CN108541500B - Transformation method for ecological public welfare forest in western Sichuan region - Google Patents
Transformation method for ecological public welfare forest in western Sichuan region Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of artificial forest structure transformation, and particularly relates to a method for transforming an ecological public welfare forest in the western Sichuan region. The technical scheme is as follows: a method for improving ecological public welfare forest in western Sichuan region includes such steps as thinning forest between small forest windows, and introducing broad-leaved tree seeds and colour-leaved tree seeds. The invention has little interference on the ecological system of the artificial forest, can reduce the competitive consumption among canopy trees, improve the net productivity of the trees, promote the forest updating, increase the structural complexity of the forest and promote the natural restoration of the diversity composition of the forest environment and soil and the food network relationship thereof. According to the invention, the forest photosynthetic carbon utilization efficiency is maximized by efficiently utilizing multilayer three-dimensional environmental resources, and the carbon accumulation of a forest ecological system is further promoted on the basis of carbon emission reduction.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of artificial forest structure transformation, and particularly relates to a method for transforming an ecological public welfare forest in the western Sichuan region.
Background
By 2013, China is the country with the largest area of the artificial forest in the world, and the total area of the existing artificial forest is about 6.93 multiplied by 107hm2The accumulated amount is 2.48X 109m3The development rate of the artificial forest is 5.7 times of the average level in the world (national forest industry, 2005), most of the artificial forest is ecological public welfare forest, but the artificial forest is designed according to the wood requirement at first and then causes the contradiction between supply and demand because the ecological function region is classified as the ecological function protection requirement. The ecological forest is characterized in that the initial design density is high, most artificial forests are single in tree species, forest hierarchical structures are simple, forest stand canopy density is too large, under-forest environments are shaded and moist, and the problems that the growth vigor of the forests is generally weakened, under-forest vegetation coverage is small, variety of species is low, biodiversity is poor, soil acidification and fertilizer supply capacity is insufficient, insect disease occurrence risk is high, forest land productivity is low, carbon sequestration capacity is low and the like are shown after the forests develop to the middle-age stage. But at the present stage, the design aiming at the artificial forest is obviously lackedThe reconstruction technical method mostly adopts the traditional thinning mode for reconstruction.
The traditional row or block thinning mode has obvious defects: (1) the interference to the forest land is large, and secondary disasters such as water loss and soil erosion are easy to cause. (2) The mechanical tools are needed, and special requirements are made on the topography. (3) The mechanized operation process is easy to damage the soil structure of the forest land, such as hardening and the like. (4) The vegetation in the forest is easy to destroy and the surface vegetation is difficult to restore quickly. (5) Thinning strength is large and it is difficult to quickly recover the productivity of the arbor layer.
Therefore, the exploration of theories and methods for scientifically and effectively managing and transforming the low-efficiency artificial forest is a task which can not be avoided by the continuous forest management and forestry development in China at present. In a mountain ecological system with complex environmental conditions (large gradient and complex terrain), it is currently a very necessary task to discuss how to improve and reform the ecological benefits of an inefficient artificial forest without severely interfering the existing artificial forest ecological system (reducing water loss and soil disturbance as much as possible).
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for transforming ecological public welfare forests in the western Sichuan region.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a method for reforming an ecological public welfare forest in the western Sichuan region comprises the following steps:
(1) thinning forest between the small forest windows of the public welfare forest:
1) surveying and evaluating the growth condition of forest zones, forest stand structures and surface environment conditions in 9-10 months every year;
2) confirming the size, the number, the optimal combination and the layout of forest gap windows according to the investigation result of the step 1);
3) determining and marking thinning objects;
4) thinning in the current year for 11 months or 2-3 months in the next year;
5) checking and correcting the thinning result again;
(2) introducing broad-leaved tree species:
introducing the Sichuan local broad-leaved tree species mainly comprising birch and sumac into the forest window of the intermediate cutting in the step (1) in a manner that: cultivating the tree species to fine and strong seedlings by using the degradable nutrition bag added with the nitro humic acid, then transplanting the tree species into soil, and reserving the nutrition bag in the transplanting process; transplanting the seedlings into soil with the depth of 20-30 cm per plant;
(3) introducing color leaf tree species:
1) introducing local colorful leaf tree species in Sichuan province mainly comprising maple, mountain ash and Sichuan redwood into the thinning forest window in the step (1) in a manner that: introducing bare-rooted seedlings, wherein the height of the seedlings is 1.0-1.5 m, and transplanting and digging holes are as follows: 0.3X 0.4 m;
2) before transplanting, serous root is carried out on the bare-rooted seedlings by using yellow muddy water containing 10 mass percent of bacillus subtilis preparation.
