CN108323398B - Tobacco leaf cultivation method and tobacco leaf - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a tobacco leaf cultivation method and tobacco leaves, wherein the cultivation method at least comprises the following steps: (1) soil preparation, sowing and seedling raising; (2) transplanting; (3) fertilizing, wherein the total nitrogen application amount of a single plant is reduced to 3-4 g from about 6g of the conventional nitrogen application amount; (4) topping and leaving leaves; the topping time is from topping when the central flower of the conventional 50 percent tobacco plant is opened to topping before budding; the leaf number of a single plant is reduced to 12-14 from 18-20 conventional leaves; (5) harvesting for 5-6 kang times, harvesting the 1 st kang 63-70 days after transplanting, delaying harvesting from the 2 nd kang, harvesting every subsequent kang 10-17 days apart, and harvesting tobacco leaves of the last kang 65-75 days after topping. The method of the invention can be used for obtaining the high-quality tobacco leaves with low coke-alkali ratio.

Description

Tobacco leaf cultivation method and tobacco leaf

technical field

The invention relates to a high-quality tobacco leaf with a low pyro-alkali ratio and a cultivation method thereof, which is particularly suitable for cultivation in Guizhou.

Background technique

With the implementation of the strategy of "de-coking" cigarettes, the amount of tar in the flue gas has gradually decreased, and correspondingly, the amount of nicotine in the flue gas has also been gradually decreased, resulting in the general shortage of "aroma, concentration, and energy" of low-tar cigarettes (i.e. Generally speaking, low-tar cigarettes are generally less satisfying). Therefore, how to improve the satisfaction of low-tar cigarettes is a difficult problem faced by cigarette industrial enterprises.

The coke-alkali ratio of flue gas is the ratio of the amount of tar in the flue gas to the amount of nicotine in the flue gas. The coke-alkali ratio of flue gas is an important indicator for evaluating "satisfaction". To develop "low tar, high satisfaction" cigarette products, it is necessary to maintain a high amount of nicotine while reducing tar. That is, efforts should be made to reduce the coke-alkali ratio of the flue gas.

The coke-alkali ratio of flue gas is not only closely related to "satisfaction", but also to "harm reduction". For example, if the smoke tar ratio is 10, then the smoker gets 1 mg of nicotine, and the received tar exposure is 10 mg; if the smoke tar ratio is 8, then the smoker gets 1 mg of nicotine, and the received tar exposure is 10 mg. The tar exposure was 8 mg. It can be seen that reducing the coke-alkali ratio of flue gas is beneficial to reduce the exposure of harmful components.

Therefore, reducing the tar-to-alkali ratio of smoke has two important meanings: one is to improve the satisfaction of low-tar cigarettes; the other is to reduce the exposure of harmful components represented by tar and reduce the harm of smoke to health.

It is difficult to significantly change the coke-alkali ratio of the flue gas due to the commonly used technical measures of "decoking" cigarettes (such as ventilation dilution, lengthening the filter rod, increasing the blending ratio of cut stems, flakes, and expanded cut tobacco, etc.). Therefore, it is necessary to start with the raw materials of tobacco leaves to research and develop high-quality tobacco leaves with low coke-alkali ratio.

Existing related studies have shown that 1) low tar tobacco leaves are usually at the expense of reducing nicotine content, and low tar-alkali ratio tobacco leaves cannot be obtained by reducing tar; 2) tobacco nicotine is the most important factor affecting the tar-alkali ratio of flue gas. It is an important chemical component. Increasing the nicotine content of tobacco leaves can reduce the pyro-alkali ratio of smoke. "High nicotine" corresponds to "low pyro-alkali ratio". Therefore, low pyroalkine is higher than high-quality tobacco leaves, in other words, "high-nicotine high-quality tobacco leaves".

However, if the nicotine content of tobacco leaves is simply increased, the content of nitrogen-containing compounds such as protein in tobacco leaves will also increase, resulting in a decrease in smoking quality. That said, "high nicotine" usually brings "low quality." Therefore, in the development of high-nicotine and low-tar ratio high-quality tobacco leaves, the technical challenge is to solve the contradiction between "high-nicotine" and "high-quality", and realize the fusion of high-nicotine and high-quality.

