CN108732907A - 钟表用陶瓷组件 - Google Patents

钟表用陶瓷组件 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108732907A
CN108732907A CN201810359820.8A CN201810359820A CN108732907A CN 108732907 A CN108732907 A CN 108732907A CN 201810359820 A CN201810359820 A CN 201810359820A CN 108732907 A CN108732907 A CN 108732907A
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ceramic
ceramic component
noble metal
weight
equal
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CN201810359820.8A
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西里亚克·博卡尔
洛朗·明科内
奥利维耶·皮若尔
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Rolex SA
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Montres Rolex SA
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种钟表用陶瓷组件。一种用于钟表或珠宝首饰的陶瓷组件,尤其是基于氧化锆和/或氧化铝的陶瓷组件,包括含量小于或等于5重量%的铂、铑、锇、钯、钌和铱中的至少一种贵金属。

Description

钟表用陶瓷组件
技术领域
本发明涉及陶瓷组件。这种陶瓷组件可用于计时器和珠宝。尤其,这种部件可用于钟表中,尤其是用于装饰部件(诸如表圈)或功能部件(诸如机芯部件)。
背景技术
在计时器领域中,正如在珠宝中,已知使用由陶瓷制成的组件,尤其是装饰组件。然而,由于难以或甚至不可能获得某些颜色(尤其是某些灰色色调)并且难以获得均匀的可预测且可再现的颜色,所以这些陶瓷组件的应用受限。此外,获得特定色调需要由初始组分生产整批材料,并且证明这是耗时且复杂的。
另一个限制因素是难以测试能够与已知陶瓷的成分结合的某些元素的添加效果,尤其是为了获得陶瓷组件的某些特定机械特性。这里,每个测试都很复杂,并且需要由初始组分生产整批材料。
制造陶瓷组件的通常方法包括制备主要材料的第一阶段,主要材料即陶瓷粉末,诸如基于氧化锆和/或氧化铝的陶瓷粉末。在这个第一阶段中,这种主要材料通常制备成陶瓷粉末的形式,能够向其中添加例如其他氧化物以强化陶瓷组件,或者添加颜料以获得有色材料。颜料通常为金属氧化物型或稀土氧化物型,并且通过液体法而添加到基础陶瓷粉末中并与其混合,从而使颜料通过使用载液而引入。
制造陶瓷组件的方法的第二阶段是将粘结剂添加到在第一阶段获得的陶瓷粉末中。这种粘结剂通常由一种或多种有机化合物组成。粘结剂的性质和比例取决于第三阶段中的预期方法,并且在这个阶段结束时可以通称为粘结陶瓷粉末。
第三阶段在于使陶瓷组件成型。为此,第一种途径包括压制在第二阶段结束时获得的粘结的颗粒簇的步骤,在该方法中,第二阶段制备用于压制的雾化颗粒形式的粘结陶瓷粉末。第二种途径是通过注入模具进行成型。在这种情况下,由第二阶段产生的制品是被称为“原料”的粘结陶瓷粉末。第三种途径是通过浇注到模具(通常称为粉浆浇注)中进行成型。在这种情况下,由第二阶段产生的制品是悬浮的粘结陶瓷粉末(称为粉浆或“浆料”)。在第三阶段结束时,陶瓷组件具有与其最终形状接近的形状,并且含有陶瓷粉末和粘结剂。可以使用其他成型技术,诸如凝胶浇注、冷冻浇注或凝固浇注技术。
第四阶段使陶瓷组件完成。这个第四阶段包括对组件脱粘的第一步骤,对组件脱粘即除去粘结剂,例如通过使用热处理或使用溶剂。第二步骤可以使部件压实,从而消除由除去粘结剂而留下的孔隙。这个第二步骤通常是热烧结处理(在高温下烧制)。陶瓷组件的最终颜色以及其最终的机械性能仅出现在第四阶段结束时,并且这既是组件的各种成分之间的反应的结果,也是炉内存在的在热处理过程中发挥作用的气氛的结果。这些反应很复杂,并且有时难以预测。