Preferably, the confirming of the forest gap size, the forest gap number, the optimal combination and the layout in the step (1) specifically comprises: the thinning amount does not exceed 30% of the total area of the public welfare forest; the forest gap is nested in a patch shape; for the public welfare forest with the forest density of more than 2500 plants/hectare, the area of the forest gap is 100-200 m2(ii) a For the public welfare forest with the forest density of less than 2500 plants/hectare, the area of the forest gap is 70-100 m2。
Preferably, the thinning subject in step (1) is specifically: overlord, rotten wood, dense forest and upper forest affecting the growth of other forests.
Preferably, the thinning requirement in step (1) is: the stump of the thinned forest is kept more than or equal to 50 cm; and reserving the understory vegetation layer during thinning.
Preferably, the degradable nutrition bag added with nitrohumic acid in the step (2) comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 55 parts of wheat straw fiber, 5 parts of hydroxymethyl cellulose, 10 parts of nitro humic acid, 15 parts of corn starch and 60 parts of water.
Preferably, the bacillus subtilis preparation in the step (3) has an effective bacteria content of 1 × 107cfu/mL of bacterial suspension.
Preferably, the broad-leaved tree species and the color-leaved tree species introduced in the steps (2) and (3) are uniformly planted in the thinning forest window according to the proportion of 1:1, and the planting density is 2-3 plants/10 m2The introduction time is 2-4 months per year.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the invention has little interference to the original ecological system of the artificial forest;
2. the invention can reduce the competitive self-consumption (namely carbon emission) among canopy trees, activate the vitality of the trees and improve the net productivity of the trees;
3. the invention can improve the quality of the microenvironment under the forest, promote the natural recovery of vegetation and forest updating under the forest, and promote the natural recovery of the diversity composition of the environment and soil and the food network relationship thereof under the forest;
4. according to the invention, the forest photosynthetic carbon utilization efficiency is maximized by efficiently utilizing multilayer (arbor, shrub and grass) three-dimensional environmental resources (light, temperature and water), and the carbon accumulation of a forest ecological system is further promoted on the basis of carbon emission reduction;
5. the terrain in the western-Sichuan region has large fluctuation, the east part is the mountain canyon landform, the west part is the mountain landform with fluctuation, and the common large-scale mechanical thinning and other operations can cause compact soil, cause water and soil loss, and simultaneously can also destroy the vegetation under the forest. The small forest gap thinning of the invention effectively increases the moisture, nutrient and the like of the soil, reserves the vegetation under the forest and is beneficial to the rapid restoration of the forest.
6. The invention also introduces sustainable forest management concepts including coniferous pure forest to coniferous mixed forest conversion, colored-leaf tree species addition and the like.
The invention introduces broad-leaved tree species, improves single species of the Sichuan civic forest into multiple species, and converts the original single-layer structure of the forest into a multi-layer structure. Moreover, the nutrient bag used when introducing the tree seeds is environment-friendly and degradable, the bag does not need to be removed when transplanting the tree seeds, the roots of the plants are protected to the maximum extent, and the integrity of the nutrient soil in the bag is kept. The nutrition bag contains nitro humic acid, can improve soil composition, help plant take root and grow, and can help plant decompose and recycle fertilizer which is difficult to decompose in the nutrition soil in the bag.