In recent years, American 22nd Century Co., Ltd. (a biotechnology company in New York) has obtained high-nicotine tobacco leaves through transgenic technology, and used this high-nicotine tobacco leaf to manufacture cigarette products. The smoking quality is acceptable and it has been shown that smokers who consume this product experience significantly lower levels of tar inhalation.

It should be pointed out that 22nd Century Co., Ltd. of the United States obtained this kind of tobacco leaves using genetically modified technology, while the Chinese tobacco industry does not allow the use of tobacco leaves containing genetically modified ingredients (Guoyanke [2003] No. Monitoring Notice”). Therefore, using the method of the present invention to develop high-nicotine and low pyrobase ratio high-quality tobacco leaves without transgenic technology is of great significance for the development of low-tar, high-satisfaction, and potentially low-exposure flue-cured tobacco products for cigarette industrial enterprises in my country.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the shortcoming of the above-mentioned prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide a low pyro-alkali ratio high-quality tobacco leaf cultivation method, which is particularly suitable for Guizhou area, through the adjustment of cultivation measures such as fertilization, topping, leaf retention, and harvesting , while greatly increasing the nicotine content, the total nitrogen content of tobacco leaves is strictly controlled, so that the coke-alkali ratio of flue gas is significantly reduced, and the smoking quality of tobacco leaves is not significantly reduced.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose and other related purposes, the present invention provides a method for cultivating tobacco leaves, the method for cultivating at least comprises the following steps:

(1) soil preparation, sowing and seedling raising;

(2) transplanting;

(3) Fertilization, the total nitrogen application amount per plant is 3-4g;

(4) Topping and leaving leaves; topping time is before budding; the number of leaves per plant is 12 to 14;

(5) Divide into 5 to 6 kangs for harvesting. The first kang is harvested 63 to 70 days after transplanting, and the harvesting is delayed from the second kang. The harvest time of tobacco leaves is 65 to 75 days after topping.

Selecting high nicotine varieties and adopting the cultivation techniques of "low nitrogen application, early topping, less leaf retention, and late harvesting" can obtain high-quality tobacco leaves with "higher nicotine content and relatively low total nitrogen content". . The specific method can be by reducing the amount of fertilizer used. Since the main factor affecting the nitrogen-containing compound content of tobacco leaves is nitrogen fertilizer, the key factor to be considered in this method is nitrogen fertilizer.

The conventional nitrogen application rate per plant in the Guizhou region is about 6 g, and the nitrogen application rate in this scheme is 3-4 g/plant. During the growth period (mid-late April to September) of tobacco leaf fields in Guizhou, the annual temperature is 16.8-24.3°C, the precipitation is 728-1185mm, the sunshine hours are 703-967hrs, and the total soil nitrogen content is 1.46-1.72k/kg , Soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen 115.4 ~ 147.3mg/kg.

Preferably, the flue-cured tobacco varieties are selected from any one or more of NC82 and K326. These two varieties have relatively high nicotine content in tobacco leaves.

Preferably, the specific method of topping in the step (4) is to knock off the bottom leaves with a length of less than 50cm 1 to 2 days before the topping, to ensure that the length of the lower leaves remaining on the tobacco plant is more than 50cm; When topping, knock off the top tobacco leaves whose length is less than 10 cm, and ensure that the length of the upper tobacco leaves remaining on the tobacco plant is more than 10 cm.

Preferably, the amount of potassium fertilizer used is increased during fertilization in the step (3).

Preferably, the amount of potassium fertilizer applied in the step (3) is 10.5-14 g/plant.

Preferably, the amount of phosphate fertilizer used is regulated by applying ordinary calcium. The main components of common calcium are calcium dihydrogen phosphate Ca(H ₂ PO ₄ )2 and gypsum CaSO ₄ ·2H ₂ O.

Preferably, the harvesting in the step (5) is that the lower leaves are still ripe to mature, the middle leaves are mature to full maturity, and the upper leaves are mature to full maturity.

Complete ripening: Refers to the upper tobacco leaves reaching a high degree of maturity in the field and fully ripening after modulation.

Maturity: Tobacco leaves have reached full maturity in the field and after modulation, and already have the quality characteristics of basic color.

