CN108323398B - Tobacco leaf cultivation method and tobacco leaf - Google Patents
Tobacco leaf cultivation method and tobacco leaf Download PDFInfo
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- CN108323398B CN108323398B CN201810073547.2A CN201810073547A CN108323398B CN 108323398 B CN108323398 B CN 108323398B CN 201810073547 A CN201810073547 A CN 201810073547A CN 108323398 B CN108323398 B CN 108323398B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/45—Tobacco
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B3/00—Preparing tobacco in the factory
- A24B3/10—Roasting or cooling tobacco
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Abstract
The invention provides a tobacco leaf cultivation method and tobacco leaves, wherein the cultivation method at least comprises the following steps: (1) soil preparation, sowing and seedling raising; (2) transplanting; (3) fertilizing, wherein the total nitrogen application amount of a single plant is reduced to 3-4 g from about 6g of the conventional nitrogen application amount; (4) topping and leaving leaves; the topping time is from topping when the central flower of the conventional 50 percent tobacco plant is opened to topping before budding; the leaf number of a single plant is reduced to 12-14 from 18-20 conventional leaves; (5) harvesting for 5-6 kang times, harvesting the 1 st kang 63-70 days after transplanting, delaying harvesting from the 2 nd kang, harvesting every subsequent kang 10-17 days apart, and harvesting tobacco leaves of the last kang 65-75 days after topping. The method of the invention can be used for obtaining the high-quality tobacco leaves with low coke-alkali ratio.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a high-quality tobacco leaf with low coke-alkali ratio and a cultivation method thereof, which are particularly suitable for cultivation in Guizhou areas.
Background
Along with the implementation of the strategy of cigarette tar reduction, the tar content of the smoke is gradually reduced, and correspondingly, the nicotine content of the smoke is also gradually reduced, so that the general defects of the aroma, the concentration and the strength of the low-tar cigarette (namely the general defect of the satisfaction of the low-tar cigarette) are caused. Therefore, how to improve the satisfaction of the low-tar cigarettes is a difficult problem for cigarette industry enterprises.
The flue gas tar-alkali ratio is the ratio of the amount of flue gas tar to the amount of flue gas nicotine, and the flue gas tar-alkali ratio of the current domestic cigarette is usually 10-12. The flue gas caustic coke ratio is an important index for evaluating the "satisfaction". In order to develop a "low tar, high satisfaction" cigarette product, it is necessary to maintain a high nicotine content while reducing tar. That is, efforts are made to reduce the flue gas coke-to-caustic ratio.
The tar-to-alkali ratio of the smoke is closely related to the satisfaction and the harm reduction. For example, if the smoke tar to nicotine ratio is 10, then the smoker receives 1mg of nicotine and receives 10mg of tar exposure; if the smoke tar to nicotine ratio is 8, the smoker receives 1mg of nicotine and receives 8mg of tar exposure. Therefore, the tar-alkali ratio of the smoke is reduced, and the exposure of harmful components is favorably reduced.
Therefore, reducing the flue gas caustic ratio has two important meanings: firstly, the satisfaction of low-tar cigarettes is improved; and secondly, the exposure of harmful components represented by tar is reduced, and the harm of smoke to health is reduced.
Because the tar-reducing technical measures (such as ventilation dilution, lengthening of filter sticks, increase of the blending proportion of cut stems, slices and expanded cut tobacco and the like) of the conventional cigarettes are difficult to greatly change the tar-to-alkali ratio of smoke. Therefore, the research and development of the low tar-alkali ratio and high-quality tobacco leaves are needed to start from the tobacco leaf raw materials.
Relevant studies have shown that 1) low tar tobacco leaves are generally at the cost of reduced nicotine content, and low tar-to-base ratio tobacco leaves cannot be obtained by reducing tar; 2) the nicotine of tobacco leaves is the most important chemical component influencing the coke-base ratio of smoke, the smoke coke-base ratio can be reduced by increasing the nicotine content of the tobacco leaves, and the low coke-base ratio corresponds to the high nicotine. Therefore, the low tar-alkali ratio high-quality tobacco leaves, in other words, "high nicotine high-quality tobacco leaves".
However, simply increasing the nicotine content of tobacco leaves also increases the content of nitrogen-containing compounds such as tobacco leaf proteins, which leads to a decrease in smoking quality. That is, "high nicotine" generally leads to "low quality". Therefore, the technical problem of the development of high-quality tobacco leaves with high nicotine and low tar-alkali ratio is to solve the contradiction between high nicotine and high quality and realize the fusion of high nicotine and high quality.