可以看出,上面详述的陶瓷组件的传统制造方法具有若干缺点。具体而言,获得的颜色和最终性能取决于许多参数,诸如在第一阶段中形成的粉末的微观结构,尤其是粉末颗粒的尺寸、颜料的尺寸、它们与陶瓷的反应能力以及烧结环境等。它还取决于与制造的其他阶段有关的所有其他因素,诸如最终组件中孔隙的尺寸和数量、晶界的组成、密度、一种或多种颜料的百分比及其在基体中的分布、在烧结过程中这些颜料之间或这些颜料与主要陶瓷材料或气氛组分之间的任何可能组合,以及初始化合物的化学纯度和可能存在的内在和外在污染物。这种要考虑的参数的多重性使得难以预测并可重复地获得某些期望的颜色。如果彩色颜料的量较少,则情况更是如此。因此,为了缓和这一缺点,所有现有方法必须使用大量颜料。此外,某些方法试图通过添加基于复杂化学的步骤来改善结果,这当然具有使制造方法更复杂的缺点。
而且,管理陶瓷组件颜色的困难性使得实际上需要进行大量的测试,这涉及到生产从粘结陶瓷粉末的制备到最终成型的大量完整样品,同时为了确定最佳方法对每个样品改变一些上述参数。此外,如果希望改变颜色,即便略微改变颜色,整个方法也必须从头开始,包括再次准备大量样品。因此,在实践中,寻找陶瓷组件的可控颜色通常对于将其用作装饰元件而言是必需的,需要复杂费力的开发步骤。
最后,尽管进行了大量测试,但现在已观察到:似乎是不可能使陶瓷组件具有某种颜色,尤其是某些灰色,诸如CIE L*a*b*色坐标(83;0;0.6)和CIE L*a*b*色坐标(47;0.2;-0.2)限定的灰色;而在工业环境中更是如此。通常,不可能获得例如由接近0的a*和b*参数和小于96的L*参数限定的颜色,尤其是严格意义上的灰色。
因此,本发明的一般目的是提出一种用于制造不具有现有技术的缺点的陶瓷组件(尤其是用于钟表)的解决方案。
更精确而言,本发明的第一个目的是提出一种用于制造能够获得性能改进的陶瓷(尤其是颜色可控的陶瓷)的陶瓷组件的解决方案。
本发明的第二个目的是提出一种用于简化制造有色陶瓷组件的解决方案。
本发明的第三个目的是提出一种灰色陶瓷。
本发明的第四个目的是提出一种用于改变已经有色的陶瓷粉末来改变最终陶瓷组件的最终颜色的简单方法。
发明内容
为此,本发明涉及一种用于钟表或珠宝首饰的陶瓷组件,尤其是基于氧化锆和/或氧化铝和/或铝酸锶的陶瓷组件,包括含量小于或等于5重量%的铂、铑、锇、钯、钌和铱中的至少一种贵金属。
权利要求更精确地限定了本发明。
附图说明
参考附图,以下具体实施方式的非限制性描述将详细公开本发明的这些目的、特征和优点,在附图中:
图1示意性地示出了根据本发明的一个实施方式由钟表用有色陶瓷制成的组件的制造方法的步骤流程图。
图2示出了根据本发明的一个实施方式的根据第一实施例获得的陶瓷组件。
图3示出了根据本发明的一个实施方式的根据第二实施例获得的陶瓷组件。
图4示出了根据本发明的一个实施方式的根据第三实施例获得的陶瓷组件。
图5示出了根据本发明的一个实施方式的根据第四实施例获得的陶瓷组件。
图6是根据本发明的实施方式的七个示例性实现方法获得的陶瓷组件的结果表。
图7示出了作为本发明的一个实施方式获得的实施例4至7的陶瓷组件的铂含量的函数的清晰度的变化。
图8示出了作为本发明的一个实施方式获得的实施例4至7的陶瓷组件的铂含量的函数的a*色度参数的变化。
图9示出了作为本发明的一个实施方式获得的实施例4至7的陶瓷组件的铂含量的函数的b*色度参数的变化。
图10是根据本发明的实施方式的三个示例性实现方法获得的陶瓷组件的结果表。
图11是根据本发明的实施方式的示例性实现方法获得的陶瓷组件的结果表。
图12示出了根据本发明的一个实施方式的根据一个实施例获得的陶瓷组件。
图13示出了根据本发明的一个实施方式的根据另一个实施例获得的陶瓷组件。
图14是根据本发明的实施方式的上述两个示例性实现方法获得的陶瓷组件的结果表。
具体实施方式
在下文中,陶瓷组件被定义为由致密多晶材料制成的组件,该致密多晶材料主要包括至少一种陶瓷,尤其是基于氧化锆和/或氧化铝和/或铝酸锶的陶瓷,例如用氧化钇和/或氧化铈和/或氧化镁和/或氧化钙稳定的氧化锆。陶瓷粉末被定义为由陶瓷细颗粒组成的细碎固体形式的粉末,尤其是基于氧化锆和/或氧化铝和/或铝酸锶的细颗粒。为了简化描述,已经决定保留陶瓷粉末的相同术语,广义上用于主要含陶瓷细颗粒以及其他添加元素(诸如一种或多种颜料)或其目的是加强陶瓷的氧化物(诸如氧化钇)的粉末。因此,在所有实施方式中,陶瓷粉末或陶瓷组件主要包含陶瓷类型的一种组分或多种元素,即,至少50重量%,或者甚至至少75%,或者甚至至少90%的陶瓷类型的这种组分或多种元素。举例来说,陶瓷粉末或陶瓷组件包括至少50%的氧化锆。
在所有情况下,陶瓷粉末都不含有机化合物。通用术语“粘结陶瓷粉末”是指由陶瓷粉末和粘结剂组成的并且通过压制、通过注射、通过浇注或通过其他技术成型的复合材料,该粘结剂通常由一种有机化合物或多种不同比例的有机化合物组成。
术语“(压制)颗粒”是指通过压制方法(例如冷或热单轴压制,或者冷或热等静压制)成型的粘结陶瓷粉末的簇。颗粒通常包括1重量%至4重量%的有机化合物。
术语“可注射陶瓷粉末”(通常也称为“原料”)是指通过高压注射方法或低压注射方法成型的粘结陶瓷粉末。可注射陶瓷粉末通常包括12重量%至25重量%的有机化合物。
