CN108622877B - 一种具有多级孔构造的氮掺杂多孔碳材料及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种具有多级孔构造的氮掺杂多孔碳材料及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种具有多级孔构造的氮掺杂多孔碳材料及其制备方法与应用,该碳材料通过以下步骤制得:将金属硝酸盐与有机氮源按摩尔比1~8:4混合,溶解于水中,制得混合溶液;投入一定量的纤维素原料,让溶液浸入到纤维素原料中,充分浸渍之后,在40~100℃下烘干,在惰性气氛保护下,升温至300~650℃预烧,预烧后的粉体经过研磨后,在惰性气氛保护下进行煅烧;最后浸泡在酸性溶液中洗涤,过滤,水洗,烘干,即得。本发明的制备多孔碳的方法简便,工艺成本低,得到的纳米多孔碳的比表面积大,可达2600m2/g,同时具有氮原子掺杂与多级孔构造,电化学性能优异。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及新能源电池材料技术领域,具体涉及一种具有多级孔构造的氮掺杂多孔碳材料及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
纳米碳材料,如活性炭,石墨烯,碳纳米管,由于其具有优良的化学稳定性、导电性、高比表面积和低温抗氧化性等特点,使其在锂离子电池、超级电容器及燃料电池等能源存储与转化领域有着重要的应用。杂原子掺杂的多孔碳材料越来越得到人们的广泛关注,而其中氮掺杂是目前研究最为广泛的一种改性方法,这主要是由于氮元素在元素周期表中临近碳元素,与碳具有相近的原子直径,因而采用氮取代碳的过程中,材料结构不会发生明显的变化。同时氮原子的掺杂,可以有效改变碳材料的形态、结构和化学性能,进而改善材料在吸附分离、气体储存和电化学方面的应用前景。
氮掺杂多孔碳材料目前面临的主要问题在于:(1)原料造价高,在能源和环境领域不能广泛使用;(2)制备方法复杂,且不能大量制备。因此,寻求一种简单绿色的制备氮掺杂多孔碳材料的方法已成为当下亟待解决的问题。
发明内容
针对现有技术中存在的上述问题,本发明的目的是提供一种具有多级孔构造的氮掺杂多孔碳材料的制备方法,利用纤维素类生物质为原料,制备工艺简单,可大规模工业化生产。
为解决上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:一种具有多级孔构造的氮掺杂多孔碳材料的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将金属硝酸盐与有机氮源按摩尔比1~8:4混合,溶解于水中,制得混合溶液;
(2)按1mol的金属硝酸盐称量50~200g的纤维素原料,并投入到上述混合溶液中,使溶液完全浸入到纤维素原料中,然后在40~100℃的温度下烘干,得到硝酸盐与有机氮源均匀含浸在纤维素原料中的固体;
(3)将步骤(2)干燥后的固体置于惰性气氛保护下,升温至300~650℃预烧1~120min,将预烧后的固体研磨成粉末;
(4)将步骤(3)研磨后的粉末置于惰性气氛保护下进行煅烧;
(5)将步骤(4)煅烧后的粉末置于酸性溶液中洗涤,过滤,水洗pH至中性,烘干,得到氮掺杂多孔碳材料。
作为优选,所述金属硝酸盐选自硝酸镁、硝酸钙、硝酸钾、硝酸钠、过渡金属硝酸盐中的一种或多种。
作为优选,所述有机氮源为尿素或甘氨酸。
作为优选,所述纤维素原料为脱脂棉或木质纤维素。
作为优选,所述煅烧的温度为700~1500℃,时间为10~300min。
作为优选,所述惰性气氛为氮气或氩气。
作为优选,所述酸性溶液为盐酸、硝酸或硫酸中的一种,浓度为0.01~6mol/L。
本发明还提供了由上述方法制备得到的氮掺杂多孔碳材料,该材料具有高比表面积,多级孔构造和丰富的氮元素杂原子。
本发明进一步提供了上述氮掺杂多孔碳材料在制备电催化氧还原电极中的应用以及在制备超级电容器电极中的应用。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
