CN108340919A - 用于运行用于机动车的动力系统的方法以及相应的动力系统 - Google Patents

用于运行用于机动车的动力系统的方法以及相应的动力系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108340919A
CN108340919A CN201810059041.6A CN201810059041A CN108340919A CN 108340919 A CN108340919 A CN 108340919A CN 201810059041 A CN201810059041 A CN 201810059041A CN 108340919 A CN108340919 A CN 108340919A
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China
Prior art keywords
internal combustion
combustion engine
clutch
heat
rotating speed
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Granted
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CN201810059041.6A
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CN108340919B (zh
Inventor
M·施耐德
H·卡尔托梅特沙
B·布吕克尔
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Audi AG
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Audi AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W30/00—Purposes of road vehicle drive control systems not related to the control of a particular sub-unit, e.g. of systems using conjoint control of vehicle sub-units
    • B60W30/18—Propelling the vehicle
    • B60W30/184—Preventing damage resulting from overload or excessive wear of the driveline
    • B60W30/186—Preventing damage resulting from overload or excessive wear of the driveline excessive wear or burn out of friction elements, e.g. clutches
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/40—Controlling the engagement or disengagement of prime movers, e.g. for transition between prime movers
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
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    • F02N19/00—Starting aids for combustion engines, not otherwise provided for
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N5/00—Starting apparatus having mechanical power storage
    • F02N5/04—Starting apparatus having mechanical power storage of inertia type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D48/00—External control of clutches
    • F16D48/06—Control by electric or electronic means, e.g. of fluid pressure
