CN108463495A - 具有至少一种添加剂的功能材料 - Google Patents
具有至少一种添加剂的功能材料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108463495A CN108463495A CN201680077517.8A CN201680077517A CN108463495A CN 108463495 A CN108463495 A CN 108463495A CN 201680077517 A CN201680077517 A CN 201680077517A CN 108463495 A CN108463495 A CN 108463495A
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- thermosetting plastics
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- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 22
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
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- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008204 material by function Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000011495 polyisocyanurate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 5
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种功能材料,其具有作为第一组分的热固性塑料、作为第二组分的用于粘合所述热固性塑料的粘合材料和作为第三组分的至少一种添加剂,所述至少一种添加剂设置为改善防火性能,其中,所述防火性能至少对应于根据DIN EN 113501‑1的燃烧反应等级C,本发明还涉及一种用于制造这种功能材料的方法和由这种功能材料制成的元件(10)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及功能材料、用于制造该功能材料的方法以及由该功能材料制成的元件。
背景技术
在“purenit”名称下已知一种功能材料,其组分由基于粉碎的硬质泡沫的热固性塑料和用于粘合热固性塑料的粘合材料构成。
发明内容
本发明的目的尤其是在于可以提供能以多种方式使用的元件。根据本发明,该目的通过本发明的功能性材料来实现。
本发明涉及一种功能材料,其具有作为第一组分的热固性塑料和作为第二组分的用于粘合所述热固性塑料的粘合材料。
提出的是,所述功能材料具有至少一种添加剂,所述至少一种添加剂作为第三组分设置为改善防火性能。由此可以实现的是,所述功能材料满足尤其是在预防性防火中的更高规格,由此可以更加多样化地使用由所述功能材料制成的元件。在这里,“添加剂”应尤其理解为已经加入到热固性塑料、粘合材料或由热固性塑料和粘合材料构成的混合物中的材料。尤其地,其不应理解为由功能材料制成的元件的表面上的涂层。“热固性塑料”应尤其理解为由塑料或塑料混合物构成的、在其固化后不能进一步变形的材料。“组分”应尤其理解为用于制造功能材料的组成物。优选地,热固性塑料构成主要组分,也就是说,该主要组分比其他组分合在一起要多。“改善防火性能”应尤其理解为添加剂改善功能材料在受到火焰和/或热作用时的性能,而不显著损害功能材料的其他特性。其他特性尤其是机械特性,例如压缩强度、弯曲强度、螺钉保持强度和/或与应用相关特性,例如尤其是热导率或扩散性能。“显著损害”应尤其理解为其他特性的值在更差值的方向上改变最多20%,有利地最多10%。在本文中,“添加剂”应尤其理解为至少大致仅影响防火性能的材料。“设置”应尤其理解为被特别设计和/或配备。
优选地,所述热固性塑料具有由所述粘合材料粘合的粉碎的PUR和/或PIR硬质泡沫和/或粉碎的酚醛硬质泡沫。由此可以提供具有良好防火性能的功能材料。在这里,“粉碎的PUR硬质泡沫和/或PIR硬质泡沫”应尤其理解为基于聚氨酯(PUR)尤其根据DIN EN 13165的、或者基于聚异氰脲酸酯(PIR)的机械粉碎的硬质泡沫。在这里,“粉碎的酚醛硬质泡沫”应尤其理解为机械粉碎的酚醛硬质泡沫或基于酚醛硬质泡沫的粉碎的材料。原则上,热固性塑料可以是PUR、PIR、酚醛硬质泡沫或其他热固性塑料的混合物,尤其是热固性塑料制的硬质泡沫。尤其地,功能材料是可回收的。通过由机械粉碎的功能材料制的元件,可以将这些元件用作热固性塑料来制造功能材料。“机械粉碎”应尤其理解为,对于热固性塑料使用固化的硬质泡沫,例如生产残余物、加工残余物或旧元件,该固化的硬质泡沫在机械工艺中例如通过磨碎、切碎或剁碎来粉碎。