术语“浆料”是指通过粉浆浇注或凝胶浇注成型的粘结陶瓷粉末。浆料通常包括1重量%至25重量%的有机化合物。
根据本发明的实施方式的陶瓷组件的制造方法包括图1的流程图所示意性示出的阶段和步骤。
这个制造方法因此包括该方法的通常阶段P1至P4,即,制备陶瓷粉末(P1)、添加粘结剂(P2)、使组件成型(P3)以及脱粘和烧结的热处理(P4)。这些阶段的传统部分将不会在这个阶段列出,因为他们是现有技术中已知的。因此,本领域技术人员能够实施它们,包括根据任何现有的变型或等同方式。
本发明的实施方式不同于传统方法,尤其在于增加通过干法来沉积至少一种附加的元素或化合物(例如着色元素)的步骤E3。
根据第一变型实施方式,沉积步骤E3由物理气相沉积(PVD)和/或化学气相沉积(CVD)组成。
根据第二变型实施方式,沉积步骤E3由原子层沉积(ALD)组成。
这个沉积步骤E3在粘结或未粘结的陶瓷粉末上实施,即,在制造方法的第一阶段P1之后或在制造方法的第二阶段P2之后实施。它因此能够在仅含陶瓷颗粒的陶瓷粉末上实施,或者在含有机化合物的陶瓷粉末上实施,例如在颗粒上或在注射原料上实施。它在该方法的第三阶段P3之前实施。为了简化描述,在下文中,粘结或未粘结的陶瓷粉末应该是含有一种或多种通过实施本发明的沉积步骤E3获得的附加的元素或化合物的陶瓷粉末。
附加的元素或化合物可以是各种各样的,尤其是金属、氧化物、氮化物或碳化物。金属被理解为是指纯金属或合金。因此能够有利地是基于金属的化合物。为了简化起见,无论是对于一种元素、对于化合物还是对于合金,本文件的其余部分都将不加区分地使用术语“附加元素”或“附加化合物”。
本发明的新颖之处在于:它允许使用不能用于现有解决方案的金属,诸如具有大于或等于1200℃或者甚至大于或等于1500℃的高熔点的贵金属。因此,本发明能够使用铂、铑、锇、钯、钌或铱作为附加元素。
因此,附加化合物能够是通过将金属合金直接沉积到粘结或未粘结的陶瓷粉末上或通过将金属合金的多种元素连续或同时沉积到粘结或未粘结的陶瓷粉末上所获得的金属合金。
自然可以使用多种不同的附加的元素或化合物,并且通过如上所述的一个或多个沉积步骤E3将其同时或连续地沉积到相同的陶瓷粉末上。可用的附加化合物的这种增加显然能够增加陶瓷的可能颜色以及其他可能的性能,尤其是机械或摩擦性能。
值得注意的是,本领域技术人员通常将通过液体方式将彩色颜料添加到陶瓷中。本领域技术人员通常不通过干法或直接沉积到粘结或未粘结的陶瓷粉末上来这样做。在通过干法进行沉积的情况下,必须考虑以下参数:
-沉积物在粉末上的均匀性,
-粉末的形状均匀性和颗粒尺寸,
-该方法的温度,
-除气(outgassing)的风险,
-(隔离)移动碎固体的静电特性,
-设备的材料的光洁度和性质,尤其需要正确选择沉积物的性质和颗粒粘结剂的性质之间的配对,以防止粉末粘附到设备上。
例如,在PVD沉积的情况下,为了降低由于小颗粒尺寸及其静电性质导致的PVD室内粉末团聚的风险,沉积有利地在粘结陶瓷粉末上进行,例如在用于压制的颗粒(具有约几十微米的平均尺寸)或较大的颗粒形式的可注射陶瓷粉末(具有约几毫米的平均尺寸)上。因此,该方法呈现出含陶瓷粉末和有机化合物的混合基材具有差的热完整性,最高温度为45℃。
此外,可以看出,即使将非常少量的附加化合物添加到陶瓷中,本发明的方法也能够取得非常令人满意的结果,相对于陶瓷组件的新性能或改进性能。因此,与现有技术方案相比,陶瓷组件的颜色不仅与现有解决方案相比得到了改进,因为它是均匀的和/或能够允许新的色调,而且这种改进的结果是通过添加非常少量的附加着色元素或化合物获得的,尤其是在含量上远远低于传统方法使用的彩色颜料的量。
例如,PVD沉积方法使用比例小于或等于5重量%,或者甚至小于或等于3重量%,或者甚至2重量%的附加元素或化合物。有利地,这个比例大于或等于0.01%。有利地,这个比例介于0.01%和5%之间,或者甚至介于0.01%和3%之间(包括端值)。应注意的是,所有的重量比例是对最终陶瓷组件(在进行制造方法的第四阶段之后)或对所用的未粘结或脱粘的陶瓷粉末进行测量的。ALD沉积方法甚至用于获得更低的比例,可能小于或等于5重量%,且尤其是小于或等于2重量%,或者甚至小于或等于1重量%,或者甚至小于或等于0.05重量%,或者甚至小于或等于0.01重量%。有利地,这些比例大于或等于1ppm。有利地,这些比例介于1ppm和0.01%之间,或者甚至介于1ppm和0.05%之间,或者甚至介于1ppm和5%之间(包括端值)。因此,本发明具有以少量的材料或甚至非常少量的材料获得非常引人注目的结果的优点,而不用每次都准备完整批次,并且还能够迭代地改变基本批次。