The invention introduces the color leaf tree species, further increases the diversity of the forest structure and utilizes the forest land capability to the maximum extent. Meanwhile, when the colored-leaf tree species are introduced, a large-seedling bare-root planting mode is selected, the landscape value of the public welfare forest can be rapidly improved, and the heterogeneity and the ornamental value of the landscape are increased. Because the seedlings are transplanted bare-rooted seedlings, the seedlings are serorooted by yellow muddy water containing the bacillus subtilis preparation before transplantation, the survival capability of the seedlings is improved, and the improvement of the soil microbial composition at the planting positions of the seedlings is facilitated.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the thinning operation of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of thinning operation according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
Operation process for intercropping of Yiyi and Yiyi forests
With reference to fig. 1 and fig. 2 (wherein, fig. 1 shows a schematic plan view of a layout of a forest gap and forest gap in the art of the forest gap, and a part pointed by an arrow is a partially enlarged view), the specific operation flow is as follows:
1. investigating and evaluating structural characteristics of low-efficiency forest stand
The method comprises the steps of surveying forest land environment conditions (altitude, gradient and slope direction) of candidate forests and forest stands to form a historical background, and sampling and surveying arbor structures (such as parameters of forest density, height, breast diameter, under-branch height, crown width and the like), the development condition of forest vegetation, the storage amount of ground cover materials, the soil fertility condition and the like. Based on survey data, a comprehensive assessment method is adopted to assess the structure condition of the forest stand, the growth potential grade (dominant trees, average trees and pressed trees) and the competitive strength of the forest stand, the surface vegetation and the environmental condition and the like, and measures for improving the productivity of the forest stand and reforming the forest stand are formed. The sampling investigation proportion is not less than 10% of the area of the modified forest stand. The investigation is preferably scheduled at the end of the annual growing season: and the treatment is carried out for 9-10 months.
2. Determining and designing forest gap size, number and layout
On the basis of evaluating the characteristics of the forest land and the forest stand, the size of a forest window to be adopted is determined by referring to forest land background factors and on the basis of controlling the total thinning amount in a unit area, the number of the forest windows is calculated, and the optimal combination and layout are designed. As shown in figure 1, the general principle is that the thinning amount does not exceed 30 percent of the base area, the forest windows are nested in a plaque shape, and the density is more than 2500 strains per hectareThe forest stand expands the area of a forest window to 100-200 m2The major middle and large forest gap is better; in the forest stand with the density of less than 2500 trees/hectare, the size of the extended forest window is 70-100 m2The Xiaolin window is preferable.
3. Determining and marking thinning objects
The principle of determining the thinning object is as follows: cutting small trees and leaving large trees, and removing the overlord trees, rotten trees, over-dense trees and upper-layer trees influencing the growth of other trees. And (5) marking the pseudo-felled forest trees with red paint.
4. Selecting thinning time
The thinning time is preferably selected when the forest grows in a dormant state or a state close to the dormant state. The arrangement in the high mountain region of Sichuan Asia is better in 11 months or 2-3 months.
5. Thinning operation and processing of felling residues
The wood removed with the red paint indicia was cut down with a chain saw. In order to preserve heterogeneity of habitat and reserve more habitats and shelters for plants such as moss, the stumps are required to be kept at least 50 cm; meanwhile, in the thinning operation process, the under-forest vegetation layer is reserved as much as possible, conditions are created for the rapid development of the under-forest vegetation layer after thinning, and more propagules are reserved. The rest of the tree stems are thinned and used as wood, and branches and leaves are piled up in situ along contour lines in a band shape for natural decomposition.
6. Supplementary operation and perfection
According to the design standard, after the operation is finished, the cut forest gap and the layout need to be further checked, and the operation treatment which does not conform to the principle is properly corrected and perfected.