(1)本发明以同时添加金属硝酸盐与有机氮源,使其均匀含浸到纤维素原料中,这一体系在加热预烧时,在150~400℃的温度领域内会发生剧烈的放热反应,这不同于传统的吸热反应类型的生物质原料的热解法来制备碳材料。本发明的这一体系,由于高效的放热反应的发生,可以快速分解纤维素类原料,同时由于分解时产生大量的气体,可在分解后的碳材料中制造出大量的大孔和部分较大的介孔。由于金属硝酸盐的添加,在反应分解后可以产生相应的金属或金属氧化物纳米粒子,这些纳米粒子均匀的分散在碳的母体中,在经过酸洗去除之后,可以进一步制造出大量的微孔和介孔。此外,此反应体系,由于添加了含有氮元素的尿素或甘氨酸有机原料,不仅有利于金属硝酸盐均匀地含浸到纤维素原料中,也提供了氮原子掺杂的原料。
(2)本发明制备的多孔碳的方法简便,造孔和氮掺杂同时进行,一步完成,工艺成本低,而且通过调节使用的硝酸盐种类与用量,可以控制孔径的组合分布。
(3)本发明制得的纳米多孔碳具有高比表面积,可达2600m2/g,同时具有氮原子掺杂与多级孔构造的特点,应用到超级电容器电极材料以及电化学催化剂材料时,都表现出优异的性能。
(3)本发明以纤维素类生物质作为主要材料,具有原料易得,便宜,量大,对环境污染小等优点。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1中纤维素原料热解时的TG-DSC图;
图2为本发明实施例1中含浸了硝酸盐与尿素的纤维素原料热解时的TG-DSC图;
图3为本发明实施例1中含浸了硝酸盐与尿素的纤维素的扫描电镜照片;
图4为本发明实施例1制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料的扫描电镜照片;
图5为本发明实施例1制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料的透射电镜照片;
图6为本发明实施例1制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料的氮气吸脱附曲线图。
图7为本发明实施例2制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料的氮气吸脱附曲线图。
图8为本发明实施例3制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料的氮气吸脱附曲线图。
图9为本发明实施例1制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料在应用到氧还原反应(ORR)催化剂时的性能图。
图10为本发明实施例3制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料在应用到超级电容器时典型的充放电曲线。
图11为本发明实施例3制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料在应用到超级电容器时循环1万次时的电容保持率的曲线。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明作进一步详细描述。
下述实施例中所使用的实验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法。
下述实施例中所用的材料、试剂等,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径得到。
实施例1
将1mol的硝酸镁与2mol的尿素溶解于去离子水中,然后向溶液中投入100g的脱脂棉纤维素原料,充分浸渍之后,在60℃下烘干;而后,在氮气气氛下加热至500℃并保持10分钟进行预烧;预烧后的粉体经过研磨后,在氮气气氛下加热至900℃并保持2小时进行煅烧;之后经过0.5mol/L的盐酸水溶液的浸泡洗涤,过滤,水洗pH至中性,干燥,最终得到多孔碳材料。