此外,重要的是强调本发明的方法能够使附加化合物均匀分布或良好分散,并且因此最终获得颜色均匀的陶瓷组件。如果在陶瓷粉末上进行附加元素的沉积,即,在进行该方法的第二阶段之前,以这种方式富集的陶瓷粉末在第二阶段P2期间在液体法中经历一系列分散/研磨步骤,以便在雾化之前将它与有机化合物粘结,以在该方法的第二阶段P2结束时将它转化成例如颗粒。这个第二阶段P2因此能够使附加化合物均匀分布。作为变型,如果在该方法的第二阶段P2之后沉积附加化合物,即例如直接沉积到颗粒上,附加化合物由于所使用的沉积方法而散布在颗粒的表面上,并且因此均匀分布在粘结陶瓷粉末上。因此,附加化合物将均匀分布在最终陶瓷组件中。
在前述两种情况下,在第四阶段结束时得到的物体的分析表明:附加化合物的均匀分布保留在成品陶瓷组件中。如果已经在陶瓷粉末上进行PVD沉积,则附加化合物颗粒在陶瓷微观结构中的最终分布是随机的且微观均匀。如果已经直接在压制颗粒上进行PVD沉积,则陶瓷组件的微观结构显示出根据反映压制颗粒微观结构的上层结构的附加化合物颗粒的有序分布(参见图2和图3,在文件的后面对它的评论)。作为变型,通过在沉积之后增加研磨步骤,附加化合物小颗粒的这种分布可以是完全均匀的(参见图4和图5)。在沉积到注射原料上的情况下,使附加化合物的颗粒在材料中的分布均匀尤其发生在通过注射螺杆使熔融混合物塑化的步骤期间。因此,在所有情况下,陶瓷组件都包括均匀分布在其体积中的附加元素,这使它具有由这种附加元素均匀分布在陶瓷组件中所提供的性能。
最后,本发明的实施方式的沉积步骤E3提供以下主要优点:
-它能够获得完全可控且非常少量地添加的附加元素或化合物,并且因此能够实施微剂量的附加化合物;
-它能够获得附加化合物在陶瓷粉末或粘结陶瓷粉末的表面上的均匀分布,这最终意味着陶瓷组件具有均匀的性能;
-它能够添加多种其他化合物,从而与现有解决方案相比增加了可能的附加化合物的数量,增加了提供具有某些性能的陶瓷组件的可能性;
-它允许可靠、可重复且洁净地沉积附加化合物。
本发明通过下面七个实施例来进行说明,这些实施例能够制造由灰色陶瓷制成具有用传统技术不可能生产的色调的组件。在所有这七个实施例中,附加化合物是铂,它通过PVD沉积而沉积到压制粉末上。所有所得结果,尤其是在颜色方面上,总结在图6的表格中。
第一个实施例基于使用颗粒形式的含3摩尔%氧化钇稳定的氧化锆(TZ3Y)并且包括0.25重量%氧化铝和3重量%有机粘结剂的粘结陶瓷粉末(REF1)。将50克这些颗粒放入含铂阴极的PVD室的振动碗中。将PVD室抽空,然后用氩等离子体粉碎铂。感应耦合等离子体(ICP)分析使得能够计量这些预先脱粘的颗粒的铂含量。由这个实施例获得的样品总体上含有含量为2.26重量%的铂。然后使所得涂覆颗粒在单轴压机上的圆柱形模具中压制。使所得丸粒在空气中在600℃下脱粘18小时。最后,使它在空气中在1450℃下烧结,停留时间为2小时。在烧结之后,陶瓷丸粒的表面经过精制,然后抛光。所得陶瓷组件是灰色的。图2是通过扫描电子显微镜获得的所得陶瓷丸粒的图像,它示出了铂颗粒(光点)的分布。这幅图能够突出显示出铂颗粒在旧压制颗粒周围在微观上部结构中的有序分布。在组分的程度上,颗粒的分布是均匀的。
第二实施例由含3摩尔%氧化钇稳定的氧化锆(TZ3Y)并且包括0.25重量%氧化铝和3重量%有机粘结剂的颗粒形式的混合压制粉末(REF1)产生。将50克这些颗粒放入含铂阴极的PVD室的振动碗中。将PVD室抽空,然后用氩等离子体粉碎铂。感应耦合等离子体(ICP)分析使得能够计量这些预先脱粘的颗粒的铂含量。这个实施例的样品总体上含有含量为0.11重量%的铂。然后使所得涂覆颗粒在单轴压机上的圆柱形模具中压制。使所得丸粒在空气中在600℃下脱粘18小时。最后,使它在空气中在1450℃下烧结,停留时间为2小时。在烧结之后,丸粒的表面经过精制,然后抛光。所得陶瓷组件是灰色的。图3是通过扫描电子显微镜获得的所得陶瓷丸粒的图像,它示出了在晶界处铂颗粒(光点)的分布。在组分的程度上,这种分布是均匀的。由于铂含量非常低,这些铂颗粒难以看到。
第三实施例涉及除去在创建实施例1时获得的一些粉末。为此,然后增加脱粘的步骤,随后进行研磨(在液体中混合、磨碎)和粘结处理。在这个处理中,将0.47g PVA、0.71gPEG 20000和170ml DI(去离子)水添加到39.4g来自实施例1的脱粘粉末中。将所得的悬浮液放入磨碎机的氧化锆碗中,与1kg氧化锆珠粒以400转/分钟磨1小时。然后收集悬浮液,通过使用“喷雾干燥器”进行干燥和雾化造粒。然后使以这种方式获得的颗粒在单轴压机上的圆柱形模具中压制。使所得丸粒在空气中在600℃下脱粘18小时。最后,使它在空气中在1450℃下烧结,停留时间为2小时。来自这个实施例的样品总体上仍含有与实施例1相同含量的2.26重量%的铂。在烧结之后,丸粒的表面经过精制,然后抛光。所得陶瓷组件是灰色的。图4是通过扫描电子显微镜获得的陶瓷丸粒的图像,它示出了氧化锆颗粒内铂颗粒(光点)的微观均匀分布。由实施例1和3制造的抛光陶瓷之间的颜色差异在视觉上是不可察觉的(ΔE<1)并且在由该装置给出的测量误差之内;我们因此判断,对于人眼来说,铂颗粒在这两个样品中的分布是相同的。