Secondly, introducing broad leaf tree species and color leaf tree species
(1) In the early spring (2-4 months) of each year, in the thinning forest window, the self-owned broad leaf tree species and color leaf tree species in Sichuan are introduced, so that the phenomenon that species invasion is caused by introducing foreign tree species is avoided. Uniformly planting each tree species (for example, introducing 4 tree species in total, the introduction amount of each tree species is 1:1: 1: 1), and the planting density is 2-3 plants/10 m2。
(2) The broad-leaved tree species mainly take birch and sumac as main species, and the introduction mode is as follows: introducing a nutrition bag seedling, filling nutrition soil into a degradable nutrition bag added with nitrohumic acid, culturing the tree seed to a fine variety strong seedling, then transplanting the tree seed into the soil, and keeping the nutrition bag in the transplanting process so as to ensure that the nutrition soil in the bag enters the soil along with the tree seed. The depth of transplanting into the soil is 20-30 cm per plant.
(3) The colored-leaf tree species mainly comprise maple, mountain ash and Sichuan redwood, and the introduction mode is as follows: introducing bare-rooted seedlings, wherein the height of the seedlings is 1.0-1.5 m, and transplanting and digging holes are as follows: 0.3X 0.4 m. Before transplanting, serous root is carried out on the bare-rooted seedlings by using yellow muddy water containing 10 mass percent of bacillus subtilis preparation.
Composition of degradable nutrition bag
1. Preparing degradable non-woven fabric: the wheat straw fiber-containing biological organic fertilizer comprises, by mass, 55 parts of wheat straw fiber, 5 parts of hydroxymethyl cellulose, 10 parts of nitrohumic acid and 15 parts of corn starch. And (2) putting 60 parts of water, wheat straw fiber, hydroxymethyl cellulose, nitro humic acid and corn starch into a hydrapulper, crushing and uniformly mixing, and then carrying out mesh forming by a carding machine and an airflow mesh forming machine to obtain the degradable non-woven fabric. Under the condition of containing nitrohumic acid and plant fiber, other components can be equivalently replaced; other equivalent modes can be used for preparing the components into the non-woven fabric, so that the subsequent use is not influenced.
2. According to the condition of the seedling-growing plants, the non-woven fabric is cut into a non-woven fabric nutrition bag which is barreled and can be loosened at the upper end, the size of the non-woven fabric nutrition bag is suitable for completely wrapping the root systems of the plants and slightly surplus, and the nutrition soil is arranged in the non-woven fabric nutrition bag.
The nutrient soil is general tree composite nutrient soil, soil obtained by carbonizing sludge of a domestic sewage treatment plant can be used as a substrate, or fluffy soil rich in certain nutrients such as bentonite, volcanic ash, diatomite and the like can be directly used as a substrate, and then nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium composite fertilizer and rooting powder are added.
Fourthly, the components of the bacillus subtilis preparation
Purchasing Bacillus subtilis from Soochehan biological Limited company, diluting with water until the effective bacteria content is 1 × 107cfu/mL of bacterial suspension (now ready for use) was used as the bacterial preparation.
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples.
The first embodiment is as follows: effect of the nutritional bag
In the month of 2, 30 strong birch seedlings with the height of 0.5 +/-0.1 m are selected in a test field and are randomly divided into three groups, wherein each group comprises 10 birch seedlings, namely a treatment group, a positive control group and a blank control group.
After the birch seedlings in the treatment group are raised for 1 month by using the degradable nutrition bags, the birch seedlings are transplanted into soil with the bags. Wherein, nutrient soil is arranged in the nutrient bag, and the nutrient bag comprises the following components by mass: 75% of volcanic ash compressed substrate nutrient soil, 6% of monopotassium phosphate, 7% of urea, 1% of rooting powder and the balance of water. The dosage is as follows: filling all the spaces in the bag except the root system.
