CN108484836B - 一种复合聚合物固态电解质膜的原位自形成制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种复合聚合物固态电解质膜的原位自形成制备方法。以克服现有技术存在的材料内部填料的分散性问题,同时制备方法复杂、不便捷,成本高且对环境不友好的问题。本发明采用的方法步骤为:1)以PEO为聚合物基体,将其与LiClO4溶解在去离子水中,搅拌溶解,得溶液A;2)称取丙烯酰胺和2‑丙烯酰胺基‑2‑甲基丙磺酸单体,以PEO质量为基准,控制聚合物基体与单体的质量比,将单体加入溶液A中搅拌溶解得溶液B;3)分别称取N,N‑亚甲基双丙烯酰胺,光引发剂加入至溶液B,搅拌溶解得到溶液C;4)将溶液C浇注于聚四氟乙烯模具中,置于紫外光辐射下,使单体聚合并交联,在PEO基体中形成交联结构;5)然后干燥得复合聚合物固态电解质膜。
Description
技术领域
本发明所属固态聚合物电解质膜制备技术领域,具体涉及一种复合聚合物固态电解质膜的原位自形成制备方法。
背景技术
动力电池作为发展电动汽车的核心部件之一,一直是电池领域的研究热点。其中,锂离子电池由于其拥有高能量密度及功率密度而备受关注。近年来,随着电动汽车的快速发展,人们追求锂电池的大容量和充放电速度外,更关心的是锂电池的安全问题。目前商用的锂电池,电池内部的有机电解液可能引起泄露、燃烧和爆炸等安全问题,另外,金属锂负极的枝晶生长可能造成短路的安全隐患。因此,发展高安全性的全固态锂电池成为目前获得高效、安全、可靠的动力电池的发展方向。
固体电解质作为全固电池的核心部件,开发先进的固体电解质,对于防止锂枝晶的生长和电极副反应都有着至关重要的作用。目前研究主要涉及无机和聚合物固体电解质两大类。其中,聚合物电解质具有对电极粘附性好、电化学窗口相对较高且生产工艺易控制、可量产、柔性、形状多样性等优点,在柔性锂电池方面具备更多优势。但是通常聚合物固态电解质的离子电导率较低(10-7S cm-1),需要对其进行改性来达到实际使用要求。另外,固态聚合物电解质的机械性能差也是亟待解决的问题。
目前,以聚氧化乙烯(PEO)为聚合物基体,高氯酸锂(LiClO4)为锂盐的聚合物固态电解质体系中,文献报道基本上是利用填料来进行改性,目前报道的最高室温离子电导率为5.2×10-5S cm-1(Zhai H.et al.Nano letters,2017(17):3182-3187)。但是该方法需要利用冰模板来取向纳米填料Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3(LATP),制备过程繁琐复杂,工艺条件要求高。(Zhai H.et al.Nano letters,2017(17):3182-3187)。此外,在填料改性的PEO基复合聚合物电解质体系中,填料与PEO之间多存在分相行为;纳米填料的团聚行为也限制了聚合物电解质膜的制备;PEO的溶解多采用有一定毒性的有机溶剂乙腈等;复合电解质膜的拉伸强度提高程度有限,文献报道的最大拉伸强度增幅为83%(Gomari S.et al.SolidState Ionics,2017(303):37-46)。因此,需要寻求更好的PEO基复合聚合物电解质的制备方法。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种复合聚合物固态电解质膜的原位自形成制备方法,以克服现有技术存在的材料内部填料的分散性问题,同时制备方法复杂、不便捷,成本高且对环境不友好的问题。
为达到本发明的目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种复合聚合物固态电解质膜的原位自形成制备方法,包括下述步骤:
一、以分子量范围为100K-4000K的PEO为聚合物基体,将其与LiClO4按照5~20:1的摩尔比溶解在去离子水中,搅拌溶解,得到溶液A;
二、称取质量比为5:1~3的丙烯酰胺(AM)和2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸单体,以PEO质量为基准,控制聚合物基体与单体的质量比为1:0.1~1:0.75,将单体加入至溶液A中搅拌溶解得到溶液B;
三、分别称取单体质量0.015%~0.06%的交联剂N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA),单体质量0.75%的光引发剂α-酮戊二酸加入至溶液B,搅拌溶解得到溶液C;
四、将溶液C浇注于聚四氟乙烯模具中,置于紫外光辐射下,光照30-120min,使单体聚合并交联,在PEO基体中形成交联结构;