第四实施例涉及选择在创建第二实施例时获得的一些粉末。为此,然后添加脱粘步骤,随后进行研磨和粘结处理。在这个处理中,将0.46g PVA、0.69g PEG 20000和166mlDI(去离子)水添加到38.5g来自实施例2的脱粘粉末中。将所得的悬浮液放入磨碎机的氧化锆碗中,与1kg氧化锆珠粒以400转/分钟磨1小时。然后收集悬浮液,通过使用“喷雾干燥器”进行干燥和雾化造粒。然后使所得的颗粒在单轴压机上的圆柱形模具中压制。使所得丸粒在空气中在600℃下脱粘18小时。最后,使它在空气中在1450℃下烧结,停留时间为2小时。来自这个实施例的样品总体上仍含有与实施例2相同含量的0.11重量%的铂。在烧结之后,丸粒的表面经过精制,然后抛光。所得陶瓷组件是灰色的。图5是通过扫描电子显微镜获得的陶瓷丸粒的图像,它示出了氧化锆晶粒内铂颗粒(光点)的微观均匀分布。由于铂含量非常低,这些铂颗粒难以看到。由实施例2和4制造的抛光陶瓷之间的颜色差异在视觉上是不可察觉的(ΔE<1)并且在由该装置给出的测量误差之内;我们因此判断,对于人眼来说,铂颗粒在这两个样品中的分布是相同的。
在第五实施例中,取出3.32g在制造第三实施例时获得的粉末并对其脱粘,以便在进行研磨处理之前与96.68g市售粉末(3摩尔%氧化钇稳定的氧化锆,不含粘结剂)混合。然后,将1.2g PVA、1.8g PEG 20000和200ml DI(去离子)水添加到100g所得粉末中。所得的悬浮液放入磨碎机的氧化锆碗中,与1kg氧化锆珠粒以400转/分钟研磨70分钟。然后收集悬浮液,通过使用“喷雾干燥器”进行干燥和雾化造粒。然后使所得的颗粒在单轴压机上的圆柱形模具中压制。使所得丸粒在空气中在600℃下脱粘18小时。最后,使它在空气中在1450℃下烧结,停留时间为2小时。来自这个实施例的样品含有含量为0.075重量%的铂。在烧结之后,丸粒的表面经过精制,然后抛光。所得陶瓷组件是灰色的。
在第六实施例中,取出2.21g在制造第三实施例时获得的粉末并对其脱粘,以便在进行研磨处理之前与97.79g市售粉末(3摩尔%氧化钇稳定的氧化锆,不含粘结剂)混合。然后,将1.2g PVA、1.8g PEG 20000和200ml DI(去离子)水添加到100g所得粉末中。所得的悬浮液放入磨碎机的氧化锆碗中,与1kg氧化锆珠粒以400转/分钟研磨70分钟。然后收集悬浮液,通过使用“喷雾干燥器”进行干燥和雾化造粒。然后使所得的颗粒在单轴压机上的圆柱形模具中压制。使所得丸粒在空气中在600℃下脱粘18小时。最后,使它在空气中在1450℃下烧结,停留时间为2小时。来自这个实施例的样品含有含量为0.05重量%的铂。在烧结之后,丸粒的表面经过精制,然后抛光。所得陶瓷组件是灰色的。
在第七实施例中,取出0.77g在制造第三实施例时获得的粉末并对其脱粘,以便在进行研磨处理之前与99.23g市售粉末(3摩尔%氧化钇稳定的氧化锆,不含粘结剂)混合。然后,将1.2g PVA、1.8g PEG 20000和200ml DI(去离子)水添加到100g所得粉末中。所得的悬浮液放入磨碎机的氧化锆碗中,与1kg氧化锆珠粒以400转/分钟研磨70分钟。然后收集悬浮液,通过使用“喷雾干燥器”进行干燥和雾化造粒。然后使所得的颗粒在单轴压机上的圆柱形模具中压制。使所得丸粒在空气中在600℃下脱粘18小时。最后,使它在空气中在1450℃下烧结,停留时间为2小时。来自这个实施例的样品含有含量为0.02重量%的铂。在烧结之后,丸粒的表面经过精制,然后抛光。所得陶瓷组件是灰色的。
图6的表中示出了上述七个实施例的结果。令人关注的是,所有这些实施例都能够获得灰色陶瓷。因此,一般而言,本发明的实施方式有利地能够制造灰色陶瓷,灰色陶瓷的特征在于两个参数a*和b*介于-1和1之间(包括端值)。此外,令人关注的是,色调根据铂含量而变化,如图7至图9所总结的。
类似地,添加任何在金属状态下呈灰色的贵金属(诸如铑、锇、钯、钌或铱)会使最初的白色陶瓷变黑,而这些附加金属与陶瓷生产彩色颜料的成分之间没有任何相互作用,这会使我们远离CIELab空间的L*轴。
值得注意的是,在添加铂之后的研磨能够使铂更好分布在材料中(参见图2至图5),并且不会显著改变这些实施例中获得的陶瓷的颜色。还值得注意的是,研磨与样品密度的微小增加有关。然而,这种研磨仍然是可选的。
当然,本发明不限于制造含有铂作为附加化合物的陶瓷组件。使用除铂以外的附加化合物,例如铑、钯或不与陶瓷的其他组分或烧结气氛反应的任何其他灰色贵金属,能够获得灰色。
因此,作为变型,本发明的其他实施方式可以能够制造由灰色陶瓷制成的组件,灰色陶瓷的特征在于L*组分低于96并且a*和b*参数均介于-3和3之间,或者甚至介于-2和2之间,或者甚至介于-0.5和0.5之间。