The nutrient soil component of the treatment group is conventional N, P, K compound fertilizer component, and the nutrient soil of the component is used in the invention for convenient operation. In practical application, equivalent replacement and adjustment can be performed on the components according to actual conditions and requirements.
And (3) breeding the positive control group for 1 month by using a common non-degradable nutrient bag purchased in the market, removing the bag, keeping the soil in the bag as complete as possible, and transplanting the bag together with the nutrient soil into the soil. The components and the dosage of the nutrient soil are the same as those of the treatment group.
Directly growing the bare-rooted seedlings in the soil for 1 month in the blank control group, and during seedling growing, putting nutrient soil with the same components and the same amount as those of the treatment group into seedling growing pits, and growing the seedlings after filling the pits. After 1 month, the root system is dug out completely as much as possible and transplanted into the soil together with the soil near the root system.
When each group is transplanted, the planting depth is 25 +/-5 cm, and soil is compacted after soil filling to keep the seedlings straight. After planting, watering the saplings of each group regularly, simultaneously and equivalently, and after planting for 1 month, performing equivalent topdressing on each group: the compound fertilizer purchased in the market and the annular ditch are used for fertilizing.
The growth of each group of seedlings was observed at 1, 3 and 6 months after completion of the transplantation. Sampling and detecting soil hardening conditions of each group one week after topdressing, and taking the soil volume weight change rate as a standard, wherein the calculation method comprises the following steps: the soil volume weight change rate is (the soil volume weight of one week after topdressing-the initial soil volume weight of the test field)/the initial soil volume weight of the test field. The results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 comparison of the growth of seedlings in each group
As can be seen from the above table, the degradable nutrition bag provided by the invention is matched with the nutrient soil for seedling culture, so that the survival rate of birch seedlings can be obviously improved, the volume weight of the soil is obviously improved, and the problem of soil hardening after seedling culture and topdressing is effectively avoided. Meanwhile, the growth speed of the saplings is obviously improved in the early growth stage of the seedlings.
Example two: effect of Bacillus subtilis preparation
In 3 months, 30 Sichuan red fir strong seedlings with the height of 0.5 +/-0.1 m are selected in a test field and are randomly divided into three groups with the same amount as a treatment group, a positive control group and a blank control group. Planting the trees by introducing the color-leaf trees. Wherein the treatment group uses yellow mud root containing bacteria preparation; the positive control group uses the same amount of yellow mud serofluid root without the bacteria preparation, the blank control group does not carry out the serofluid root treatment, and the rest planting modes and conditions are completely the same. After 3 months, the growth of each group was observed as shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 comparison of the growth of seedlings in each group
| Growth conditions | Treatment group | Positive control group | Blank control group |
| Number of surviving seedlings | 10 pieces of grass of Chinese goldthread | 9 pieces of grass of Chinese goldthread | 7 pieces of Chinese herbal medicine |
| Average growth height | 47cm | 40cm | 33cm |
As can be seen from the above table, the survival rate and the growth speed of the plants can be obviously improved after the plants are subjected to root pulping by using yellow muddy water containing the bacterial preparation.
Example three: improvement of artificial forest of spruce
(1) Implementation time and place: the technical implementation place is Mao county forestry bureau Phoenix appearance forest farm (large drainage basin), 30 hectare of low-efficiency picea artificial forest is selected in 7 th of the year 2007, the elevation of the experimental place is 2151m, the gradient is 14.3, and the soil type is mountain dark brown soil.
(2) Background parameter investigation: the investigation time is at the end of the growing season of 2007 and is carried out in 9-10 months. Sampling investigation is carried out according to 10% of the area of an object to be transformed in the low-efficiency artificial spruce forest, and arbor, shrub and grass species and aboveground and underground biomass at the center of a forest gap and the edge of the forest are investigated by a sample method; 1 miniature temperature and humidity automatic recording instrument (I-button DS1923-F5, USA) is respectively arranged at the position 5cm away from the ground surface and 10cm below the ground at the center positions of the forest window and the control forest to investigate the temperature and humidity above the ground and below the ground at the center positions of the forest window; taking images from the lower part of the plant canopy by using a 180-degree fisheye lens and a high-definition digital camera, taking images from three different points in each sample plot, processing the pictures by using professional software Hemiview and obtaining LAI and total transmittance; measuring the volume weight, porosity and water holding capacity of the soil by a cutting ring method; and taking soil at the center of the forest gap by adopting a layered multipoint method, and researching the physicochemical properties of each foundation of the soil.