还提出的是,所述功能材料具有纤维材料,所述纤维材料与所述热固性塑料和/或所述粘合材料和/或所述添加剂混合。通过添加纤维材料,可以进一步改善防火性能。“纤维材料”应尤其理解为由矿物纤维或非矿物纤维例如玻璃纤维、碳纤维、陶瓷纤维或玄武岩纤维制成的材料。
提出的是,所述功能材料具有至少对应于根据DIN EN 13501-1的燃烧反应等级C和/或至少对应于根据DIN 4102-1的建筑材料等级B1的防火性能。由此,功能材料被认为是“难燃的”,由此,由功能材料制成的元件也被认为是“难燃的”。通过使功能材料的防火性能对应于这些等级,在没有添加剂的情况下防火性能仅对应于燃烧反应等级E和建筑材料等级B2的功能材料因此被认为是“正常可燃性”,可以用于需要“难燃的”的应用。因此,由功能材料制成的元件可特别多样化地使用。在本文中,“至少”应尤其理解为防火性能在防火方面是相同的或更好的。
还提出的是,尤其是在所述功能材料被完全制造之前,所述添加剂与所述热固性塑料和/或所述粘合材料混合。由此,特别有利于影响防火性能。尤其地,对于功能材料整体来说,即也对于由功能材料制成的元件的芯来说,可以实现被认为是“难燃的”的防火性能,并且该防火性能不仅仅由元件的表面特性来决定。在这里,“混合”应尤其理解为,添加剂被引入到功能材料中并且优选与热固性塑料和/或粘合材料均匀地或至少大致均匀地混合。
优选地,所述添加剂具有至少3%的质量比。由此,可以特别积极地影响防火性能。在这里,“质量比”应尤其理解为功能材料的总质量的比例,该总质量尤其由不同组分的质量比产生。在这里,以百分比给出的质量比应尤其理解为以重量百分比计的比例。
提出的是,所述添加剂在温度升高时具有膨胀行为。由此,可以在功能材料中不发生化学和/或物理相互作用的情况下影响防火性能。由此,功能材料在没有添加剂的情况下制造时具有的特性可以保持几乎不变,并且可以提供具有良好防火性能的可多样化使用的功能材料。
优选地,所述添加剂具有至少30cm3/g的膨胀率。由此可以特别良好地改善防火性能。在这里,“膨胀率”应尤其理解为当加热到高于活化温度的温度时添加剂膨胀的体积,归一化为质量。优选地,膨胀率为至少100cm3/g。作为膨胀添加剂,可以设想原则上不同的材料,这些材料当它们的温度超过活化温度时体积会增大。优选地,在这里,活化温度低于在功能材料的制造期间发生的温度。
还提出的是,所述添加剂具有至少90摄氏度的活化温度。由此,添加剂可以在制造过程中掺混到功能材料中,而不需要调整制造过程,当在该制造过程中发生仅低于活化温度的温度时。优选地,活化温度为至少140摄氏度。尤其地,选择添加剂使得其活化温度高于在功能材料制造期间发生的温度。
优选地,所述添加剂具有碳含量。因此,除了改善在火焰作用下的防火性能之外,还有利于碳化并抑制氧气供应。同时可以实现的是,功能材料的特性不会受到不利改变。碳含量优选为至少50%,更优选至少70%,特别优选至少80%,但也可以更高。
优选地,所述添加剂不含卤素,其中,所述添加剂的优选至少60%具有至少100μm的粒度。由此,在添加粘合材料之前,添加剂可以特别良好地混合到热固性塑料中。而且,可以实现粘合材料的良好的混合性。
在一个特别有利的设计方案中,所述添加剂基于石墨、尤其是膨胀石墨来构成。由此,可以提供特别有利的功能材料。
还提出了一种用于制造功能材料的方法,所述功能材料由热固性塑料构成,尤其是基于与至少一种粘合材料粉碎地混合的PUR硬质泡沫和/或PIR硬质泡沫,其中,在所述热固性塑料和所述粘合材料被升高温度和/或压力之前,添加了改善防火性能的至少一种添加剂。由此,可以提供一种功能材料,可以使用该功能材料制造被认为是“难燃的”元件。在本文中,“粉碎”应尤其理解为,热固性塑料具有5mm的最大粒度。优选地,最大粒度小于1mm。
优选地,所述添加剂在引入所述粘合材料之前和/或之后和/或同时被添加。尤其地,可以在添加粘合材料之前将添加剂与粉碎的热固性塑料混合。然而还可以设想的是,添加剂与粘合材料混合并因此与粘合材料同时添加到热固性塑料中。还可以设想的是,首先将热固性塑料和粘合材料相互混合,然后才添加添加剂。还可以设想的是,添加剂分多个步骤添加。
还提出的是,所述热固性塑料包含粉碎的功能材料,由此可循环利用功能材料,这允许特别良好的回收利用。
还提出了一种元件,尤其是隔热元件,由根据本发明的功能材料和/或根据本发明的方法制成,例如用于隔热复合系统、外立面隔热体或屋顶隔热体。在这里,“元件”应尤其理解为设置为待销售的建筑元件和/或结构元件,例如板。
附图说明