In recent years, the 22 th century company limited (a biotechnology company in new york) in the united states obtained high-nicotine tobacco leaves through transgenic technology, and the high-nicotine tobacco leaves were used for manufacturing cigarette products, the smoke-to-nicotine ratio of the cigarette products can be reduced to about 5, the smoking quality of the cigarette products is also acceptable, and the amount of tar inhaled by smokers who smoke the cigarette products is proved to be remarkably reduced.
It should be noted that the tobacco leaf is obtained by the transgenic technology of the limited 22 th century in the United states, while the tobacco industry in China does not allow the use of tobacco leaves containing transgenic components (national tobacco department [2003]387 Notification of national tobacco agency for the enhancement of the monitoring of transgenic tobacco). Therefore, the method for developing the high-quality tobacco leaves with high nicotine and low tar-alkali ratio without transgenic technology has a particularly important significance for Chinese cigarette industry enterprises to develop low-tar, high-satisfaction and potential low-exposure flue-cured tobacco type cigarette products.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above disadvantages of the prior art, the present invention aims to provide a method for cultivating high-quality tobacco leaves with low tar-alkali ratio, which is particularly suitable for Guizhou areas, and can improve the nicotine content greatly and control the total nitrogen content of the tobacco leaves strictly at the same time by adjusting the cultivation measures such as fertilization, topping, leaf retention, harvesting, etc., so that the tar-alkali ratio of the smoke is reduced obviously, and the smoking quality of the tobacco leaves is not reduced obviously.
In order to achieve the above objects and other related objects, the present invention provides a method for cultivating tobacco leaves, comprising at least the steps of:
(1) soil preparation, sowing and seedling raising;
(2) transplanting;
(3) fertilizing, wherein the total nitrogen application amount of a single plant is 3-4 g;
(4) topping and leaving leaves; the topping time is before budding; the number of leaves left in a single plant is 12-14;
(5) harvesting is carried out for 5-6 kang times, the 1 st kang is harvested 63-70 days after transplanting, harvesting is delayed from the 2 nd kang, specifically, harvesting is carried out at intervals of 10-17 days for each subsequent kang, and the harvesting time of the tobacco leaves of the last kang is 65-75 days after topping.
High-nicotine tobacco leaves with low tar-alkali ratio and high nicotine content can be obtained by selecting high-nicotine varieties and adopting cultivation technologies of low nitrogen application, early topping, less leaf retention and late harvesting. The specific method can be realized by reducing the used fertilizer, and the important factor considered in the method is nitrogen fertilizer because the main factor influencing the content of nitrogen-containing compounds in tobacco leaves is nitrogen fertilizer.
The nitrogen application amount of a conventional single plant in the Guizhou region is about 6g, and the nitrogen application amount of the scheme is 3-4 g per plant. The perennial temperature of tobacco leaves in Guizhou areas during the field growth period (4, middle and last ten days-9 months) is 16.8-24.3 ℃, the precipitation is 728-1185 mm, the sunshine hours are 703-967 hrs, the total nitrogen content of soil is 1.46-1.72 k/kg, and the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of soil is 115.4-147.3 mg/kg.
Preferably, the flue-cured tobacco variety is selected from any one or more of NC82 and K326. The tobacco leaves of these two varieties have relatively high nicotine content.
Preferably, the topping specific method in the step (4) is that the bottom leaves with the length less than 50cm are knocked off 1-2 days before topping, so that the length of the lower leaves remained on the tobacco plant is ensured to be more than 50 cm; when topping, the tobacco leaves at the top with the length less than 10cm are knocked off, and the length of the upper tobacco leaves remained on the tobacco plants is ensured to be more than 10 cm.
Preferably, the using amount of the potassium fertilizer is increased when the fertilizer is applied in the step (3).
Preferably, the amount of the potash fertilizer applied in the step (3) is 10.5-14 g/plant.
Preferably, the amount of phosphate fertilizer used is adjusted by applying superphosphate. The main component of calcium superphosphate is calcium dihydrogen phosphate Ca (H)2PO4)2 and Gypsum Fibrosum CaSO4·2H2O。
Preferably, the harvesting in the step (5) is specifically to harvest after the lower leaves are ripe to be mature, harvest after the middle leaves are ripe to be completely ripe, and harvest after the upper leaves are ripe to be completely ripe.
And (3) completing: the tobacco leaves on the upper part are highly mature in the field and are fully mature after modulation.
And (3) maturing: the tobacco leaves are fully mature in the field and after modulation, and have the quality characteristics of basic colors.