The investigation result is as follows: the main woodland parameters of the sample plot are 0.81 degree of canopy, 2650 arbor density/hectare, Diameter of Breast Height (DBH) 19.1cm, 10.0m of tree height, 25% of vegetation coverage under the forest and 85% of litter coverage.
Based on survey data, comprehensive statistical methods such as comparison, correlation and variance analysis are adopted according to forest land density, height, forest vegetation development and ground cover, and the like, so as to evaluate forest stand structure conditions, forest tree growth potential levels (dominant trees, average trees and pressed trees), competition strength, surface vegetation development, updating capability, environment conditions and the like.
The evaluation results were: the spruce artificial forest land is a typical artificial dense forest (the density is more than 2500 plants/hectare), the environment under the forest is humid and weak in illumination, the accumulation thickness of litters is large, the compressed wood occupies 26% of the total forest, nursery stocks are basically not updated under the forest, and only a few shade-tolerant herbs are available.
(3) Modification measures: thinning the arbor layer structure, and expanding the forest gap to 109m2、196m2The forest gap arrangement was random and the overall thinning intensity was carried out at 28%. The thinning subjects were: pressed wood, a small amount of rotten wood and Bawangtang wood.
(4) Determination and marking of thinning subject: the principle of the thinning object is to cut small trees and leave large trees, remove the queen wood and the like, and mainly cut diseased sapwood, over-dense forest trees and upper-layer forest trees influencing the growth of other forest trees. And (5) marking the pseudo-felled forest trees with red paint.
(5) Selecting thinning time: thinning treatment is carried out in 2-3 months of 2008.
(6) Thinning operation and processing of cutting residues: the wood removed with the red paint indicia was cut down with a chain saw. In order to preserve heterogeneity of habitat, reserve more habitats and shelters for plants such as moss and the like, and keep the stumps at least 50 cm; meanwhile, in the thinning operation process, the under-forest vegetation layer is reserved as much as possible, conditions are created for the rapid development of the under-forest vegetation layer after thinning, and more propagules are reserved. The rest of the tree stems are thinned and used as wood, and branches and leaves are piled up in situ along contour lines in a band shape for natural decomposition.
(7) Supplementing operation and perfecting: according to the standard designed in the step (3), after the operation is finished, the post-cutting forest window and the layout need to be further checked, the total thinning amount does not exceed 28 percent, and the thinning forestThe window size is controlled to be 100-200 m2: and carrying out appropriate correction and perfection on unreasonable operation processing.
(8) In 2008, birch, sumac, sequoia fortunei and mountain ash are introduced into the thinning forest window in the manner of the second step (a method for introducing broad leaf tree species and colored leaf tree species) and the first and second embodiments.
(9) Outcome revisits were performed at month 8 of 2012, compared to month 8 of 2007:
1) the forest stand net productivity of the whole forest is increased by 1.5t/ha/a at the lowest, and is increased by 3.1t/ha/a at the highest, the biological carbon sequestration capacity is averagely improved by 30%, and the forest stand carbon accumulation is averagely improved by 40%.
2) The coverage of the under-forest vegetation is averagely improved to over 60 percent, and the under-forest species abundance is averagely increased by 40 percent.
3) The water conservation capacity of the forest land is obviously improved, the soil moisture content is averagely increased by 18.8%, and the soil fertility is also improved: the organic matter of the soil humus layer is increased by 26.3 percent on average; ammonium nitrogen is increased by 315.9 percent on average, and nitrate nitrogen is reduced by 95.6 percent on average. The microbial activity of the soil humus layer is obviously enhanced, and the negative-tolerant plants on the ground surface grow well.