五、在40℃真空干燥箱中干燥得到复合聚合物固态电解质膜。
上述步骤一中,所述聚合物基体与LiClO4的摩尔比为10~20:1。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下优点:
第一:室温下离子电导率高:利用形成的交联聚合物网络作为三维骨架,同时协同柔性聚合物作为锂离子的传输载体,通过刚柔材料的优势互补,获得高性能的聚合物基固态电解质膜,室温下离子电导率可达到3.95×10-6~4.12×10-5,比PEO/LiClO4聚合物电解质膜室温离子电导率增加了2~3个数量级。
第二:针对传统溶液共混复合体系的分相、团聚问题,原位聚合形成均匀、自支撑的、具备交联网络的复合聚合物电解质膜,将成膜时间从传统的4days降至2days,因此方法简便、快捷。
第三:环境友好,本发明所涉及的复合聚合物电解质膜的制备过程中,以去离子水为溶剂、单体也是生物相容性材料,能够满足绿色生产的要求。
第四、力学性能好:通过在PEO/LiClO4溶液体系中引入可光引发并交联的聚合反应单体,实现在紫外光辐射条件下,一步、原位制备具备交联网络结构的复合聚合物电解质膜。复合聚合物电解质膜内部交联网络的形成,在提高聚合物基体离子电导率的基础上,同时实现电解质膜力学性能的提升,交联结构的形成,可以将电解质膜的拉伸强度提高一个数量级,显著增加电解质膜的力学性能,使其达到约6.2Mpa,能够同时兼顾复合聚合物电解质膜的离子电导率与力学性能。
附图说明
图1所示为本发明实施例复合聚合物电解质膜的实物图:(a)PEO与LiClO4摩尔比为15:1;(b)PEO与LiClO4摩尔比为10:1。
图2所示为复合聚合物电解质膜原料及不同单体含量复合聚合物电解质膜(PEO与LiClO4摩尔比为15:1)的ATR-FTIR谱图。
图3所示为不同单体含量复合聚合物电解质膜(PEO与LiClO4摩尔比为15:1)及未添加交联结构的PEO/LiClO4电解质膜的DSC升温曲线。
图4所示为未添加交联结构的PEO/LiClO4电解质膜(a)及复合聚合物电解质膜(PEO与LiClO4摩尔比为15:1)(b)的反射偏光显微镜形貌图。
图5所示为未添加交联结构的PEO/LiClO4电解质膜(a)及复合聚合物电解质膜(PEO与LiClO4摩尔比为15:1)(b)的应力-应变曲线。
图6所示为复合聚合物电解质膜原料及不同单体含量复合聚合物电解质膜(PEO与LiClO4摩尔比为10:1)的ATR-FTIR谱图。
图7所示为不同单体含量复合聚合物电解质膜(PEO与LiClO4摩尔比为10:1)的DSC升温曲线。
具体实施方式
实施例1,一种复合聚合物固态电解质膜的原位自形成制备方法,包括下述步骤:
一、将分子量范围为100K-4000K的PEO与LiClO4按照15:1的摩尔比溶解在去离子水中,搅拌溶解,得到溶液A。
二、以PEO质量为基准,控制聚合物基体与单体的质量比为1:0.25,称取单体丙烯酰胺(AM)和2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPA),其中两种单体的质量比为5:1,加入至溶液A中搅拌溶解得到溶液B。
三、分别称取单体质量0.015%的MBAA,单体质量0.75%的光引发剂α-酮戊二酸加入至溶液B,搅拌溶解得到溶液C。
四、将溶液C浇注于聚四氟乙烯模具中,置于紫外光辐射下,光照40min,使单体AM、AMPA聚合并形成交联结构;
五、在40℃真空干燥箱中干燥得到复合聚合物固态电解质膜,将膜裁成19mm直径备用,如图1(a)所示。电解质膜的厚度根据溶液浓度可以控制在0.08mm~0.30mm范围,本实施例中厚度为0.11mm。
分别利用FTIR、FTIR-ATR、DSC、反射偏光显微镜万能试验机以及电化学工作站对所制备的复合聚合物电解质膜的组成、结构、热行为以及室温离子电导率进行表征。图2为复合聚合物电解质膜原料及不同单体含量复合聚合物电解质膜(PEO与LiClO4摩尔比为15:1)的ATR-FTIR谱图。由于结晶态PEO的红外谱图特征为:1350cm-1分裂为两个峰,1470cm-1也分裂为两个峰,并可以在1060cm-1观察到吸收峰。无定形态PEO的红外谱图特征为:1350cm-1和1470cm-1呈现单峰状态存在,并观察不到1060cm-1峰。从FTIR-ATR图谱中可以看出,PEO中引入LiClO4后,1470cm-1呈现单峰状态,1060cm-1峰消失,1350cm-1处的两个分裂峰开始消失,有合并为一个峰的趋势,这说明LiClO4的加入可以抑制PEO的结晶。当PEO-LiClO4体系中引入交联结构,PEO结晶被进一步抑制,1350cm-1和1470cm-1以单峰状态存在,1060cm-1峰消失。