图1是纤维素原料热解时的TG-DSC图,在300-400℃之间表现为吸热反应。
图2是含浸了硝酸镁与尿素的纤维素原料热解时的TG-DSC图,在200℃附近发生快速的放热反应。由于高效的放热反应的发生,可以快速分解纤维素类原料,同时由于分解时产生大量的气体,可在分解后的碳材料中制造出大量的大孔和部分较大的介孔。
将含浸了硝酸镁与尿素的纤维素置于扫描电子显微镜(型号为JEOL,JSM-7400F)下观察形貌,如图3所示,结果表明硝酸镁与尿素均匀的含浸在纤维素纤维中。
将制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料分别置于扫描电子显微镜(型号为JEOL,JSM-7400F)和透射电子显微镜(型号为JEOL,JEM-2010F)下观察形貌,如图4和图5所示,结果表明本实施例制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料具有大孔-介孔-微孔,即多级孔构造。
图6是本实施例制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料的氮气吸脱附曲线图,其中横坐标为相对压力P/Po,纵坐标为纵坐标为孔体积,单位为(cm3/g),由图可以看出该曲线在相对压力为0附近的吸附,说明所制备的氮掺杂碳材料具有微孔,在相对压力0.5-1之间有明显的滞留环,说明所制备的氮掺杂碳材料有大量的介孔,同时曲线在相对压力为1时呈明显的上升趋势,说明所制备的氮掺杂碳材料内存在明显的大孔结构。
经测定,此产品的比表面积为1150m2/g,总孔体积为2.3cm3/g。
利用旋转圆盘电极法测试本实施例制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料的氧还原催化性能。测试条件为,将多孔碳催化剂涂覆在直径为5mm的玻碳电极上,负载量为0.15mg/cm2,在0.1M KOH溶液中测试,旋转速度为1600r/min,扫描速度为10mV/s,氧气流速为50mL/min。如图9所示,结果表明本实施例制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料比不含氮的碳材料性能优异,且其性能接近商业Pt/C的活性。本发明制得的含氮碳材料的起始电压为0.91V vs.RHE,大于不含氮的碳材料的起始电压0.89V。含氮碳材料对比不含氮碳材料,亦体现出的较高的半波电压与极限电流,表明了更高的氧还原反应活性。
实施例2
将1mol的硝酸钾与2mol的尿素溶解于去离子水中,然后向溶液中投入100g的脱脂棉纤维素原料,充分浸渍之后,在60℃下烘干;而后,在氩气气氛下加热至500℃并保持10分钟进行预烧;预烧后的粉体经过研磨后,在氩气气氛下加热至900℃并保持2小时进行煅烧;之后经过0.5mol/L的硫酸水溶液的浸泡洗涤,过滤,水洗pH至中性,干燥,最终得到多孔碳材料。
图7是本实施例制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料的氮气吸脱附曲线图,其中横坐标为相对压力P/Po,纵坐标为孔体积,单位为(cm3/g),由图可以看出该曲线在相对压力为0附近的吸附,说明所制备的氮掺杂碳材料具有微孔,在相对压力0.5-0.8之间有明显的滞留环,说明所制备的氮掺杂碳材料有大量的介孔,同时曲线在相对压力为1时没有呈明显的上升趋势,说明所制备的氮掺杂碳材料内几乎没有大孔结构。
经测定,此产品的比表面积为2500m2/g,总孔体积为1.4cm3/g。
实施例3
将0.8mol的硝酸镁和0.4mol的硝酸钾与2mol的尿素溶解于去离子水中,然后向溶液中投入100g的脱脂棉纤维素原料,充分浸渍之后,在60℃下烘干;而后,在氩气气氛下加热至500℃并保持10分钟进行预烧;预烧后的粉体经过研磨后,在氩气气氛下加热至900℃并保持2小时进行煅烧;之后经过0.5mol/L硝酸水溶液的浸泡洗涤,过滤,水洗pH至中性,干燥,最终得到多孔碳材料。