任选地,该制造方法可以包括向陶瓷粉末添加另一种化合物的预备步骤E1,例如根据先前提到的传统方法或根据本领域技术人员已知的其他技术(例如通过浸渍)添加彩色颜料或任何其他化合物。实际上,本发明保持与所有其他现有方法相兼容,并且可以是所有其他现有方法的补充,例如以便增强它。这个步骤E1可以在制造过程中的任何适当的时刻进行。它可以在步骤E3之前或之后进行。
如前所述,现有技术对陶瓷组件着色的解决方案复杂且不令人满意。此外,如果希望改变(甚至稍微改变)使用根据现有技术的颜料预先着色的陶瓷组件的色调,这证明使用传统技术是非常困难的,尤其是因为颜料具有在烧结期间与另一种颜料反应的趋势。因此,根据现有技术,改变有彩陶瓷的强度(透明度)和/或颜色的色调的方法冗长且费力。实际上,每次尝试都需要生产新批次的陶瓷粉末,然后生产注入原料,并最终形成完成(烧结和抛光)的陶瓷组件。
利用本发明的方法,进行颜色或强度的这样改变变得更容易。更一般而言,对陶瓷组件的性能进行任何其他改变变得容易。
因此,本发明的一个实施方式取决于陶瓷粉末或陶瓷组件(尤其是基于氧化锆和/或氧化铝和/或铝酸锶)的制造方法,包括以下步骤:
-获得含彩色颜料或更一般地至少一种添加的或附加的化合物的粘结陶瓷粉末,借助于该化合物,通过使用这种粘结陶瓷粉末制造的陶瓷组件能够获得第一颜色的或更一般地提供第一性能的陶瓷组件;
-E3,通过物理气相沉积(PVD)或化学气相沉积(CVD)或原子层沉积(ALD),将至少一种附加的彩色或其他的元素或化合物沉积到所述粘结的陶瓷粉末上;
-使用含沉积的附加化合物的粘结陶瓷粉末来完成陶瓷组件的制造,以获得其颜色为与第一颜色不同的第二颜色的陶瓷组件,或者更一般地提供与第一性能不同的第二性能的陶瓷组件。
通过这种方法,通过添加根据本发明的实施方式的附加化合物可以容易地将由商业粘合陶瓷粉末获得的第一性能改变为第二性能。由于本发明的这个实施方式实施了易于实施控制和再现的步骤E3,容易进行多次测试,以通过反复试验获得陶瓷组件的期望最终性能,而不需要在制备未粘结或脱粘的陶瓷粉末阶段进行费力的干预。
因此,陶瓷组件的制造方法可以重复以下步骤:将至少一种附加化合物沉积到所述粘结陶瓷粉末上,改变所述附加化合物的含量或者甚至附加化合物本身,以及完成陶瓷组件的制造,直到产品足够接近预期结果。
实际上,因此能够实施选择含有彩色颜料的粘结陶瓷粉末的步骤,从而能够获得与期望的第二颜色接近的第一颜色,然后通过添加附加彩色化合物来改变颜色,直到颜色足够接近所需颜色。如前所述,能够使用相同的途径来改变除颜色以外的任何性能。
有利地,以其不与已经存在于粘结陶瓷粉末中的那些添加的化合物(例如彩色颜料)反应的方式选择至少一种附加化合物。
存在于粘结陶瓷粉末中的颜料可以包括来自金属氧化物、稀土氧化物、铝酸钴和/或磷光颜料中的一种或多种元素。
以下三个实施例,实施例编号8到10,说明了在含铝酸钴(蓝色颜料)的陶瓷组件的情况下的这个原理。结果显示在图10的表中。
在第八实施例中,陶瓷组件的最初着色是从通过常规湿法已向其中添加3重量%的有机物粘结剂和1重量%的CoAl2O4颜料的含0.25重量%氧化铝的3摩尔%氧化钇稳定的氧化锆(TZ3Y)的市售商品陶瓷粉末(REF2)开始。使所得悬浮液干燥并通过雾化造粒。然后压制颗粒以获得样品。对这个样品进行脱粘并烧结以获得呈蓝色的陶瓷组件,该蓝色的特征在于符合CIE L*a*b*参数(50.5;-0.7;-19.4)。
根据本发明的实施方式,首先对上述粘结陶瓷粉末进行脱粘。然后,将1g上述第一实施例的脱粘粉末添加到99g这种脱粘陶瓷粉末中。然后,将1.2g PVA、1.8g PEG 20000和200ml DI水添加到100g这种改性陶瓷粉末中。所得的悬浮液放入磨碎机的氧化锆碗中,与1kg氧化锆珠粒以400转/分钟研磨70分钟。然后收集悬浮液,通过使用“喷雾干燥器”进行干燥和雾化造粒。然后使所得的颗粒在单轴压机上的圆柱形模具中压制。使所得丸粒在空气中在600℃下脱粘18小时。最后,根据本领域技术人员已知的周期,使它在空气中在1450℃下烧结,停留时间为2小时。来自该第八实施例的样品含有0.02重量%的铂。在烧结之后,丸粒的表面经过精制,然后抛光。然后评价改变的颜色(见图10)。
第九实施例首先考虑制造通过常规湿法合并的含3重量%有机粘结剂和0.5重量%CoAl2O4颜料的3摩尔%氧化钇稳定的氧化锆(TZ3Y)粉末(REF3)。使所得悬浮液干燥并通过雾化造粒。然后压制颗粒以获得样品。这个样品是脱粘且烧结的。所得陶瓷是蓝色的,具有CIE L*a*b*参数(52.0;-1.9;-15.5)。