Ripe: It is of medium maturity, the tobacco leaves have just reached maturity in the field, the biochemical changes are not sufficient or the ripening is insufficient after improper modulation, and the quality characteristics of maturity are still lacking.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a method for producing tobacco leaves in Guizhou, the production method comprising the steps of baking the tobacco leaves obtained by the above-mentioned tobacco leaf cultivation method.

The baking can be carried out by a conventional baking method.

Another aspect of the present invention provides tobacco leaves obtained by the above tobacco leaf cultivation method.

As mentioned above, the tobacco leaf cultivation method of the present invention has the following beneficial effects: the tobacco leaves obtained by the cultivation of the present invention have a significantly reduced smoke pyro-alkali ratio, and the smoking quality of the tobacco leaves is not reduced.

Detailed ways

The embodiments of the present invention are described below through specific specific examples, and those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of the present invention from the contents disclosed in this specification. The present invention can also be implemented or applied through other different specific embodiments, and various details in this specification can also be modified or changed based on different viewpoints and applications without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Furthermore, it should be understood that the mention of one or more method steps in the present invention does not exclude that other method steps may also be present before and after said combined step or that other method steps may be inserted between these expressly mentioned steps, unless otherwise There are instructions. Moreover, unless otherwise specified, the numbering of each method step is only a convenient tool for identifying each method step, rather than limiting the arrangement order of each method step or limiting the scope of the present invention. In the case where the technical content is not substantially changed, it should also be regarded as the scope in which the present invention can be implemented.

When numerical ranges are given in the examples, it is to be understood that, unless otherwise indicated herein, both endpoints of each numerical range and any number between the two endpoints may be selected. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used in the present invention have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. In addition to the specific methods, equipment and materials used in the embodiments, according to the mastery of the prior art by those skilled in the art and the description of the present invention, the methods, equipment and materials described in the embodiments of the present invention can also be used Any methods, devices and materials similar or equivalent to those of the prior art can be used to implement the present invention.

Example 1

1) Basic situation of production test

Test site: Longgang Tobacco Test Base, Kaiyang County, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province.

Tested varieties: K326.

The large area test was adopted, and the planting area was 0.94 mu.

2) Pre-production test preparation

Planting time: February 26, 2015.

Deeply dig the smoke field before winter to a depth of more than 30cm. In early March 2015, the second ploughing and harrowing were carried out, and the ploughing depth was 25-30 cm, so that the soil surface was flat and the soil particles were finely broken. Open drains in time to ensure smooth drainage. According to the soil moisture and climate conditions, ridges should be raised early in time to prepare for planting. The ridges should be 100cm wide and the ridge height should be 25-30cm. It is required that the ridge soil is finely divided, the ridge surface is flat, and the ridge body is full. Grasp the effective rainfall before transplanting, and when the soil moisture is suitable (relative moisture content of 60% to 70%), mulch the film in time, and the mulch cover should be tight to maintain the soil moisture before planting and raising seedlings.

3) Transplant

The transplanting time was May 7, 2015. The transplanting density was 1212 plants/mu, the row spacing was 100cm, and the plant spacing was 55cm. Transplant in the usual way.

4) Fertilizer application

The per-mu application of pure nitrogen is 3.6Kg (the total nitrogen application rate per plant is 3g/plant, and the local conventional total nitrogen application rate is 6g/plant), and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:1:3.5 (the application ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:1: 1:2), the specific method is as follows:

Before base fertilizer application, 60Kg/mu of farmyard manure, 25Kg/mu of special base fertilizer (N: _P2O5 :K2O= ₁₀ : ₁₀ :24), and 6.25Kg of common calcium were mixed evenly, and each plant was applied quantitatively.

Since the nitrogen content in farmyard manure is negligible, its main purpose is to improve the soil.

The first top dressing was carried out 10 to 12 days after transplanting, and a special top dressing of 5Kg/mu (N:P ₂ O ₅ : K ₂ O=15:0:30) was applied to the holes. 35 to 40 days after transplanting, combine with soil cultivation and topdress with 12Kg/mu of oil and potassium sulfate/mu.