从以下的附图说明中得出另外优点。在附图中示出了本发明的一个实施例。附图、说明书和权利要求包含许多组合的特征。本领域技术人员还将根据目的单独考虑这些特征并将它们合并成有意义的另外组合。
图1示意性示出了由功能材料制的、尤其是具有隔热特性的元件。
具体实施方式
唯一的图1示意性示出了由功能材料制成的、尤其是具有隔热特性的元件10。该功能材料基于热固性塑料、例如尤其是PUR或PIR制成。元件10至少大致由功能材料构成。例如,元件10可以具有芯,该芯由功能材料构成并且在一侧或两侧被涂层。但也可以设想的是,元件10完全由功能材料构成。
功能材料具有作为第一组分的热固性塑料。例如,热固性塑料可以是粉碎的硬质泡沫。功能材料具有作为第二组分的用于粘合热固性塑料的粘合材料。为了制造元件10,将至少部分地由热固性塑料构成的材料进行机械粉碎,与粘合材料混合并成形,该热固性塑料例如是来自生产残余物、清理物、车辆结构物和其他结构物、继续加工物还有功能材料本身的PUR/PIR硬质泡沫。可以对由功能材料制成且打算制成元件10的这些元件,根据对于元件10设置的形状和/或尺寸,进行进一步加工,并随后完成固化和冷却。可以在固化状态下例如切削或铣削功能材料。
粉碎的热固性塑料与粘合材料混合。粘合材料在未固化状态下具有液状或糊状稠度,但也可以是粉状或粒状。粘合材料粘合热固性塑料。功能材料在固化状态下是形状稳定的。热固性塑料、粘合材料的质量比尤其依赖于混合物的结构和粘合材料的种类和混合。热固性塑料和粘合材料通常具有彼此之间至少5:1的重量比,即,就它们的质量比,功能材料包含是粘合材料至少五倍的热固性塑料。
功能材料具有根据EN12667(欧洲标准12667)的最大0.10W/(m·K),优选大于0.07W/m·K)的热导率。此外,功能材料具有大于450kg/m3的容积密度和根据DIN EN 826(德国欧洲标准826)的大于6MPa的压应力。功能材料优选是防腐的和不可腐烂的。另外,功能材料优选耐矿物油、溶剂以及稀的碱和酸。此外,功能材料具有根据DIN EN 12089的大于4MPa的挠曲强度、根据DIN EN 12090的大于1MPa的剪切强度和根据DIN EN 12090的大于1MPa的抗剪强度。另外,功能材料优选具有根据DIN EN 14358的螺钉拉出强度,对于6×60木螺钉的表面拉出,该螺钉拉出强度为至少7.5N/mm2。
仅由作为第一组分的热固性塑料和作为第二组分的粘合材料组成的功能材料的基础组合物具有一种防火性能,该防火性能对应于根据DIN EN 13501-1的燃烧反应等级E和根据DIN 4102-1(德国标准4102-1)的建筑材料等级B2。为了改善防火性能,向由热固性塑料和粘合材料构成的基础组合物添加作为第三组分的添加剂。具有功能材料的添加剂设置为改善防火性能。通过添加剂而使功能材料具有一种防火性能,该防火性能至少对应于根据DIN EN 13501-1的燃烧反应等级C和根据DIN 4102-1的建筑材料等级B1。
添加剂与热固性塑料和粘合材料混合。在一种用于制造功能材料的方法中,在粘合材料固化之前将添加剂添加到热固性塑料和粘合材料中。添加剂优选为固体,其可以以粉末或颗粒的形式加入到热固性塑料和/或粘合材料中。粉碎的热固性塑料具有至少与添加剂相似的稠度。粉碎的热固性塑料具有至多5毫米的最大粒度,但优选更小。由于该粒度,添加剂可以容易地与粉碎的热固性塑料混合。
在功能材料的制造中,通过将热固性塑料例如研磨来将其粉碎。优选作为粉状物存在的粉碎的热固性塑料与添加剂混合。热固性塑料和添加剂尤其形成为均质的混合物。在热固性塑料与添加剂混合之后,加入粘合材料。另外,还可以向混合物中添加作为第四组分的纤维材料,该纤维材料与热固性塑料、粘合材料和/或添加剂混合。为了将由粉碎的热固性塑料、粘合材料和添加剂构成的混合物固化,在模具中的该混合物施加压力和温度。如果粘合材料是粉状或粒状,则由此将该粘合材料液化。粘合材料,至少在温度影响下为液状或糊状,粘合热固性塑料和添加剂,并当混合物冷却时固化。
添加剂具有至少3%的质量比。尤其地,添加剂具有介于5%和20%之间的质量比,其中,质量比特别为10%±3%。因此,热固性塑料和粘合材料一起具有通常80%±3%的质量比。粘合材料通常具有至多20%的质量比。因此,热固性塑料通常具有介于60%和75%之间的质量比。热固性塑料具有比粘结材料的容积密度低许多倍的容积密度。
添加剂在温度施加时具有膨胀行为,当功能材料的温度超过添加剂的活化温度时,通过该膨胀行为添加剂的容积密度发生变化。在基础状态下,添加剂具有尤其小于5g/cm3的容积密度。通常,容积密度介于1g/cm3和3g/cm3之间。添加剂具有至少30cm3/g的膨胀率。优选地,膨胀率大于100cm3/g并且可以通常在介于250cm3/g和400cm3/g之间的范围内。因此,当功能材料被加热到大于添加剂的活化温度的温度时,膨胀行为造成添加剂的体积增大至少以10倍计。然而,原则上也可以设想的是,添加剂具有不同的膨胀率。