然后,对制造这种基于氧化锆的陶瓷组件所用的颗粒脱粘。将1g第一实施例的脱粘粉末添加到99g这种脱粘陶瓷粉末中。然后,将1.2g PVA、1.8g PEG20000和200ml DI水添加到这些100g混合粉末中。所得的悬浮液放入磨碎机的氧化锆碗中,与1kg氧化锆珠粒以400转/分钟研磨70分钟。然后收集悬浮液,通过使用“喷雾干燥器”进行干燥和雾化造粒。然后使所得的颗粒在单轴压机上的圆柱形模具中压制。使所得丸粒在空气中在600℃下脱粘18小时。最后,使它在空气中在1450℃下烧结,停留时间为2小时。来自该第九实施例的样品含有0.02重量%的铂。在烧结之后,丸粒的表面经过精制,然后抛光。陶瓷组件因此具有改变的颜色(参见图10中列出的参数)。
在第十实施例中,陶瓷组件由通过传统湿法添加的含有0.25重量%氧化铝、3重量%的有机粘结剂和0.5重量%的CoAl2O4颜料的市售的3摩尔%氧化钇稳定的氧化锆(TZ3Y)粉末(REF3)形成。使所得悬浮液干燥并通过雾化造粒。然后压制颗粒以获得样品。这个样品是脱粘且烧结的。所得陶瓷是蓝色的,该蓝色具有CIE L*a*b*参数(52.0;-1.9;-15.5)。
根据实施方式,首先对制造上述陶瓷组件所用的颗粒脱粘。然后,将1.8g实施例1的脱粘陶瓷粉末添加到98.2g这种脱粘陶瓷粉末中。然后,将1.2g PVA、1.8g PEG 20000和200ml DI水添加到100g改性陶瓷粉末中。所得的悬浮液放入磨碎机的氧化锆碗中,与1kg氧化锆珠粒以400转/分钟研磨70分钟。然后收集悬浮液,通过使用“喷雾干燥器”进行干燥和雾化造粒。然后使所得的颗粒在单轴压机上的圆柱形模具中压制。使所得丸粒在空气中在600℃下脱粘18小时。最后,使它在空气中在1450℃下烧结,停留时间为2小时。来自这个第十实施例的样品然后含有0.036重量%的铂。在烧结之后,丸粒的表面经过精制,然后抛光。陶瓷组件因此具有改变的颜色(参见图10中列出的参数)。
以上三个实施例基于使用本发明的实施方式,从添加颜料的陶瓷粉末开始容易实现所期望的颜色,使该陶瓷粉末最终改变颜色。
更一般而言,本发明的实施方式容易与将至少一种化合物添加到陶瓷粉末中的所有其他技术相兼容。因此,本发明可以与任何其他技术结合,尤其是与传统方法结合,从而获得具有新性能的任何类型的陶瓷。
举例来说,第十一实施例考虑通过传统湿法已经向其中添加含量为30重量%的发光颜料Sr4Al14O25:Dy,Eu和3重量%的有机粘结剂的3摩尔%氧化钇稳定的氧化锆的陶瓷粉末(REF4)。使所得悬浮液干燥并通过雾化造粒。对颗粒进行压制,在空气中脱粘并在特定的气氛下在1450℃下烧结2小时。这种传统方法能够获得由CIE L*a*b*参数(94.0;-4.7;6.7)限定的颜色的陶瓷。
作为结合本发明的实施方式的变型,对上面使用的复合陶瓷粉末的颗粒进行脱粘。然后,将1g来自第一实施例的脱粘粉末添加到99g这种粉末中。然后,将1.2g PVA、1.8gPEG 20000和200ml DI水添加到100g所得粉末中。所得的悬浮液放入磨碎机的氧化锆碗中,与1kg氧化锆珠粒以400转/分钟研磨70分钟。然后收集悬浮液,通过使用“喷雾干燥器”进行干燥和雾化造粒。然后使所得的颗粒在单轴压机上的圆柱形模具中压制。使所得丸粒在空气中在600℃下脱粘18小时。最后,使它在特定气氛中在1450℃下烧结,停留时间为2小时。来自该第十一实施例的样品含有0.02重量%的铂。在烧结之后,丸粒的表面经过精制,然后抛光。因此,结果是通过将本发明与传统方法相结合而获得的彩色发光陶瓷组件,其精确特征总结在图11的表中。作为变型,通过添加其他附加的化合物或元素可以赋予这种磷光陶瓷组件以其他颜色。
以下另外实施例能够制造具有用传统技术不可能产生的色调的灰色陶瓷组件。附加化合物是铂,它通过ALD沉积而沉积到未粘结粉末上。所有所得结果,尤其是在颜色方面上的,总结在图6的表格中。
举例来说,第一实施例考虑3摩尔%氧化钇稳定的氧化锆(TZ3YS)的陶瓷粉末。将10g这种粉末放入ALD腔室的振动碗中,该腔室被抽空,使得通过ALD方法进行铂的沉积。执行50次沉积循环。
所得的涂覆陶瓷粉末遵循研磨(在液体中混合、磨碎)和粘结处理的步骤。在这个处理中,将0.6g PVA、0.9g PEG 20000和116ml DI(去离子)水添加到50.4g由铂覆盖的所述陶瓷粉末中。将所得的悬浮液放入磨碎机的氧化锆碗中,与1kg氧化锆珠粒以400转/分钟磨2小时。然后收集悬浮液,通过使用“喷雾干燥器”进行干燥和雾化造粒。然后使以这种方式获得的颗粒在单轴压机上的圆柱形模具中压制。使所得丸粒在空气中在600℃下脱粘18小时。最后,使它在空气中在1450℃下烧结,停留时间为2小时。在烧结之后,陶瓷丸粒的表面经过精制,然后抛光。所得陶瓷组件是灰色的。图12是通过扫描电子显微镜获得的所得烧结陶瓷丸粒的图像,它示出了铂颗粒(光点)的分布。这幅图能够突出显示铂颗粒的均匀分布。实际上,在组分的程度上,颗粒的分布被认为是均匀的。所得颜色对肉眼来说是均匀的。颜色和组成在图14的表中的名称1ALD 50下示出。
第二实施例考虑3摩尔%氧化钇稳定的氧化锆(TZ3YS)的未粘结陶瓷粉末。将10g这种粉末放入ALD腔室的振动碗中,该腔室被抽空,使得通过ALD方法进行铂的沉积。执行200次沉积循环。
