CN108698204A - 生产陶瓷模制体的方法 - Google Patents
生产陶瓷模制体的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种陶瓷模制体的制造方法,包括以下步骤:a)制造含有陶瓷材料、粘合剂和有机成孔剂的生坯;b)将生坯加热至高于成孔剂的升华和/或分解温度的温度;c)将生坯烧制成陶瓷模制体。根据本发明提出,粘合剂包含聚二醇和富马酸。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种制造陶瓷模制体的方法,特别是生产一种由粘结磨料制成的多孔工具。
背景技术
由粘结磨料制成的工具在本领域中被广泛用于表面处理。这些工具例如是砂轮、砂磨段,砂磨棒或珩磨油石。
为了制造这种工具,将研磨剂(例如刚玉、碳化硅、金刚石或具有所需晶粒尺寸的CBN)利用粘合剂(特别是陶瓷粘合剂)、如可能的添加剂和临时粘合剂加工成混合物。该混合物压成所需形状的生坯。然后,将生坯在合适的温度下干燥,如有可能的话除去成孔剂并最后烧制成陶瓷。
根据用途,这种工具应该具有一定的孔隙率、通常还具有特定的孔形状、孔径和孔径分布。因此已知在混合物中添加占生坯体中相应空间比例的成孔剂(通常为萘)。成孔剂通过蒸发、升华或燃烧而除去。这可以在烧结过程的加热阶段期间或在时间上靠前的过程步骤中在较低的温度时实现。特别地,萘已经可以在相对低的温度时被去除,也就是说通过在约80℃时的升华。萘的其他重要优点是与其他配方组分的良好混和性和压制后非常低的回弹,这防止了生坯中的裂缝。最后,可以在相对低的温度下实现去除,其中,磨料制品无论如何都被干燥,并且砂轮混合物的其它组分,例如粘合组分尚未激活。
萘作为成孔剂的缺点是其毒性和对环境有害的特性。由于强烈而典型的气味,它会污染生产场所并且通过废气还会污染周围区域。工作保护、健康保护和环境保护的费用主导着制造过程中的相应生产步骤。此外,萘与空气可形成爆炸性混合物。因此,需要复杂和昂贵的安全预防措施。
在可持续性和资源节约方面,原则上可以通过重新提纯和再利用来重新加工萘。然而,这种方法并不经济,因此它通常被送入排气后燃器。
由于萘的严重缺点,已经进行了许多尝试,以用替代的成孔剂替代它。例如,使用坚果壳或塑料的颗粒、糊精、纤维素、煤(石油焦或活性炭)、可可粉或蜡。除了具有类似的性质-诸如萘的正性和负性性质的对二氯苯之外,基于不同生产步骤的这些替代物具有相当大的、有时甚至有以下几个缺点:
-成形后物质会导致回弹。生坯从模具中脱出后或短时间后立即出现裂纹
-多孔增孔剂,例如活性炭,剥夺了大量的水分,因此即使混合物的储存时间短,也改变了它们的性质
-物质含有铁化合物,在烧制的研磨体中留下无机残留物为红褐色硬点
-尽管可熔物质可以通过蒸发液相而被除去(即不通过升华),但为此需要显著高于80℃的温度。与萘一样,可能由此形成爆炸性混合物
-物质在燃烧炉内蒸发的可能性通常需要延长的保留时间,这会显着降低燃烧设备的生产率。此外,在此过程中会形成爆炸性混合物,并且可以过早地激活混合物组分。
-燃烧炉中成孔剂的燃烧或分解会导致如此强烈的气体释放,使得仍然不够坚固的生坯在烧制期间破裂。
-成孔剂的燃烧导致额外的热量产生,这可能导致与额定温度的局部偏差。
-特别地,对于大量的研磨体,可能局部存在缺氧,导致不完全燃烧。因此,的黑色含碳自由基留在研磨体,其尤其影响研磨体的纯度、硬度均匀性和研磨性能。
-无论干燥和烧制的条件如何,使用不同的成孔剂都会导致最终产品的性能发生变化。例如,用萘代替物制成的研磨剂在某些情况下具有差的研磨性能和降低的机械强度。
物质不能与其余磨料均匀混合。
在EP 2 251 143 A1中公开了一种方法,其使用蜡作为成孔剂并且在烧制过程之前借助吸收剂将其除去。由此克服了上述许多缺点,但并未完全去除生坯上的蜡。因此,在烧制过程中剩余的剩余量会放热并且会在没有适当的预防措施的情况下损坏研磨体。