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    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D48/00—External control of clutches
    • F16D48/06—Control by electric or electronic means, e.g. of fluid pressure
    • F16D48/08—Regulating clutch take-up on starting
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    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
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    • F16D2500/3041—Signal inputs from the clutch from the input shaft
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16D2500/316—Other signal inputs not covered by the groups above
    • F16D2500/3166—Detection of an elapsed period of time
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16D2500/3168—Temperature detection of any component of the control system
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16D2500/50—Problem to be solved by the control system
    • F16D2500/51—Relating safety
    • F16D2500/5104—Preventing failures
    • F16D2500/5106—Overheat protection
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
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    • F16D2500/70—Details about the implementation of the control system
    • F16D2500/704—Output parameters from the control unit; Target parameters to be controlled
    • F16D2500/70422—Clutch parameters
    • F16D2500/70426—Clutch slip
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/62—Hybrid vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S903/00—Hybrid electric vehicles, HEVS
    • Y10S903/902—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors
    • Y10S903/903—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors having energy storing means, e.g. battery, capacitor
    • Y10S903/93—Conjoint control of different elements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S903/00—Hybrid electric vehicles, HEVS
    • Y10S903/902—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors
    • Y10S903/903—Prime movers comprising electrical and internal combustion motors having energy storing means, e.g. battery, capacitor
    • Y10S903/946—Characterized by control of driveline clutch