5) Peel off the film and cultivate the soil

38 days after transplanting, the film was removed from the upper compartment. The height of the ridge behind the upper compartment is more than 35cm, and the ridge body is large and plump. One day before the film is removed, remove 2 to 3 leaves per plant.

6) Topping the leaves

On June 19 (1 day before topping), according to the growth of the tobacco plant and the number of leaves per plant, 1 to 2 bottom leaves per plant were removed as appropriate, to ensure that the leaf length of the first harvested leaf was more than 50cm.

The topping was done on June 20 (at this time, it was 45 days from the transplanting date, and the buds had not yet sprung). The "foot-leaf" topping method (topping when the number of leaves is enough) is adopted, and 12 to 14 leaves are left on a single plant. After topping, the length of the parietal leaves remaining on the tobacco plant was >10 cm.

7) Ripe harvest

The lower leaves are still mature to mature and harvested, the middle leaves are mature to full maturity, and the upper leaves are mature to full maturity (obvious mature spots appear on the leaves).

2 to 3 tobacco leaves are harvested each time, and the harvest is divided into 6 times. The first kang tobacco leaves were harvested on July 9. The harvest date of the tobacco leaves on the second kang is July 16, the harvest date of the tobacco leaves in the third kang is July 26, the harvest date of the tobacco leaves in the fourth kang is August 7, and the harvest date of the tobacco leaves in the fifth kang is August 20. On September 2, the sixth kang tobacco leaf was harvested on September 2. It was 119 days from transplanting to harvesting.

8) Bake

In the way of hanging rods, the conventional "three-stage" baking process is used for baking.

Comparative example 1 adopts the method identical with embodiment 1 to cultivate simultaneously, and its difference is:

The applied fertilizer is the conventional amount, in which the total applied amount of nitrogen fertilizer per plant is 6g; calcium is not used either. Topping method Topping is done in the usual way: 50% of the tobacco plants are topped when the center flower is open. The harvesting method is in accordance with the conventional method: normal harvesting from the second kang, the harvest date of the second kang tobacco leaves is July 11, the third kang tobacco leaf harvesting date is July 16, and the fourth kang tobacco leaf harvesting date is On August 1, the harvest date of the fifth kang tobacco leaves was August 10, and the harvest date of the sixth kang tobacco leaves was August 27.

The number of leaves per plant is 18 to 20.

Example 2

The first-cured tobacco leaf samples of each kang stage were prepared, and each sample was more than 5.0Kg, and the quality of the newly-cured tobacco leaf samples was evaluated. The quality evaluation results of the first-cured tobacco leaf samples obtained by the cultivation method of the present invention are shown in Tables 1 to 6 for details.

Table 1.1 Appearance quality of the first-cured tobacco leaf samples obtained by the cultivation method in Example 1

Table 1.2 Appearance quality of the first-cured tobacco leaf samples obtained by the cultivation method in Comparative Example 1

The results of the appearance quality appraisal of the tobacco leaves (Table 1.1, Table 1.2) show that the overall appearance quality of the 6 freshly-cured tobacco leaf samples obtained in Example 1 is better, mainly because the leaf surface tissue is finer, the gloss is brighter, and the softness is better. Among them, the leaf structure of the upper tobacco leaves (the 5th kang and the 6th kang) is "loose--still loose". For the upper tobacco leaves in Guizhou, the leaf structure is already in a good quality grade.

Table 2 Contents of main chemical constituents of primary flue-cured tobacco leaf samples obtained by two cultivation methods

Note: The conventional is the comparative example 1, and the invention is the embodiment 1.

Tobacco leaf chemical composition determination result (table 2) shows, the nicotine content of the 6 samples obtained by the cultivation method of the present invention is generally higher, especially the nicotine content of the upper tobacco leaves (the 5th kang, the 6th kang) is significantly higher than generally considered. The range of nicotine content in high-quality tobacco leaves (the nicotine content of high-quality upper tobacco leaves is generally considered to be about 3.5%).

Table 3 Conventional indicators of flue gas of primary-cured tobacco leaf samples obtained by two cultivation methods

Note: The conventional is the comparative example 1, and the invention is the embodiment 1.