EP 2 540 445 A1公开了使用草酸作为成孔剂。其在加生坯的加热时分解成气态分解产物。
在生坯的制造中,定期使用临时粘合剂。
这种粘合剂是一种临时粘合剂,用于保持其在生坯生产和处理中的结构完整性和尺寸稳定性,直到其通过陶瓷模制体的实际烧结而固定为止。
在现有技术中,例如,糊精/水系统用作临时粘合剂。该粘合剂体系对健康无害,并且在烧制过程中可以很好地除去(烧掉),但是与其结合的生坯的强度根据空气湿度/水含量而变化,因此用这种粘合剂体系在未定义的湿度下生产的生坯的存储可能例如导致缺陷(干燥裂缝)。
蜡在现有技术中也称为临时粘合剂。蜡的显着缺点是当加热/燃烧时会产生易燃混合物,应采取复杂的防护措施。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种上述类型的方法,即允许简单且技术上容易地处理陶瓷模制体的生产并避免或减少上述已知临时粘合剂的缺点。
本发明涉及一种生产陶瓷模制体的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)生产含有陶瓷材料、粘合剂和有机成孔剂的生坯;
b)将生坯加热至高于成孔剂的升华和/或分解温度的温度;
c)将生坯烧成陶瓷模制体。
根据本发明,粘合剂包含聚二醇和富马酸作为能够与聚二醇的末端羟基酯化的二价羧酸。
首先,解释在本发明的上下文中使用的一些术语。
术语“陶瓷模制体”,“由粘结磨料制成的工具”,“研磨剂”,“粘合剂”和“生坯”如其对于本领域技术人员所已知的那样在本申请中被使用。
陶瓷材料是无机材料,因此在烧结过程中基本保持不变。例如,它可能是研磨颗粒。
术语粘合剂不仅包括用于在烧结过程中产生陶瓷粘结料的陶瓷粘合剂而且还包括临时粘合剂。临时粘合剂一方面用于在生坯的生产、储存和移动过程中建立或确保尺寸稳定性,另一方面用于确保在用于去除成孔剂的加热过程中的结构完整性。
本发明的核心是粘合剂包含聚二醇,优选聚乙二醇(PEG),和富马酸作为与聚乙二醇的末端羟基反应的二价羧酸。
令人惊讶的是,本发明已经认识到,聚二醇,优选聚乙二醇与富马酸形成有利的临时粘合剂体系。
试图解释这种不限制本发明的令人惊讶的有利行为是,聚乙二醇的末端OH基团与羧基反应形成酯,从而形成临时的粘合剂体系。酸和聚乙二醇的结合(酯化)优选在低于所用成孔剂的升华温度的温度下进行。富马酸在约165℃下与聚乙二醇酯化,远低于180至200℃的升华温度。根据本发明,在较低的温度下、例如在约90℃也可以实现富马酸的充分酯化。但是该温度需要保持较长的时间。
这种酯化特别是用低分子量的液体PEG进行,例如分子量范围为300-600。由此从约165℃开始形成的临时粘合剂体系特别用于在随后除去成孔剂的过程中稳定生坯。
与之不同的是,在临时粘合剂系统之前的阶段,其已经生坯的制造、存储和移动中在第一次加热之前用于确保期望的尺寸稳定性和可操作性。对于这些初始粘合剂,可以使用本领域已知的临时粘合剂体系,其例如也包含PEG。在这种情况下,优选使用更高分子量的固体PEG,例如PEG6000。
根据本发明使用的富马酸具有高于与聚乙二醇的反应温度的分解温度或升华温度,从而可以发生与根据本发明的粘合剂体系的反应。因此,例如,根据本发明,草酸是不可用的,因为它从约150℃分解,其低于聚乙二醇的反应温度。
本发明已经认识到,该粘合剂体系允许制造固体的、储存稳定的并且在存储期间不依赖于水分的生坯。粘合剂体系可以在没有残留物的情况下烧尽,并且不会形成可燃气体混合物或不需要的燃烧残余物(黑核)。该体系在脱除之前是稳定的并且例如先前未显示任何不希望的熔化或沸腾。
聚乙二醇的有利分子量范围是100至20000,更优选200至10000,更优选250至8000。分子量高达600的PEG通常为液体。这种液体PEG的优选范围是300至600。