添加剂具有至少90摄氏度的活化温度。优选地,活化温度高于120摄氏度。如果具有添加剂的功能材料被加热到添加剂的活化温度,则添加剂膨胀。当功能材料的温度大于添加剂的活化温度时,添加剂的体积比例改变。
添加剂具有优选至少85%的碳含量,但原则上也可以更低。该添加剂基于石墨来构成。添加剂实施为膨胀石墨。添加剂具有嵌入石墨层之间的酸的分子。如果添加剂被加热超过活化温度,则各层膨胀并且体积增大。
Claims (15)
1.一种功能材料,其具有作为第一组分的热固性塑料和作为第二组分的用于粘合所述热固性塑料的粘合材料,其特征在于设置为改善防火性能的作为第三组分的至少一种添加剂,其中所述防火性能至少对应于根据DIN EN 113501-1的燃烧反应等级C。
2.根据权利要求1所述的功能材料,其特征在于,所述热固性塑料包括粉碎的PUR硬质泡沫和/或PIR硬质泡沫和/或粉碎的酚醛硬质泡沫,其由所述粘合材料粘合。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的功能材料,其特征在于纤维材料,所述纤维材料与所述热固性塑料和/或所述粘合材料和/或所述添加剂混合。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的功能材料,其特征在于,所述防火性能至少对应于根据DINEN 13501-1的燃烧反应等级C,以及/或者至少对应于根据DIN 4102-1的建筑材料等级B1。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的功能材料,其特征在于,所述添加剂与所述热固性塑料和/或所述粘合材料混合。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的功能材料,其特征在于,所述添加剂具有至少3%的质量比。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的功能材料,其特征在于,所述添加剂在施加温度时具有膨胀行为。
8.根据权利要求7所述的功能材料,其特征在于,所述添加剂具有至少30cm3/g的膨胀率。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的功能材料,其特征在于,所述添加剂具有至少90摄氏度的活化温度。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的功能材料,其特征在于,所述添加剂具有碳含量。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的功能材料,其特征在于,所述添加剂由石墨构成、尤其是由膨胀石墨构成。
12.一种用于制造功能材料的方法,所述功能材料包括热固性塑料,尤其与至少一种粘合材料混合的粉碎状态的PUR硬质泡沫和/或PIR硬质泡沫,其特征在于,在所述热固性塑料和所述粘合材料被施加温度和/或压力之前,添加用于改善防火性能的至少一种添加剂,其中,所述防火性能至少对应于根据DIN EN 113501-1的燃烧反应等级C。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,所述添加剂在引入所述粘合材料之前和/或之后和/或之时被添加。
14.根据权利要求12或13所述的方法,其特征在于,所述热固性塑料含有粉碎的功能材料。
15.一种元件(10),尤其是隔热元件,由权利要求1至11中任一项所述的功能材料和/或以权利要求12至14所述的方法制造。
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PCT/EP2016/076720 WO2017077069A1 (de) | 2015-11-05 | 2016-11-04 | Funktionswerkstoff mit zumindest einem additiv |
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DE202022002946U1 (de) | 2022-11-15 | 2024-02-07 | Oskar Gmbh | Formteil mit erhöhter Stabilität durch Materialfasern mit einer definierten Auftragsmenge der Klebeschicht zur Herstellung von Möbelstücken |
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