起动使得能够供应无功电流。如果第二电池组的电压降至预定电压水平以下，则也可以通过DC/DC转换器为第二电池组充电。
电压供应单元包括电池和电子控制单元13。所述电子控制单元可以例如包括DC/DC转换器、电池单元电压监测、电池单元平衡电路、温度测量和监测、输出电流测量以及用于与车辆的电气系统通信的CAN总线通信电路。所述电子控制单元可包括安装在电压供应单元中的单个印刷电路板。
电压供应单元适于放置在车辆的前部，在发动机舱中。由于电压供应单元将放置在发动机舱中，所以电压供应单元的环境将会相对较热。电池和DC/DC转换器中的功率损耗将会产生一些额外的热量。将电池、DC/DC转换器和电子控制单元封闭在气密壳体中使得电压供应单元免受环境(例如灰尘和湿度)影响是更为有利的。为了将电压供应单元的工作温度保持在可接受的水平，所述电压供应单元设置有主动空气冷却系统19。
在图2中示出了电压供应单元1的示例剖视图。冷却系统的一个目的是冷却电压供应单元的主动发热部件，其主要是电池和DC/DC转换器。冷却系统的另一个目的是减少来自发动机的热辐射的影响。由于电压供应单元不仅包括电池，而且还包括电子器件，因此将敏感部件密闭在保护壳体20中是有利的，该保护壳体20保护所述部件免受环境的影响。所述壳体限制了来自有源部件的散热。壳体的外侧设置有具有冷却片21的散热器，该散热器将改善来自有源部件的散热。所述电压供应单元进一步设置有封闭电压供应单元的壳体的盖22。电风扇23通过电压供应单元在所述盖和壳体之间产生气流。所述气流将从散热器带走热量，其降低了有源部件的温度。
以这种方式，可以限制电池的温度，电池是最热敏感的部件。气流的温度将等于环境温度。在这种情况下，电池的温度可以在稳定状态下上升至高于环境温度约10摄氏度的温度。风扇速度优选依据环境空气温度和/或依据使用的电流或功率来控制。散热器优选设置在电压供应单元的壳体的至少两侧上。这将扩大电压供应单元的有效冷却面积。流向电压供应单元的空气可能会通过空气过滤器以清除空气中的颗粒。这将减少散热器的冷却片的污染，否则会减少散热器的散热。
图3示出了包括根据本发明的电压供应单元1的车辆30。电压供应单元放置在车辆的前部，在邻近内燃发动机31的发动机舱中。通过将电压供应单元放置在大多数高负载部件所处的以及车辆的发电机所处的车辆前部，简化了布线。
图4示出了用于向车辆的电气系统供应电能的方法的示意流程图。所述方法在车辆的使用期间执行。当车辆停车时(例如在傍晚或夜晚)，优选利用连接到电压供应单元的外部电网为混合动力车辆充电。该方法步骤优选通过包含的计算机程序及计算机程序产品执行并运行于车辆或电压供应单元电子控制单元中。
在步骤100中，由电池向连接到第一输出的第一负载供应第一电压，并且由连接到电池的DC/DC转换器向连接到第二输出的第二负载供应第二电压。在所示的示例中，第一电压是48伏并且第二电压是12伏，但是其它电压也是可能的，例如36伏和12伏或400伏和12伏。第一电压由48伏电池供应并且所述第二电压通过由48伏电池供电的DC/DC转换器供应。通过使用DC/DC转换器得到较低电压，不需要使用单独的低电压电池。所述48伏输出供应一些高电压部件，例如起动电机、驱动电机或主动悬架。所述12伏输出供应常规的车辆系统，例如仪表板、显示器、灯具等。
在步骤110中，第二电池组与DC/DC转换器并联连接到第二输出。第二电池组的电压与DC/DC转换器的输出相同，并且在所示示例中为12伏。当附加负载连接到第二输出时第二电池组连接到第二输出。所述附加负载是需要高起动电流的负载，其不能由DC/DC转换器提供。所述附加负载可以例如是伺服电机或制动系统中的阀。第二电池组可在附加负载连接到第二输出之前或在附加负载被激活之前连接到第二输出。也可以在附加负载连接到第二输出的同时或在附加负载被激活的同时连接第二输出。
通过将电池组连接到第二输出，能够通过电池组提供所需的峰值电流。如果仅从DC/DC转换器获取如此高的峰值电流，则来自DC/DC转换器的输出电压会降低到预定的安全水平以下。
在步骤120中，所述第二电池组与所述第二输出断开。除了必要外第二电池组不应连接到第二输出。第二电池组的目的是提供附加负载所需的峰值电流。当附加负载处于稳定状态时，DC/DC转换器将供应该稳态电流。
本发明不应被视为限制于上述实施例，在随后的专利权利要求的范围内可能有许多额外变化和修改。
附图标记
1：电压供应单元
2：电池
3：第一电池组
4：第二电池组
5：DC/DC转换器
6：电机
7：第一输出
8：第二输出
9：接地端
10：第一负载
11：第二负载
12：附加负载
13：电子控制单元
14：第一开关
15：第二开关
20：壳体
21：带有冷却片的散热器
22：盖
23：风扇
30：车辆
31：内燃发动机