为此,然后增加脱粘的步骤,随后进行研磨(在液体中混合、磨碎)和粘结处理。在这个处理中,将0.6g PVA、0.9g PEG 20000和120ml DI(去离子)水添加到50.4g由铂覆盖的所述陶瓷粉末中。将所得的悬浮液放入磨碎机的氧化锆碗中,与1kg氧化锆珠粒以400转/分钟磨2小时。
然后收集悬浮液,通过使用“喷雾干燥器”进行干燥和雾化造粒。然后使以这种方式获得的颗粒在单轴压机上的圆柱形模具中压制。使所得丸粒在空气中在600℃下脱粘18小时。最后,使它在空气中在1450℃下烧结,停留时间为2小时。在烧结之后,陶瓷丸粒的表面经过精制,然后抛光。所得陶瓷组件是灰色的。图13是通过扫描电子显微镜获得的所得烧结陶瓷丸粒的图像,它示出了铂颗粒(光点)的分布。这幅图能够突出显示铂颗粒的均匀分布。实际上,在组分的程度上,颗粒的分布被认为是均匀的。所得颜色对肉眼来说是均匀的。颜色和组成在图14的表中的名称1ALD 200下示出。
图14的表中示出了以上两个实施例的结果。令人关注的是,所有这些实施例都能够获得灰色陶瓷。因此,一般而言,本发明的实施方式有利地能够制造灰色陶瓷。因此,更一般地,本发明的实施方式能够有利地制造灰色陶瓷,灰色陶瓷的特征在于两个参数a*和b*介于-1和1之间。
陶瓷组件的彩色对于钟表或珠宝首饰而言尤其重要,因为它能够获得理想的美感。因此,本发明对于制造钟表部件或珠宝部件而言尤其引人注目。这种钟表部件尤其可以是表圈、表盘、指针、上链表冠、按钮或者任何其他钟表配件或钟表机芯的元件。本发明还涉及一种包括这种钟表部件的钟表,尤其是手表。

Claims (14)

1.一种陶瓷组件,尤其是基于氧化锆和/或氧化铝和/或铝酸锶的陶瓷组件,用于钟表或珠宝首饰,包括含量小于或等于5重量%的铂、铑、锇、钯、钌和铱中的至少一种贵金属。
2.根据前一项权利要求所述的陶瓷组件,其中,所述至少一种贵金属遍布在该陶瓷组件的体积中。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的陶瓷组件,其中,所述至少一种贵金属均匀分布在该陶瓷组件中。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的陶瓷组件,其中,所述至少一种贵金属的含量小于或等于3重量%,或者甚至小于或等于2重量%,或者甚至小于或等于1重量%。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的陶瓷组件,其中,所述至少一种贵金属的含量大于或等于1ppm,或者大于或等于10ppm,或者大于或等于0.01重量%。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的陶瓷组件,其中,所述至少一种贵金属使该陶瓷组件呈灰色,该灰色由范围[-3;3]、范围[-2;2]、范围[-1;1]或者范围[-0.5;0.5]中所含值的色坐标a*和b*限定。
7.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的陶瓷组件,除了所述至少一种贵金属之外,还包括与所述至少一种贵金属不同的彩色颜料。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的陶瓷组件,包括多种贵金属和/或含至少一种贵金属的金属合金。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的陶瓷组件,是表圈、表盘、指针、上链表冠、按钮或者任何其他钟表配件,或者钟表机芯的任何元件。
10.一种钟表或珠宝首饰,具有根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的陶瓷组件。
11.一种粘结或未粘结的陶瓷粉末,尤其是基于氧化铝或氧化锆的陶瓷粉末,不考虑可能的有机化合物,包括含量小于或等于5重量%的铂、铑、锇、钯、钌和铱中的至少一种贵金属。
12.根据前一项权利要求所述的粘结或未粘结的陶瓷粉末,其中,所述至少一种贵金属至少部分地沉积在该粘结或未粘结的陶瓷粉末的颗粒表面上。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的粘结或未粘结的陶瓷粉末,其中,所述至少一种贵金属通过物理气相沉积(PVD)和/或通过化学气相沉积(CVD)和/或通过原子层沉积(ALD)来进行沉积。
14.根据权利要求11至13中任一项所述的粘结或未粘结的陶瓷粉末,除了该至少一种贵金属之外,还包含一种或多种添加元素,尤其是彩色颜料,尤其是与所述至少一种贵金属不同的添加元素。
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