Example four: artificial pine forest reconstruction
(1) Implementation time and place: the technical implementation place is the Wuxian county forestry bureau Phoenix appearance forest farm (Phoenix appearance town), 20 hectare of low-efficiency artificial pine forest is selected in 7 middle of the month in 2007, the altitude of the experimental place is 1960m, the gradient is 10.3, and the soil type is mountain dark brown soil.
(2) Background parameter investigation: the investigation is carried out in 9-10 months at the end of the growing season. The investigation method of the third embodiment is adopted, and the investigation result is as follows: 1960m, gradient 14.0, soil type of mountain brown soil, forest land canopy density 0.82, arbor density 2321 plants/hectare, DBH 15.4cm, tree height 11.2m, under-forest vegetation coverage 12.3%, litter coverage 82%.
Based on the survey results, an assessment was made: the artificial pine forest land is a typical artificial dense forest (the density is 2300-2500 plants/hectare), the environment under the forest is humid and weak in illumination, the litters are 8-10 cm in stacking thickness, the compressed trees occupy 22% of the total trees, the nursery stocks are not basically updated under the forest, and only shade-tolerant herbs with few data exist, so that measures for improving the productivity of the forest stand and reforming the forest stand are formed, namely thinning is carried out on the layer structure of the arbor (the thinning strength is 25%, the thinning target is pressed trees plus a small amount of rotten trees and queen wood).
(3) Modification measures: thinning the arbor layer structure, the thinning intensity is 25%, and the thinning object is: pressed wood, a small amount of rotten wood and overlord wood; the size of the extended forest gap is 70-100 m2The forest gap arrangement is random arrangement, and the overall thinning intensity is 25%.
(4) Determination and marking of thinning subject: the principle of the thinning object is to cut small trees and leave large trees, remove the queen wood and the like, and mainly cut diseased sapwood, over-dense forest trees and upper-layer forest trees influencing the growth of other forest trees. And (5) marking the pseudo-felled forest trees with red paint.
(5) Selecting thinning time: thinning is carried out in 11 months or 2-3 months.
(6) Thinning operation and processing of cutting residues: the wood removed with the red paint indicia was cut down with a chain saw. In order to preserve heterogeneity of habitat and reserve more habitats and shelters for plants such as moss, the stumps are required to be kept at least 50 cm; meanwhile, in the thinning operation process, the under-forest vegetation layer is reserved as much as possible, conditions are created for the rapid development of the under-forest vegetation layer after thinning, and more propagules are reserved. The tree stems of the thinning residues are used as wood, and branches and leaves are piled up in situ along contour line strips for natural decomposition.
(7) Supplementing operation and perfecting: according to the standard designed in the step (3), after the operation is finished, the cut forest windows and the layout need to be further checked, the total thinning amount does not exceed 25%, and the size of the thinning forest windows is controlled to be 70-100 m2: the size is improved by appropriate correction for unreasonable operation processing.
(8) In 2008, in 3-4 months, birch, sumac, Sichuan redwood and sorbus pohuashanensis are introduced into a forest window, and the introduction mode is as follows: the method for introducing the broad-leaved tree species and the color-leaved tree species and the method of the first embodiment and the second embodiment are carried out.
(9) Outcome revisits were performed at month 8 of 2012, compared to month 8 of 2007:
1) the application of the low-efficiency forest low-strength transformation technical scheme of the artificial Chinese pine and the Chinese pine can obviously improve the micro climate of the underground ground surface, the soil quality and the spatial heterogeneity of environmental resources, promote the growth of forest trees and the productivity of forest stands, effectively promote the regression of the diversity of organisms (soil animals, plants and microorganisms) under the forest and the recovery of non-forest resources under the forest, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of the forest.