根据本发明,现有技术中已知的所有成孔剂均可用作成孔剂。
然而,根据本发明特别优选的是,用作根据本发明的粘合剂体系的组分的富马酸另外用作成孔剂。
在本发明的该特别优选的涉及方案中,富马酸或成孔剂因此可以发挥双重功能。在第一步中,通过与聚乙二醇的反应(酯化),它成为临时粘合剂的一部分。在第二步中(在较高温度下),成孔剂的其余部分升华并因此从生坯中去除。在烧结过程中甚至更高的温度下,然后烧掉临时粘合剂体系。
为了实现这种双重功能,成孔剂必须以相对于聚乙二醇足够的化学计量过量加入。在第一步中未与聚乙二醇反应的部分然后在生坯中作为成孔剂保留。
酸和聚乙二醇的结合(酯化)优选在低于所用成孔剂的升华温度的温度下进行。例如,富马酸与聚乙二醇在约165℃下酯化,远低于180至200℃的升华温度。
这意味着当生坯被加热以除去成孔剂时,成孔剂升华而不分解。与使用例如草酸的现有技术相比,这具有许多优点。
草酸在约100℃时开始升华,超过150℃至160℃时发生分解。如果希望几乎完全通过升华而不分解地除去作为成孔剂的草酸,则一方面在整个体积中在生坯中必须超过约100℃的温度,另一方面,在任何点都不得超过约150℃的范围。这意味着可能仅发生非常缓慢的加热,并且必须维持例如约24小时的更长时间段的约120至130℃的范围。
如果加热发生得较快,可能由于炉子或模制体的几何设计或由于加热过程中的其他不规则性而导致已经局部超过约150至160℃的分解温度并且不是发生升华而是在形成较大体积气体的情况下导致草酸的分解。
不管加热过程的速度如何,在炉子中都可能出现温度的局部不均匀性,这可能导致在生坯的部分区域已经超过分解温度。当在分解过程中流失显著体积时,会导致生坯出现不希望的裂纹。
随着升华,在容易控制的条件下逸出的气体量显着减少,从而可以避免这种裂纹。这允许生产具有确定孔隙率的生坯而不损害结构完整性。本发明提出的成孔剂的应用确保了,即使在炉中相对快速的加热或温度不均匀性,也可以避免形成大量气体的不希望的分解。因此,在本发明的框架中,通常可以避免单独的前序步骤来除去成孔剂,并且在加热过程中为了烧结过程的准备而去除成孔剂。
升华逸出的成孔剂可被收集并重新使用。没有任何分解产物可能有毒或有侵蚀性。
成孔剂的升华温度为180至200℃的富马酸。因此可以在达到生坯的实际烧结温度之前去除没有分解逸出气体的成孔剂。
成孔剂优选在固态下可塑性变形并且具有很少或没有回弹。以这种方式避免了生坯在压制后被回弹损坏并且相应地增加了成孔剂的体积。
通常,工具中的孔应尽可能均匀分布。为此目的,还必须将成孔剂与生坯的剩余混合物组分均匀混合。为了在很大程度上避免不希望的分离,优选成孔剂的密度与生坯的其他成分的密度相似。成孔剂的密度优选为1.3-2g/cm3,优选1.4-1.8g/cm3。
根据本发明,富马酸用作成孔剂(具有双重功能,作为根据本发明的粘合剂体系的组分)。富马酸具有约200℃的升华温度并且在350℃以上分解。因此它可以在生坯的加热中升华并在形成相对小体积的气体的情况下分解逸出。
富马酸储存稳定,不吸湿。因此,其作为成孔剂不储存任何水合水。这是特别有利的,因为即使在高于50℃的温度下加热生坯体时水化水也挥发,形成大体积并且可导致生坯中的裂纹形成。现有技术中使用的草酸例如具有高度吸湿性,因此当用作成孔剂时,通常会引入大量的水合水。
富马酸是无毒的,并被批准用作食品添加剂。因此,在使用和加工过程中,不必采取适当的预防措施。这比本领域中使用的其他升华成孔剂如萘更具优势。
富马酸的点燃温度比升华温度高150K以上。因此可以安全地加热生坯以除去富马酸。
成孔剂在生坯总重量中的比例可以优选为2至60重量%,更优选2至50重量%,更优选10至50重量%,进一步优选10至30重量%,更优选15和20重量%。根据本发明的升华成孔剂的使用使得可以使用高比例的成孔剂,例如在50重量%或更多的范围内,而不会由于高气体体积而使成孔剂逸出而损坏模制体。因此,可以生产具有高孔隙率的模制体。成孔剂的所述的重量比例涉及能够形成孔的物质的总添加量,无论其是否实际参与孔形成或可能执行其他功能或参与其中(例如粘合剂)。