And (3) well-done: the tobacco leaves are just mature in the field, the biochemical change is not sufficient or the after-ripening is insufficient after being modulated, and the mature quality characteristics are not yet obtained.
According to another aspect of the invention, the production method is suitable for tobacco leaves in Guizhou areas, and the production method comprises the step of baking the tobacco leaves obtained by the tobacco leaf cultivation method.
The baking is carried out by adopting a conventional baking method.
In another aspect of the invention, tobacco leaves obtained by the tobacco leaf cultivation method are provided.
As described above, the method for cultivating tobacco leaves of the present invention has the following advantageous effects: the flue gas coke-alkali ratio of the tobacco leaves obtained by the cultivation method is obviously reduced, and the smoking quality of the tobacco leaves is not reduced.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to specific embodiments, and other advantages and effects of the present invention will be easily understood by those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present specification. The invention is capable of other and different embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways, and its several details are capable of modification in various respects, all without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Furthermore, it is to be understood that one or more method steps mentioned in the present invention does not exclude that other method steps may also be present before or after the combined steps or that other method steps may also be inserted between these explicitly mentioned steps, unless otherwise indicated. Moreover, unless otherwise indicated, the numbering of the various method steps is merely a convenient tool for identifying the various method steps, and is not intended to limit the order in which the method steps are arranged or the scope of the invention in which the invention may be practiced, and changes or modifications in the relative relationship may be made without substantially changing the technical content.
When numerical ranges are given in the examples, it is understood that both endpoints of each of the numerical ranges and any value therebetween can be selected unless the invention otherwise indicated. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. In addition to the specific methods, devices, and materials used in the examples, any methods, devices, and materials similar or equivalent to those described in the examples may be used in the practice of the invention in addition to the specific methods, devices, and materials used in the examples, in keeping with the knowledge of one skilled in the art and with the description of the invention.
Example 1
1) Basic conditions of production tests
Test site: guizhou Guiyang city, Guiyang, Kaiyang county, Longgang tobacco test base.
And (3) participating in test varieties: K326.
the planting area is 0.94 mu by adopting a large-area test.
2) Preparation of production test in early stage
Sowing time: 26/2/2015.
Deep turning tobacco field before winter, depth is more than 30 cm. Ploughing and harrowing for the second time in the last 3 months of 2015, wherein the ploughing depth is 25-30 cm, so that the soil surface is smooth, and soil particles are finely crushed. And a drainage ditch is opened in time, so that smooth drainage is ensured. Ridging is timely and early carried out according to soil moisture and climate conditions, preparation for planting is ready, compartment ridging is carried out according to 100cm, the height of each ridge is 25-30 cm, fine ridge soil is required, the ridge surface is smooth, and the ridge body is full. And (3) catching effective rainfall before transplanting, covering the film in time when the soil moisture content is proper (the relative water content is 60-70%), covering the film tightly, and keeping the soil moisture content to be planted and grown.
3) Transplanting
The transplanting time is 2015, 5 months and 7 days. The transplanting density is 1212 plants/mu, the row spacing is 100cm, and the plant spacing is 55 cm. Transplanting in a conventional manner.
4) Fertilizer application
Applying 3.6Kg of pure nitrogen per mu (3 g of total nitrogen application per plant and 6g of total local conventional nitrogen application per plant), wherein the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1: 3.5 (the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1: 2), and the specific method comprises the following steps:
before the base fertilizer is applied, 60Kg of farmyard manure and 25Kg of special base fertilizer are applied to each mu (N: P)2O5∶K2O10: 24) and superphosphate 6.25Kg, evenly mixed, and quantitatively applied in a nest for each plant.
The nitrogen content in the farmyard manure is negligible, and the main purpose of the nitrogen fertilizer is to improve the soil.
After 10-12 days of transplanting, carrying out first additional fertilizer, and carrying out hole application with 5 Kg/mu (N: P) of special additional fertilizer2O5∶K2O is 15: 0: 30), and if the weather is dry, water is added for top dressing and watering. After 35-40 days of transplanting, the seeds are placed in a hilling chamber, and 12 Kg/mu of oil cake and 13 Kg/mu of potassium sulfate are applied.
5) Film uncovering ridging
And uncovering the film upper compartment 38 days after transplanting. The ridge height of the back ridge of the upper compartment is more than 35cm, and the ridge body is large and full. Removing 2-3 pieces of footing leaves per plant 1 day before the film is uncovered and the compartment is loaded.