2) The total forest can increase the net productivity of the forest stand by 1.2t/ha/a at least and 2.6t/ha/a at most without increasing the carbon emission of the soil of the forest land, and the biological carbon sequestration capacity is improved by 22 percent on average.
3) The coverage of the under-forest vegetation is improved to more than 55 percent, and the under-forest species abundance is increased by 33 percent on average.
4) The water source conservation capacity of the forest land is obviously improved, the soil moisture content is averagely increased by 16.2%, and the soil fertility is also improved: the organic matter of the soil humus layer is increased by 28.5 percent on average; the ammonium nitrogen is increased by 308.3 percent on average, and the nitrate nitrogen is reduced by 92.9 percent on average. The microbial activity of the soil humus layer is obviously enhanced, and the negative-tolerant plants on the ground surface grow well.
Claims (5)
1. A transformation method of ecological public welfare forest in the western Sichuan area is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) thinning forest between small forest windows:
1) surveying and evaluating the growth condition of forest zones, forest stand structures and surface environment conditions in 9-10 months every year;
2) confirming the forest window size, the number of forest windows, the optimal combination and the layout of the forest according to the investigation result of the step 1);
3) determining and marking thinning objects;
4) thinning in 11 months of the current year or 2-3 months of the next year;
5) checking and correcting the thinning result again;
(2) introducing broad-leaved tree species:
introducing the Sichuan local broad-leaved tree species mainly comprising birch and sumac into the forest window of the intermediate cutting in the step (1) in a manner that: cultivating the tree species to fine and strong seedlings by using the degradable nutrition bag added with the nitro humic acid, then transplanting the tree species into soil, and reserving the nutrition bag in the transplanting process; transplanting the seedlings into soil with the depth of 20-30 cm per plant;
(3) introducing color leaf tree species:
1) introducing local colorful leaf tree species in Sichuan province mainly comprising maple, mountain ash and Sichuan redwood into the thinning forest window in the step (1) in a manner that: introducing bare-rooted seedlings, wherein the height of the seedlings is 1.0-1.5 m, and transplanting and digging holes are as follows: 0.3X 0.4 m;
2) before transplanting, serous root is carried out on the bare-rooted seedlings by yellow muddy water containing 10% of bacillus subtilis preparation by mass;
the degradable nutrition bag added with the nitrohumic acid in the step (2) comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 55 parts of wheat straw fiber, 5 parts of hydroxymethyl cellulose, 10 parts of nitro humic acid, 15 parts of corn starch and 60 parts of water;
confirming the size, the number, the optimal combination and the layout of forest gap windows in the step (1) according to the following principle: the thinning amount does not exceed 30% of the total area of the public welfare forest; the forest gap is nested in a patch shape; for the public welfare forest with the forest density of more than 2500 plants/hectare, the area of the forest gap is 100-200 m2(ii) a For the public welfare forest with the forest density of less than 2500 plants/hectare, the area of the forest gap is 70-100 m2。
2. The method for improving the ecological public welfare forest in the western Sichuan region as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the thinning object in the step (1) is specifically: overlord, rotten wood, dense forest and upper forest affecting the growth of other forests.
3. The method for improving the ecological public welfare forest in the western Sichuan region as claimed in claim 1, wherein: thinning in the step (1) according to the following principle: the stump of the thinned forest is kept more than or equal to 50 cm; and reserving the understory vegetation layer during thinning.
4. The method for improving the ecological public welfare forest in the western Sichuan region as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the Bacillus subtilis preparation of step (3) is effectiveThe bacteria content is 1 × 107cfu/mL of bacterial suspension.
5. The method for improving the ecological public welfare forest in the western Sichuan region as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the broad-leaved tree species and the color-leaved tree species introduced in the steps (2) and (3) are uniformly planted in the thinning forest window according to the ratio of 1:1, and the planting density is 2-3 plants/10 m2The introduction time is 2-4 months per year.
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