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  • Hydraulic Clutches, Magnetic Clutches, Fluid Clutches, And Fluid Joints (AREA)
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于运行动力系统(2)的方法，所述动力系统用于机动车，所述动力系统具有内燃机(3)和电机(4)，其中，所述内燃机(3)的驱动轴(19)可借助于切换离合器(18)与所述电机(4)的电机轴(17)耦合，其中，为了启动所述内燃机(3)将所述切换离合器(18)在拖曳时间段上调整到给定离合器转矩。在此提出，在启动之前预测在启动期间预期在所述切换离合器(18)中产生的热量并且在所预测的热量超过限值时这样选择所述动力系统(1)的至少一个影响启动的运行参数，使得预期产生的热量降低。此外，本发明还涉及一种用于机动车的动力系统(2)。

Description

用于运行用于机动车的动力系统的方法以及相应的动力系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于运行动力系统的方法，所述动力系统用于机动车，所述动力系统具有内燃机和电机，其中，所述内燃机的驱动轴可借助于切换离合器与所述电机的电机轴耦合，其中，为了启动所述内燃机将所述切换离合器在拖曳时间段上调整到给定离合器转矩。此外，本发明还涉及一种用于机动车的动力系统。
背景技术
动力系统例如用于驱动机动车，即就此而言用于提供旨在驱动机动车的转矩。动力系统具有多个驱动单元，即构造成内燃机的第一驱动单元和构造成电机的第二驱动单元。动力系统就此而言作为混合动力系统存在。动力系统例如具有输出轴，所述输出轴可与内燃机和电机耦合。
例如内燃机和/或电机可通过换档变速器与输出轴耦合。为此，例如电机的电机轴与换档变速器的变速器输入轴连接，优选刚性地和/或持久地。而换档变速器的变速器输出轴可与从动轴耦合，优选刚性地和/或持久地。但也可提出，在变速器输出轴与从动轴之间设置有另外的离合器、尤其是另外的切换离合器。
电机可通过切换离合器与内燃机耦合。在此，内燃机通过切换离合器的打开优选同时不仅可与电机也可与从动轴脱耦。切换离合器具有多个转换状态，其中，在切换离合器的第一转换状态中，内燃机或者说其驱动轴与电机或者说电机的电机轴脱耦，在第二转换状态中与电机或者说电机的电机轴耦合。在第二转换状态中，优选在内燃机与电机或者说在驱动轴与电机轴之间建立无滑转连接，即在无切换离合器的离合器滑转的情况下。
为了启动内燃机，通常需要拖曳所述内燃机，尤其是直到内燃机达到了确定的转速。所述确定的转速例如可以是内燃机的最低转速或怠速转速。对于最低转速应理解为内燃机的这样的转速，从所述转速起所述内燃机可自动地即在无外部转矩影响的情况下、即尤其是即使切换离合器完全打开时也进一步提高其转速，优选朝怠速转速的方向。而怠速转速是当内燃机不是用于驱动机动车或一般而言提供转矩时所述内燃机所被调整到的转速。怠速转速通常大于最低转速。
对内燃机的拖曳通过切换离合器的至少部分的闭合进行，即通过调整切换离合器上的给定离合器转矩。给定离合器转矩在此不同于零，尤其是大于零。将实际上借助于切换离合器由电机轴传递给驱动轴的实际离合器转矩调整到给定离合器转矩，例如控制性地和/或调节性地。相应地在内燃机上施加相应于给定离合器转矩的转矩，由此，所述内燃机的转速提高。
在拖曳时间段上在切换离合器上调整用于启动内燃机的给定离合器转矩。优选给定离合器转矩在拖曳时间段上保持恒定。在拖曳时间段结束时，优选将切换离合器完全打开，以便允许内燃机自动加速。拖曳时间段就此而言描述这样的时间段，在所述时间段上，内燃机的转速借助于通过切换离合器传递的转矩提高，其中，内燃机在拖曳时间段结束时优选具有最低转速或怠速转速，尤其是精确地。
给定离合器转矩通常这样选择，使得在切换离合器上产生离合器滑转，即驱动轴的转速不同于电机轴的转速。由此，视切换离合器的构型而定，产生确定的热量。尤其是在切换离合器构造成干式切换离合器、即构造成不通过冷却介质直接冷却的切换离合器时，所述热量特别重要，因为所述热量可影响切换离合器的特性。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于，提出一种用于运行用于机动车的动力系统的方法，所述方法相对于公知方法具有优点，尤其是避免机动车的启动对切换离合器的负面影响。
根据本发明，这通过具有权利要求1所述特征的方法来实现。在此提出，在启动之前预测在启动期间预期在切换离合器中产生的热量并且在所预测的热量超过限值时这样选择动力系统的至少一个影响启动的运行参数，使得预期产生的热量降低。
在启动内燃机之前，即已经在将切换离合器调整到给定离合器转矩之前，预测热量。这基于动力系统的至少一个运行参量和/或至少一个状态参量和/或外部环境的状态参量来进行。所预测的热量相应于预期在使用确定的运行参数的情况下启动内燃机期间产生的热量。