6) Topping and leaf retention
And after 6 months and 19 days (1 day before topping), 1-2 pieces/piece of footing leaves are cut according to the growth vigor of tobacco plants and the number of the single-plant leaves, so that the leaf length of the first harvested leaf is more than 50 cm.
And (4) topping for 6 months and 20 days (at the moment, buds do not appear after 45 days from the transplanting date). A 'sufficient leaf' topping mode (topping is carried out when the number of leaves is enough) is adopted, and 12-14 leaves are left for a single plant. After topping, the apical leaf length remaining on the tobacco plants was > 10 cm.
7) Mature harvest
Harvesting the lower leaves until the lower leaves are mature, harvesting the middle leaves until the middle leaves are mature, and harvesting the upper leaves until the upper leaves are mature (the leaf surfaces have obvious mature spots).
2-3 pieces of tobacco leaves are harvested each time, and 6 times of harvesting are carried out in total. The date of harvesting the tobacco leaves in the No. 1 kang is 7 months and 9 days. The date of harvesting the 2 nd kang tobacco leaves is 7 months and 16 days, the date of harvesting the 3 rd kang tobacco leaves is 7 months and 26 days, the date of harvesting the 4 th kang tobacco leaves is 8 months and 7 days, the date of harvesting the 5 th kang tobacco leaves is 8 months and 20 days, and the date of harvesting the 6 th kang tobacco leaves is 9 months and 2 days. 119 days from transplanting to harvest.
8) Baking
The baking is carried out by adopting a conventional three-section baking process in a hanging rod mode.
Comparative example 1 the same method as in example 1 was used for simultaneous cultivation, except that:
the applied fertilizer is in a conventional usage amount, wherein the total application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer per plant is 6 g; nor calcium superphosphate. Topping according to a conventional mode: topping when 50% of tobacco plants are open. The harvesting mode is as follows: normally harvesting from the No. 2 kang, wherein the harvesting date of the No. 2 kang tobacco leaves is 7 months and 11 days, the harvesting date of the No. 3 kang tobacco leaves is 7 months and 16 days, the harvesting date of the No. 4 kang tobacco leaves is 8 months and 1 day, the harvesting date of the No. 5 kang tobacco leaves is 8 months and 10 days, and the harvesting date of the No. 6 kang tobacco leaves is 8 months and 27 days.
The number of leaves left per plant is 18-20.
Example 2
Preparing primary flue-cured tobacco leaf samples of each kang time, wherein each sample is more than 5.0Kg, and evaluating the quality of the primary flue-cured tobacco leaf samples. The quality evaluation results of the flue-cured tobacco leaf samples obtained by the cultivation method are shown in tables 1-6.
TABLE 1.1 appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco leaf samples obtained by the cultivation method of example 1
TABLE 1.2 appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco leaf samples obtained by the cultivation method of comparative example 1
The results of the tobacco appearance quality evaluation (tables 1.1 and 1.2) show that the 6 flue-cured tobacco samples obtained in example 1 have overall excellent appearance quality, and mainly show that the leaf surface tissues are fine, the luster is bright and the softness is good. The leaf structure of the upper tobacco leaves (the 5 th kang and the 6 th kang) is loose-up, and for the upper tobacco leaves in Guizhou, the leaf structure belongs to a better quality grade.
TABLE 2 contents of main chemical components of samples of flue-cured tobacco leaves obtained by two cultivation methods
Note: the conventional example is comparative example 1, and the invention is example 1.
The results of the chemical component measurement of the tobacco leaves (table 2) show that the nicotine content of 6 samples obtained by the cultivation method of the invention is overall higher, and particularly, the nicotine content of the upper tobacco leaves (5 th kang and 6 th kang) is obviously higher than the nicotine content range of the generally-considered high-quality tobacco leaves (the generally-considered high-quality upper tobacco leaves have the nicotine content of about 3.5%).
TABLE 3 general flue gas index of flue-cured tobacco leaf samples obtained by two cultivation methods
Note: the conventional example is comparative example 1, and the invention is example 1.
The results of the conventional flue gas index measurement (table 3) show that the flue gas coke-alkali ratios of 6 samples obtained by the cultivation method are lower overall, and particularly the flue gas coke-alkali ratios of upper tobacco leaves (5 th kang and 6 th kang) are obviously lower than those of primary flue-cured tobacco leaves obtained by the conventional cultivation method.