对电解质膜进行DSC升温分析,结果如图3所示。从图中可以明显看出,交联结构的引入,一定程度上抑制了PEO的结晶,将PEO的熔点从59.4℃降低至55.6℃。这有利于PEO分子链运动能力的提高,进而提高离子电导率。电解质膜的表面形貌结果如图4所示,可以明显看出,交联结构的引入使PEO结晶尺寸明显降低,与热分析结果相吻合。聚合物复合电解质膜的力学性能测试结果如图5所示,由图可得,交联结构的形成,可以将电解质膜的拉伸强度从0.66MPa增加至6.2MPa,提高一个数量级,显著提升电解质膜的力学性能。
将制备好的聚合物电解质膜置于两片不锈钢电极之间,组成阻塞电池,测量其交流阻抗谱,交流幅度为10mV,频率范围500KHz-10Hz,通过公式(其中d为电解质膜厚度,Rb为相应的本体阻抗,S为电极电解质有效的接触面积。)计算得到聚合物电解质膜的离子电导率。复合聚合物电解质膜以及PEO/LiClO4电解质膜的室温离子电导率列入表1,可以看出,交联结构的引入显著提高了聚合物电解质膜的室温离子电导率。
表1.PEO/LiClO4电解质膜与PEO/交联结构/LiClO4复合电解质膜室温离子电导率(PEO与LiClO4摩尔比为15:1)
实施例2,一种复合聚合物固态电解质膜的原位自形成制备方法,包括下述步骤:
一、将分子量范围为100K-4000K的PEO与LiClO4按照10:1的摩尔比溶解在去离子水中,搅拌溶解,得到溶液A。
二、以PEO质量为基准,控制聚合物基体与单体的质量比为1:0.75,称取单体AM和AMPA(其中两种单体的质量比为5:3),加入至溶液A中搅拌溶解得到溶液B。
三、分别称取单体质量0.06%的MBAA,单体质量0.75%的光引发剂α-酮戊二酸加入至溶液B,搅拌溶解得到溶液C。
四、将溶液C浇注于聚四氟乙烯模具中,置于紫外光辐射下,光照120min,使单体AM、AMPA聚合并形成交联结构;
五、在40℃真空干燥箱中干燥得到复合聚合物固态电解质膜,将膜裁成19mm直径备用,如图1(b)所示。电解质膜的厚度根据溶液浓度可以控制在0.08mm~0.3mm范围,本实施例中的厚度为0.14mm。
分别利用FTIR、FTIR-ATR、DSC以及电化学工作站对所制备的复合聚合物电解质膜的组成、结构、热行为以及室温离子电导率进行表征。图6为复合聚合物电解质膜原料及不同单体含量复合聚合物电解质膜(PEO与LiClO4摩尔比为10:1)的ATR-FTIR谱图。结合PEO结晶态与无定形态的红外特征峰,可以明显看出,交联结构的引入可以进一步抑制复合聚合物电解质中PEO的结晶。对电解质膜进行DSC升温分析,结果如图7所示。从图中可以明显看出,交联结构的引入,可以较大程度抑制PEO的结晶,将PEO的熔点进一步降低至42.7℃。这有利于提高PEO分子链的运动能力,进而提高离子电导率。将制备好的聚合物电解质膜置于两片不锈钢电极之间,组成阻塞电池,测量其交流阻抗谱,并计算得到聚合物电解质膜的离子电导率,结果如表2所示。可以看出,交联结构的引入提高了聚合物电解质膜的室温离子电导率。
表2.PEO/LiClO4电解质膜与PEO/交联结构/LiClO4复合电解质膜室温离子电导率(PEO与LiClO4摩尔比为10:1)
Claims (1)
1.一种复合聚合物固态电解质膜的原位自形成制备方法,其特征在于:包括下述步骤:
1)以分子量范围为100K-4000K的PEO为聚合物基体,将其与LiClO4按照5~20:1的摩尔比溶解在去离子水中,搅拌溶解,得到溶液A;
2)称取质量比为5:1~3的丙烯酰胺(AM)和2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸单体,以PEO质量为基准,控制聚合物基体与单体的质量比为1:0.1~1:0.75,将单体加入至溶液A中搅拌溶解得到溶液B;
3)分别称取单体质量0.015%~0.06%的交联剂N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA),单体质量0.75%的光引发剂α-酮戊二酸加入至溶液B,搅拌溶解得到溶液C;
4)将溶液C浇注于聚四氟乙烯模具中,置于紫外光辐射下,光照30-120min,使单体聚合并交联,在PEO基体中形成交联结构;
5)在40℃真空干燥箱中干燥得到复合聚合物固态电解质膜;
电解质膜的厚度根据溶液浓度控制在0.08mm~0.30mm。
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