为了控制成孔剂升华期间逸出的气体体积并释放它们而不损害生坯,可以优选在确定的温度控制下进行加热至或高于成孔剂的升华温度。这里优选加热速率为2-80℃/h,更优选20-60℃/h。本发明的一个特别的优点是,即使相对快速的加热也是可能的,而不会影响生坯的结构完整性。
根据本发明,可以提出,在加热至或高于成孔剂的升华温度之前,另外加热至低于成孔剂升华的温度,优选40至90℃,更优选30至50℃并且生坯在该温度下保持一段时间,特别是允许挥发性组分例如水或溶剂的蒸发。这段时间最好在4到48小时之间。当使用非吸湿性成孔剂如富马酸时,升华温度以下的加热可以很短或完全省略。
根据本发明制造的陶瓷模制体尤其可以是由粘结磨料构成的工具。同样可以想象的是形成作为用于其他特定商业或工业目的的陶瓷模制体。
在本发明的框架中,成孔剂,特别是富马酸,可以以两种不同的粒径级使用。如果可能的话,具有例如100μm的或更小,优选1-100μm,更优选1-300μm,并且更优选1-20μm的小粒度的部分应当作为用于与PEG酯化的反应物精细地分布在生坯中。
平均粒度例如1mm的较大的粒化部分主要用于形成孔。
具体实施方式
下面将参考示例性实施例说明本发明。
例1
以下配方用于生产尺寸为300×20×127的2个相同的研磨体。在该实例和所有其他实例中,使用由50重量%的玻璃料90158(铁),25重量%的粘土和25重量%的胎青石的混合物作为陶瓷粘合剂。
将具有萘作为成孔剂的配方1的研磨体组合物压制,然后在80℃时在具有热后燃烧设备的干燥烘炉中干燥并将萘脱除。随后,在陶瓷炉(Energo炉)中将研磨体在950℃的最高温度下烧制。
将根据配方2的含有富马酸作为成孔剂的研磨体组合物压制,然后在硬化炉(莱茵哈德炉)中在最高165℃的最大温度时酯化/固化24小时。使用以下硬度曲线。
图1PEG-富马酸-加湿硬度曲线
随后,在陶瓷炉(Energo炉)中将研磨体在950℃的最高温度下烧制。在加热阶段,加热速率为约30-50℃/h。在加热阶段中释放出富马酸。
用成孔剂富马酸和萘制备的研磨体通过研磨技术在研磨试验台(Blohm表面研磨机)上进行比较。测量研磨力(图2),G比(图3)和粗糙度(图4)与加工工件体积的关系。
图2用萘或富马酸作为成孔剂生产的研磨体的研磨力
这些研磨剂引起的研磨力大致相等。
图3用萘或富马酸作为成孔剂生产的研磨剂的G比
利用富马酸制造的研磨体的的G比略大,研磨力稍低。
图4用萘或富马酸作为成孔剂生产的研磨体的粗糙度Rz
而且,研磨体的粗糙度被认为是大致相同的。
总体而言,可以说两个研磨体的磨削性能可以估计为相等。
例2:
生产高度多孔的样品(直径202mm,高度100mm)。
配方:
将配方组分均匀混合然后压制。之后,在具有热后燃烧设备的干燥炉中对盘进行脱除。脱除曲线包括以50℃/h加热至200℃,将最高温度保持在200℃超过48小时,并将炉自然冷却至室温。这样的强度完全足以在炉车上制造用于陶瓷烧制的盘。随后,在陶瓷炉(Energo炉)中将研磨体在950℃的最高温度下烧制。
Claims (9)
1.一种生产陶瓷模制体的方法,具有以下步骤:
a)生产含有陶瓷材料、粘合剂和有机成孔剂的生坯;
b)将生坯加热至高于所述成孔剂的升华和/或分解温度的温度;
c)烧制所述生坯以形成陶瓷模制体;
其特征在于,所述粘合剂包含聚二醇和富马酸。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,聚二醇是分子量为100至20000,更优选200至10000,更优选250至8000的聚乙二醇。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于,所述富马酸另外用作成孔剂。