The measurement results (Table 3) of the conventional indicators of the flue gas show that the coke-alkali ratio of the flue gas of the 6 samples obtained by the cultivation method of the present invention is generally lower, and the coke-alkali ratio of the flue gas especially the upper tobacco leaves (the 5th kang, the 6th kang) is obvious. Lower than the first-cured tobacco leaves of conventional cultivation methods.

Table 4.1 The sensory quality (sucking quality) of the first-cured tobacco leaf samples obtained by the cultivation method of Example 1

Table 4.2 Sensory quality (sucking quality) of the first-cured tobacco leaf samples obtained by the cultivation method of Comparative Example 1

The sensory evaluation results (Table 4.1, Table 4.2) show that the sensory quality of the 6 samples obtained in Example 1 is generally good; although the upper tobacco leaves (the 5th and 6th kang) have high nicotine content, their sensory quality is still high. Able to achieve medium quality grades.

The contrast of table 5 embodiment 1 and comparative example 1 cultivation method (Guizhou in 2015)

The cultivation method of the present invention is compared with the local conventional cultivation method, see Table 5 for details. Compared with the local conventional cultivation method, the main feature of the cultivation method of the present invention is "low nitrogen application, early topping, less leaves, and late harvest".

Table 6 Results of internal quality evaluation of "upper tobacco leaves" obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 (Guizhou, 2015)

Table 6 is the inner quality evaluation results of the "upper tobacco leaves" obtained by the cultivation method of the present invention and the local conventional cultivation method. As can be seen from Table 6, adopt the cultivation method of the present invention, under the situation that the nitrogen application rate is halved, the nicotine content of the obtained upper tobacco leaves is obviously higher than the local conventional cultivation method, and the total nitrogen content of the tobacco leaves is lower than the local conventional Cultivation method; the coke-alkali ratio of tobacco gas was significantly lower than that of the local conventional cultivation method, and the smoking quality of tobacco leaves did not decrease. By adopting the cultivation method of the present invention, high-quality tobacco leaves with a low pyro-alkali ratio can be obtained.

Table 7 Environmental status of Guizhou in 2015

The above examples are intended to illustrate the disclosed embodiments of the present invention, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, various modifications set forth herein and variations in the methods and compositions of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail in conjunction with various specific preferred embodiments of the present invention, it should be understood that the present invention should not be limited to these specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications as described above which are obvious to those skilled in the art to obtain the invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (3)

1. a low pyro-alkali ratio tobacco leaf cultivation method, is characterized in that, described cultivation method is applicable to Guizhou area, and described cultivation method at least comprises the following steps: (1) soil preparation, sowing, and seedling raising, and the variety during sowing is selected from NC82; (2) transplanting; (3) Fertilization, the total nitrogen application amount per plant is 3-4g, and the amount of potassium fertilizer is increased during fertilization, and the applied potassium amount is 10.5-14g/plant; The precipitation is 728～1185mm, the sunshine hours are 703～967hrs, the total soil nitrogen content is 1.46～1.72k/kg, and the soil alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen is 115.4～147.3mg/kg; (4) Topping leaves; topping time is before budding; the number of leaves per plant is 12 to 14; the specific method for topping is 1 to 2 days before topping, and the bottom leaves with a length of less than 50cm are knocked off , to ensure that the length of the lower leaves remaining on the tobacco plant is more than 50cm; when topping, the top tobacco leaves with a length of less than 10cm are knocked off to ensure that the length of the upper leaves remaining on the tobacco plant is more than 10cm; (5) Divide into 5 to 6 kangs for harvesting. The first kang is harvested 63 to 70 days after transplanting, and the harvesting is postponed from the second kang. The harvesting time of tobacco leaves is 65 to 75 days after topping, and the harvesting is specifically harvested when the lower leaves are still mature to maturity, the middle leaves are matured to full maturity, and the upper leaves are matured to full maturity. 2. A method for producing high-quality tobacco leaves with a low pyro-alkali ratio, the production method comprising obtaining by baking the tobacco leaves obtained by the low pyro-alkali ratio tobacco leaf cultivation method according to claim 1. 3. the tobacco leaf obtained by the low pyrocarbon alkali ratio tobacco leaf cultivation method as claimed in claim 1.