如果所预测的热量超过限值，则应影响内燃机的启动，即通过改变所述至少一个运行参数来影响。应相应地这样从初始值改变所述至少一个运行参数，使得预期产生的热量、即就此而言所预测的热量降低。相应地也可认为，在启动期间实际上产生的热量比在使用原始运行参数时小。
本发明的另一个构型提出，热量由下列参量至少之一求得：拖曳时间段的持续时间，给定离合器转矩，驱动轴的转速与电机轴的转速之间的转速差，燃料压力，在启动期间驱动轴的转速的所预测的转速梯度，以及内燃机的启动模式。可提出，由所述参量中的仅唯一一个确定热量。但优选使用所述参量中的多个、即至少两个或所述全部参量。
对于拖曳时间段的持续时间应理解为拖曳时间段的长度。给定离合器转矩是在切换离合器上在拖曳时间段期间调整的给定离合器转矩。驱动轴的转速与电机轴的转速之间的转速差是在启动之前存在、即在切换离合器完全打开时存在的转速差。燃料压力是用于运行内燃机的燃料的压力，即例如内燃机的燃料轨中的压力。燃料压力越高，内燃机的启动就可越快速地进行，即拖曳时间段越短。
所预测的转速梯度是在启动内燃机期间驱动轴的转速关于时间的梯度。例如所述所预测的转速梯度由给定离合器转矩得到，即作为所述给定离合器转矩的函数存在。内燃机的启动模式例如描述：内燃机的启动是点火地进行还是不点火地进行。在点火启动期间，在拖曳时间段期间拖曳内燃机期间至少部分地将燃料引入内燃机中并且点燃。而对于不点火启动，将内燃机首先在拖曳时间段期间拖曳到确定的转速并且随后才引入并且点燃燃料。
本发明的一个扩展构型提出，为了降低预期产生的热量，匹配下列参量之一：拖曳时间段的持续时间，给定离合器转矩，驱动轴的转速与电机轴的转速之间的转速差，燃料压力，在启动期间驱动轴的转速的所预测的转速梯度，以及内燃机的启动模式。就此而言也有目的地选择或者说改变用于求得热量的参量，以便降低热量。
本发明的另一个构型提出，为了降低预期产生的热量，通过提高给定离合器转矩来缩短拖曳时间段的持续时间。必须通过切换离合器越长地传递用于拖曳内燃机的转矩，在切换离合器中或者说上产生的热量就越大。相应地应提高给定离合器转矩，由此，拖曳时间段的持续时间减少并且因此热量也变小。
本发明的另一个优选构型提出，为了降低预期产生的热量，通过将电机轴的转速限制到转速限值来减小转速差。驱动轴的转速在启动之前小于电机轴的转速，尤其是所述驱动轴的转速在内燃机静止时等于零。但如果在内燃机恰恰惯性运转期间要启动所述内燃机，则所述内燃机的转速可完全不同于零。在任意情况下，驱动轴或者说内燃机的转速不可直接受到影响。出于此原因，为了减小转速差，必须影响电机轴的转速或者说电机的转速。这通过将电机轴的转速向上限制到转速限值来进行。电机轴的转速就此而言不允许超过转速限值。
本发明的另一个构型提出，借助于下列参量至少之一求得转速限值：给定离合器转矩，温度，内燃机的曲轴的转角位置，拖曳时间段的持续时间，内燃机的同步状态，以及燃料压力。转速限值就此而言作为所述参量中的刚好一个、所述参量中的多个或所述参量中的全部的函数存在。将电机轴的转速限制到转速限值意味着限制机动车的行驶功率并且就此而言保持比可能情况小。
相应地，转速限值不是恒定地确定，而是根据所述参量至少之一可变地求得。给定离合器转矩是启动内燃机所需的离合器转矩，即就此而言是可能在启动期间所考虑的给定离合器转矩。温度例如描述内燃机的温度，尤其是温度相应于润滑剂温度或冷却剂温度，或者切换离合器的温度，其影响启动内燃机所需的给定离合器转矩。相同情况也适用于内燃机的曲轴的转角位置。
拖曳时间段的持续时间也可参与求得转速限值。所述持续时间基本上与内燃机的同步状态和燃料压力相关。对于内燃机的同步应理解为用于内燃机至少一个缸、尤其是全部缸的燃料喷射和点燃的配置。同步状态就此而言描述是否存在这种同步或者是否情况不是如此。
本发明的另一个优选构型提出，为了降低预期产生的热量，通过提高给定离合器转矩和/或通过增大拖曳时间段的持续时间来增大驱动轴的转速的转速梯度。通过用于降低在启动内燃机期间的热量的其它措施可增大转速梯度。这尤其是通过提高给定离合器转矩和/或缩短拖曳时间段的持续时间来进行，上文对此已经指明。特别优选执行两个措施，即不仅提高给定离合器转矩而且缩短拖曳时间段的持续时间。
本发明的另一个实施形式提出，为了降低预期产生的热量，从多个启动模式选出确定的启动模式并且将其用于启动内燃机。启动模式可按照切换离合器中的在执行所述启动模式时产生的热量来分级或者说分类。例如提出，不执行所有这样的启动模式：对于所述启动模式在使用所述启动模式时预测的热量超过限值。就此而言仅允许这样的启动模式：所述启动模式的预测的热量至多相应于限值或优选小于所述限值。
最后，在本发明的另一个实施形式的范围内可提出，作为启动模式使用不点火滑转启动、不点火拖曳启动、点火滑转启动和/或点火拖曳启动。由所述启动模式或所述启动模式中的至少两个如上所述选出确定的启动模式并且考虑用于启动内燃机。对于滑转启动是内燃机的这样的启动，在所述启动下这样调整切换离合器，使得在所述切换离合器上产生离合器滑转。而拖曳启动是在切换离合器上无离合器滑转的情况下执行的启动。