图8是本实施例制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料的氮气吸脱附曲线图,其中横坐标为相对压力P/Po,纵坐标为纵坐标为孔体积,单位为(cm3/g),由图可以看出该曲线在相对压力为0附近的吸附,说明所制备的氮掺杂碳材料具有微孔,在相对压力0.5-1之间有明显的滞留环,说明所制备的氮掺杂碳材料有大量的介孔,同时曲线在相对压力为1时呈明显的上升趋势,说明所制备的氮掺杂碳材料内存在明显的大孔结构。
经测定,此产品的比表面积为2600m2/g,总孔体积为2.2cm3/g。
采用对称的双电极法测试本实施例制得的氮掺杂多孔碳材料的电化学电容性能,电解质为6M KOH水溶液。将制得的碳材料与商业导电碳和PTFE交联剂在质量比8:1:1的比例下混合,制成10mm的圆片,压在泡沫镍集流体上。负载量为5mg每个电极,以商业的纤维素纸作为隔膜。如图10所示,结果表明3A/g电流密度下的恒电流充放电电位区间为0~1V,表现出良好的电容特性,经计算其电容达到210F/g,具有较大的电荷储存能力,可成为超级电容器中较为合适的电极材料。图11所示的循环性能曲线表明在充放电循环1万次后,仍可以保持初始电容的95%以上,是较好的超级电容器电极材料。
实施例4
将1mol的硝酸镁与1mol的甘氨酸溶解于去离子水中,然后向溶液中投入50g的木质纤维素原料,充分浸渍之后,在40℃下烘干;而后,在氮气气氛下加热至300℃并保持120min进行预烧;预烧后的粉体经过研磨后,在氮气气氛下加热至700℃并保持300min进行煅烧;之后经过0.01mol/L的盐酸水溶液的浸泡洗涤,过滤,水洗pH至中性,干燥,最终得到多孔碳材料。
实施例5
将1mol的硝酸钙与4mol的甘氨酸溶解于去离子水中,然后向溶液中投入200g的木质纤维素原料,充分浸渍之后,在100℃下烘干;而后,在氮气气氛下加热至650℃并保持1min进行预烧;预烧后的粉体经过研磨后,在氮气气氛下加热至1500℃并保持10min进行煅烧;之后经过1mol/L的硫酸水溶液的浸泡洗涤,过滤,水洗pH至中性,干燥,最终得到多孔碳材料。
实施例6
将1mol的硝酸钾和1mol的硝酸钙与4mol的甘氨酸溶解于去离子水中,然后向溶液中投入400g的木质纤维素原料,充分浸渍之后,在60℃下烘干;而后,在氮气气氛下加热至300℃并保持90min进行预烧;预烧后的粉体经过研磨后,在氮气气氛下加热至900℃并保持240min进行煅烧;之后经过6mol/L的盐酸水溶液的浸泡洗涤,过滤,水洗pH至中性,干燥,最终得到多孔碳材料。
实施例7
将1mol的硝酸钠和1mol的硝酸钙与1mol的甘氨酸溶解于去离子水中,然后向溶液中投入200g的木质纤维素原料,充分浸渍之后,在50℃下烘干;而后,在氮气气氛下加热至400℃并保持60min进行预烧;预烧后的粉体经过研磨后,在氮气气氛下加热至1000℃并保持240min进行煅烧;之后经过2mol/L的硝酸水溶液的浸泡洗涤,过滤,水洗pH至中性,干燥,最终得到多孔碳材料。
Claims (4)
1.一种具有多级孔构造的氮掺杂多孔碳材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
将0.8mol的硝酸镁和0.4mol的硝酸钾与2mol的尿素溶解于去离子水中,然后向溶液中投入100g的脱脂棉纤维素原料,充分浸渍之后,在60℃下烘干;而后,在氩气气氛下加热至500℃并保持10分钟进行预烧;预烧后的粉体经过研磨后,在氩气气氛下加热至900℃并保持2小时进行煅烧;之后经过0.5mol/L硝酸水溶液的浸泡洗涤,过滤,水洗pH至中性,干燥,最终得到多孔碳材料。
2.权利要求1所述制备方法制备的氮掺杂多孔碳材料,其特征在于:含有微孔、介孔和大孔的多级孔构造。
3.权利要求2所述氮掺杂多孔碳材料在制备电催化氧还原电极中的应用。
4.权利要求2所述氮掺杂多孔碳材料在制备超级电容器电极中的应用。
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