TABLE 4.1 sensory quality (smoking quality) of the flue-cured tobacco leaf samples obtained by the cultivation method of example 1
TABLE 4.2 sensory quality (smoking quality) of the flue-cured tobacco leaf samples obtained by the cultivation method of comparative example 1
Sensory evaluation results (table 4.1, table 4.2) showed that the sensory quality of the 6 samples obtained in example 1 was overall good; although the nicotine content of the upper tobacco leaves (5 th kang and 6 th kang) is high, the sensory quality of the upper tobacco leaves can still reach a medium quality grade.
Table 5 comparison of example 1 with comparative example 1 by cultivation method (Guizhou 2015)
The cultivation method of the present invention is compared with the conventional cultivation method in the local, and the details are shown in table 5. Compared with the conventional local cultivation method, the cultivation method has the main characteristics of low nitrogen application, early topping, less leaf retention and late harvest.
Table 6 evaluation results of "upper tobacco leaves" intrinsic quality obtained in example 1 and comparative example 1 (Guizhou 2015)
Table 6 shows the results of evaluation of the intrinsic quality of "upper tobacco leaves" obtained by the cultivation method of the present invention and the local conventional cultivation method. As can be seen from Table 6, with the cultivation method of the present invention, the nicotine content of the upper tobacco leaves obtained is significantly higher than that of the local conventional cultivation method, while the total nitrogen content of the tobacco leaves is lower than that of the local conventional cultivation method, with the nitrogen application amount reduced by half; the tar-alkali ratio of the smoke is obviously lower than that of the smoke produced by the local conventional cultivation method, and the smoking quality of the tobacco leaves is not reduced. By adopting the cultivation method, the high-quality tobacco leaves with low tar-alkali ratio can be obtained.
TABLE 7 environmental status of Guizhou region 2015
The above examples are intended to illustrate the disclosed embodiments of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention. In addition, various modifications of the methods and compositions set forth herein, as well as variations of the methods and compositions of the present invention, will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. While the invention has been specifically described in connection with various specific preferred embodiments thereof, it should be understood that the invention should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the above-described embodiments which are obvious to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains are intended to be covered by the scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. The cultivation method of the tobacco leaves with the low tar-alkali ratio is applicable to Guizhou areas, and at least comprises the following steps:
(1) soil preparation, sowing and seedling raising, wherein the variety in sowing is selected from NC 82;
(2) transplanting;
(3) fertilizing, wherein the total nitrogen application amount of a single plant is 3-4 g, the using amount of a potassium fertilizer is increased during fertilizing, and the potassium application amount is 10.5-14 g per plant; the perennial temperature of tobacco leaves in Guizhou areas during field growth is 16.8-24.3 ℃, the precipitation is 728-1185 mm, the sunshine hours are 703-967 hrs, the total nitrogen content of soil is 1.46-1.72 k/kg, and the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of soil is 115.4-147.3 mg/kg;
(4) topping and leaving leaves; the topping time is before budding; the number of leaves left in a single plant is 12-14; the topping method is that the length of the bottom leaves is less than 50cm after 1-2 days before topping, and the length of the lower leaves remained on the tobacco plants is ensured to be more than 50 cm; when topping, the top tobacco leaves with the length less than 10cm are knocked off, and the length of the upper tobacco leaves remained on the tobacco plants is ensured to be more than 10 cm;
(5) harvesting in 5-6 kang times, harvesting the 1 st kang 63-70 days after transplanting, delaying harvesting from the 2 nd kang, specifically harvesting every subsequent kang at intervals of 10-17 days, harvesting tobacco leaves of the last kang 65-75 days after topping, specifically harvesting the lower leaves which are still ripe to ripe, the middle leaves which are ripe to ripe, and the upper leaves which are ripe to ripe.
2. A production method of high-quality tobacco leaves with low tar-alkali ratio, which comprises the step of baking tobacco leaves obtained by the cultivation method of the tobacco leaves with low tar-alkali ratio of claim 1.
3. Tobacco leaves obtained by the low tar-to-alkali ratio tobacco leaf cultivation method according to claim 1.
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| CN110692477A (en) * | 2019-11-06 | 2020-01-17 | 中国农业科学院烟草研究所 | Cultivation method for improving tobacco yield and quality and application thereof |
| CN111615925A (en) * | 2020-06-15 | 2020-09-04 | 中国农业科学院烟草研究所 | Harvesting method for revealing quality style of upper cigarettes of Cubi No. one |
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| CN104365329B (en) * | 2014-10-31 | 2017-04-05 | 云南省烟草公司昆明市公司 | A kind of autumn sends out the plantation of the big gold dollar of safflower and field management method on mountain red earth |
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