本发明的扩展构型提出，用于启动内燃机的在切换离合器上待调整的离合器给定转矩由温度和/或内燃机的尤其是在内燃机静止时存在的曲轴位置求得。离合器给定转矩是应借助于切换离合器传递的转矩。实际上通过切换离合器传递的离合器实际转矩优选调整到离合器给定转矩，尤其是控制性地和/或调节性地。
离合器给定转矩现在借助于温度和/或内燃机的曲轴位置来确定。例如温度越低，则离合器给定转矩越高。作为温度例如考虑内燃机的内燃机温度、例如润滑剂温度。附加地或作为替换方案考虑在尤其是在内燃机静止时进行启动之前存在的曲轴位置。
曲轴位置例如描述这样的转动角度，内燃机的曲轴必须转过该转动角度，直到对于首先进行压缩和/或燃料喷射的缸达到上止点。在转动角度小时比在转动角度大时必然压缩少的混合物，因为待点火的第一缸紧处于其上止点之前。相应地，转动角度越小，则离合器给定转矩选择得越小。
本发明的另一个优选构型提出，如果内燃机的转速在启动开始时大于零或在关闭之后的时间间隔低于预给定时间间隔，则向上校正离合器给定转矩，其中，时间间隔低于预给定时间间隔越多，则离合器给定转矩选择得越大。前文已经描述，内燃机的启动可从任意的初始转速出发来进行。如果内燃机的在启动之前的关闭恰恰经过短的时间，则转速大于零。相应地，在应进行压缩的下一个缸中已经存在预压缩的混合物。
这使得必须提高离合器给定转矩。例如离合器给定转矩的提高在内燃机的确定的转速范围内进行。所述转速范围作为下极限例如具有大于零的转速，尤其是无穷小地大于零的转速，在该转速下内燃机在其惯性下刚好仍处于运动中。作为上极限，转速范围可具有小于最低转速和/或怠速转速的转速。尤其是转速取值为最低转速的至多75％、至多50％、至多40％、至多30％或至多25％。如果内燃机的转速超过转速范围，即如果处于所述转速范围之上，则可取消离合器给定转矩的提高，因为内燃机的仍旋转的质量支持启动。
如果在内燃机的惯性下节气门是打开的，则内燃机的缸仍被供应以完全的空气填充。相应地，预压缩的空气填充存在于待压缩的第一缸中。所述提高的填充在内燃机停止之后缓慢地通过缸的不密封性、例如缸密封装置的不密封性而减低。在待压缩的第一缸中提高的填充应在计算离合器给定转矩时予以考虑。如果时间间隔低于预给定时间间隔，则相应地考虑在启动之前的关闭之后的时间间隔并且向上校正离合器给定转矩。在此提出，时间间隔低于预给定时间间隔越多，则离合器给定转矩选择得越大。例如离合器给定转矩在内燃机关闭之后的时间上呈线性减小。
本发明的另一个实施形式提出，将可借助于电机提供的驱动转矩限制到由电机的最大驱动转矩和转矩储备求得的转矩限值。最大驱动转矩相应于可借助于电机提供的最大转矩。最大驱动转矩在此优选相应于额定转矩，在所述额定转矩下电机可持久地且连贯地运行。
由最大驱动转矩和转矩储备确定转矩限值。转矩限值在此相应于最大驱动转矩减去转矩储备。通过设置转矩储备而保证，总是可借助于电机可靠地启动内燃机。相应地，将可由电机产生的驱动转矩限制到转矩限值。
在本发明的另一个有利实施形式的范围内提出，转矩储备由启动内燃机所需的拖曳转矩求得。拖曳转矩相应于拖曳内燃机、尤其是拖曳到最低转速和/或怠速转速所需的转矩。转矩储备现在例如等于拖曳转矩。
本发明的另一个构型提出，如果电机的实际转矩小于最大驱动转矩减去拖曳转矩，则使转矩储备等于拖曳转矩，否则等于最大驱动转矩减去实际转矩并且接着提高。由此可对于机动车的驾驶员不可察觉地提供转矩储备，即其方式是首先这样选择转矩储备，使得所述转矩储备不影响实际转矩并且接着缓慢提高，由此电机的实际转矩缓慢下降。
此外，本发明还涉及一种动力系统，用于机动车，尤其是用于执行根据上述实施形式的方法，其中，动力系统具有内燃机和电机，并且内燃机的驱动轴可借助于切换离合器与电机的电机轴耦合，其中，为了启动内燃机可将切换离合器在拖曳时间段上调整到给定离合器转矩。在此提出，动力系统被构造用于，在启动之前预测在启动期间预期在切换离合器中产生的热量并且在所预测的热量超过限值时这样选择动力系统的至少一个影响启动的运行参数，使得预期产生的热量降低。
已经探讨了动力系统的这种处理方式或者说这种构型的优点。不仅动力系统而且用于运行动力系统的方法可根据上述实施形式来扩展构造，由此就此而言参见上述实施形式。
附图说明
下面借助于附图中所示实施例详细描述本发明，而不限制本发明。在此，
图1示出了用于机动车的动力总成系统的示意性视图。
具体实施方式
动力总成系统1具有动力系统2，所述动力系统又具有内燃机3、电机以及从动轴5。动力系统2用于驱动机动车的至少一个车轮桥6，所述车轮桥由两个分桥7和8组成，所述分桥通过差速器9与动力系统2的从动轴5耦合。从动轴5与动力系统2的换档变速器11的变速器输出轴10耦合，尤其是可刚性地和/或持久地和/或借助于可选择的切换离合器12耦合。