Claims (15)

1.一种用于车辆的电压供应单元(1)，设置有适于向第一负载(10)供应第一电压的第一输出(7)并且设置有适于向第二负载(11)供应第二电压的第二输出(8)，其中所述第二电压通过由所述第一电压供电的DC/DC转换器(5)获得，其中所述DC/DC转换器的低电压侧连接到所述第二输出(8)并且所述DC/DC转换器的高电压侧连接到所述第一输出(7)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电压供应单元，其中所述电压供应单元(1)包括电池(2)，所述电池(2)包括串联连接的第一电池组(3)和第二电池组(4)，其中所述电池的输出电压等于第一电压并且第二电池组的输出电压等于第二电压。
3.根据权利要求2所述的电压供应单元，其中所述电压供应单元包括第二开关(15)，该第二开关适于在预定的附加负载(12)连接到第二输出时与所述DC/DC转换器的低电压侧并联地将所述第二电池组(4)连接到所述第二输出(8)。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的电压供应单元，其中所述DC/DC转换器适于在所述第二电池组(4)的充电状态与所述第一电池组(3)的充电状态之间的比例低于预定量的情况下向第二电池组(4)充电。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的电压供应单元，其中所述电压供应单元包括第一开关(14)，如果通过第二输出(8)提供的电流超过预定的极限，则该第一开关适于将所述第一负载(10)从所述第一输出(7)断开。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的电压供应单元，其中所述DC/DC转换器适于通过连接到所述第二输出(7)的外部电压供应向所述电池(2)充电。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的电压供应单元，其中所述电池(2)、所述DC/DC转换器(5)以及所述空气电压供应(1)的控制单元(13)包括在气密壳体(20)中。
8.根据权利要求7所述的电压供应单元，其中所述电压供应单元包括空气冷却系统(19)。
9.根据权利要求8所述的电压供应单元，其中所述电压供应单元包括封闭所述电压供应单元的壳体(20)的外壳(22)，并且所述壳体设置有冷却片(21)。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的电压供应单元，其中所述空气冷却系统(19)包括风扇(23)。
11.车辆，其中所述车辆(30)包括根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的电压供应单元(1)。
12.根据权利要求11所述的车辆，其中所述车辆(1)是混合动力车辆。
13.一种用于向车辆的电气系统供应电能的方法，其包括以下步骤：
向第一负载供应第一电压，所述第一负载连接到电池的第一输出，
向第二负载供应第二电压，所述第二负载连接到DC/DC转换器的第二输出，其中所述DC/DC转换器连接到所述电池的第一输出，
当预定的附加负载连接到第二输出时，将包括在电池中的第二电池组连接到第二输出。
14.一种计算机程序，其包括用于当所述程序在计算机上运行时执行权利要求13所述的所有步骤的程序代码装置。
15.一种计算机程序产品，其包括存储在计算机可读介质上的程序代码装置，该程序代码装置用于当所述程序产品在计算机上运行时执行权利要求13所述的所有步骤。
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WO2022126458A1 (zh) * 2020-12-16 2022-06-23 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 供电装置、电池管理系统、供电系统、控制方法及介质
US11731529B2 (en) 2020-12-16 2023-08-22 Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited Power supply apparatus, battery management system, power supply system, control method and medium

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