4.根据权利要求3的方法,其特征在于,所述成孔剂以至少两种不同的粒度级作为固体使用。
5.根据权利要求4的方法,其特征在于,较细的粒度级具有1-100μm、优选1-30μm、更优选1-20μm的粒度。
6.根据权利要求3至5中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在权利要求1的步骤a)中,所述成孔剂在所述生坯的总重量中的比例为在2和60重量%之间,优选在2和50重量%之间,更优选在10和50重量%之间,更优选在10和30重量%之间,更优选15和20重量%之间。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的方法,其特征在于,在权利要求1的步骤b)中的加热以2至80℃/h,优选20至60℃/h的加热速率实现。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在权利要求1的步骤b)中的加热之前,另外加热至低于所述成孔剂的升华温度的温度,优选40至90℃,并且所述生坯被保持在该温度优选4至48小时。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述陶瓷模制体是由粘结磨料构成的工具。
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CN102137828A (zh) * | 2008-08-01 | 2011-07-27 | 康宁股份有限公司 | 可制造性改善的陶瓷前体 |
EP2546212A1 (en) * | 2010-03-08 | 2013-01-16 | Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited | Method for producing porous aluminum magnesium titanate and porous aluminum magnesium titanate |
US20130207055A1 (en) * | 2010-09-10 | 2013-08-15 | Toagosei Co., Ltd. | Additive for molding of ceramic material |
EP2540445A1 (de) * | 2011-06-29 | 2013-01-02 | Hermes Schleifkörper GmbH | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Werkzeugs aus gebundenem Schleifmittel |
CN102826854A (zh) * | 2012-08-31 | 2012-12-19 | 西安交通大学 | 一种陶瓷结合剂立方氮化硼磨具及其制造方法 |
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CN108698204B (zh) | 2021-04-27 |
EP3414052B1 (de) | 2020-04-15 |
EP3205450A1 (de) | 2017-08-16 |
US20190039961A1 (en) | 2019-02-07 |
WO2017137483A1 (de) | 2017-08-17 |
PL3414052T3 (pl) | 2020-09-21 |
EP3414052A1 (de) | 2018-12-19 |
US11548830B2 (en) | 2023-01-10 |
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