换档变速器11例如可具有变矩器13，所述变矩器可具有变矩器跨接离合器14。换档变速器11具有变速器输入轴15，所述变速器输入轴优选持久地与变矩器13耦合。变速器输入轴15可直接地或如在此所示通过减振装置16、例如扭振减振器与电机4的电机轴17耦合，尤其是刚性地和/或持久地耦合。电机4可相对于变速器输入轴15和/或变速器输出轴10同轴线地布置。
内燃机3与电机4之间的作用连接可借助于切换离合器18来调整。切换离合器18在此处于内燃机3的驱动轴19与电机4的电机轴17之间。此外，在内燃机3与切换离合器18之间的作用连接中可以可选地设置有另外的减振装置20。减振装置20优选构造成双质量飞轮。
在切换离合器18的第一转换状态中，内燃机3与电机4脱耦。而在第二转换状态中，所述内燃机与所述电机耦合。相应地，切换离合器18在第一转换状态中打开，尤其是完全地打开，在第二转换状态中至少部分地、优选完全地闭合。对于完全地闭合可理解为切换离合器18在具有或不具有离合器过压的情况下闭合。
可通过切换离合器3的至少部分的闭合来拖曳并且因此启动内燃机3。通过切换离合器3的闭合拖曳内燃机3在拖曳时间段上进行。在所述拖曳时间段期间，将切换离合器18调整到给定离合器转矩。所述给定离合器转矩在此优选这样选择，使得在切换离合器18中产生离合器滑转。
现在，在通过切换离合器18的闭合启动内燃机3之前预测在启动期间预期在切换离合器18中产生的热量。如果所述预测的热量超过限值，则这样选择动力系统1的至少一个影响启动的运行参数，使得预期产生的热量降低。运行参数在此优选也被考虑用于确定预期产生的热量。
因此例如提出，运行参数首先具有初始值，借助于所述初始值预测热量。如果所述热量超过限值，则将运行参数从初始值出发改变到与所述初始值不同的值并且重新执行热量的预测。重复该过程，直到热量至多相应于限值或小于所述限值。接着在使用运行参数的情况下执行内燃机的启动。以此方式和方法，在内燃机3的启动期间在切换离合器18中产生的热量可降低。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于运行机动车的动力系统(2)的方法，所述动力系统具有内燃机(3)和电机(4)，所述内燃机(3)的驱动轴(19)能借助于切换离合器(18)与电机(4)的电机轴(17)耦合，为了启动内燃机(3)而在拖曳时间段上将切换离合器(18)调整到给定离合器转矩，其特征在于：在启动之前预测在启动期间在所述切换离合器(18)中预期产生的热量，在所预测的热量超过限值时这样选择所述动力系统(1)的至少一个影响启动的运行参数，使得预期产生的热量降低。
2.根据权利要求1的方法，其特征在于：所述热量由下列参量至少之一求得：拖曳时间段的持续时间、给定离合器转矩、驱动轴(19)转速与电机轴(17)转速之间的转速差、燃料压力、在启动期间驱动轴(19)转速的预测的转速梯度、以及内燃机(3)的启动模式。
3.根据上述权利要求任意之一的方法，其特征在于：为了降低预期产生的热量而对下列参量之一进行匹配：拖曳时间段的持续时间、给定离合器转矩、驱动轴(19)转速与电机轴转速之间的转速差、燃料压力、在启动期间驱动轴(19)转速的预测的转速梯度、以及内燃机(3)的启动模式。
4.根据上述权利要求任意之一的方法，其特征在于：为了降低预期产生的热量，通过提高所述给定离合器转矩来缩短拖曳时间段的持续时间。
5.根据上述权利要求任意之一的方法，其特征在于：为了降低预期产生的热量，通过将所述电机轴(17)的转速限制到转速限值来减小转速差。
6.根据上述权利要求任意之一的方法，其特征在于：借助于下列参量至少之一求得转速限值：给定离合器转矩、温度、内燃机的曲轴的转角位置、拖曳时间段的持续时间、内燃机(3)的同步状态、以及燃料压力。
7.根据上述权利要求任意之一的方法，其特征在于：为了降低预期产生的热量，通过提高给定离合器转矩和/或通过缩短拖曳时间段的持续时间来增大驱动轴(19)的转速的转速梯度。
8.根据上述权利要求任意之一的方法，其特征在于：为了降低预期产生的热量，从多个启动模式选出确定的启动模式并且将其用于启动内燃机(3)。
9.根据上述权利要求任意之一的方法，其特征在于：作为启动模式使用不点火滑转启动、不点火拖曳启动、点火滑转启动和/或点火拖曳启动。
10.一种机动车的动力系统(2)，尤其是用于执行根据上述权利要求任意之一或多项的方法，所述动力系统(2)具有内燃机(3)和电机(4)，内燃机(3)的驱动轴(19)能借助于切换离合器(18)与电机(4)的电机轴(17)耦合，为了启动内燃机(3)能在拖曳时间段上将切换离合器(18)调整到给定离合器转矩，其特征在于：所述动力系统(2)被构造用于，在启动之前预测在启动期间在所述启动离合器(18)中预期产生的热量并且在所预测的热量超过限值时这样选择动力系统(1)的至少一个影响启动的运行参数，使得预期产生的热量降低。
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