CN108138482A - 包括vip的夹层结构及其制备方法 - Google Patents
包括vip的夹层结构及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108138482A CN108138482A CN201680060959.1A CN201680060959A CN108138482A CN 108138482 A CN108138482 A CN 108138482A CN 201680060959 A CN201680060959 A CN 201680060959A CN 108138482 A CN108138482 A CN 108138482A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- reaction mixture
- composite component
- outer layer
- hard polyurethane
- foam
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种制备复合元件的方法,所述复合元件包括第一外层和第二外层、在两外层之间的真空隔热板、与第一外层和真空隔热板下侧接触的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,以及与第二外层和真空隔热板上侧接触的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,所述方法包括将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R1)施加到第一外层上,使真空隔热板下侧与未固化的反应混合物(R1)接触,将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R2)施加至真空隔热板上侧,使第二外层与这层未固化的反应混合物(R2)接触,最后固化所述两种硬质聚氨酯泡沫体系(R1)和(R2),以获得复合元件。本发明还涉及以此方式可获得的复合元件,并且还涉及本发明的复合元件或通过本发明的方法可获得的复合元件作为制冷设备的组件或作为建筑材料的用途。
Description
本发明涉及一种制备复合元件的方法,所述复合元件包括第一外层和第二外层、在两外层之间的真空隔热板、与第一外层和真空隔热板下侧接触的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,以及与第二外层和真空隔热板上侧接触的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,所述方法包括将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R1)施加至第一外层上,使真空隔热板下侧与未硬化的反应混合物(R1)接触,将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R2)施加至真空隔热板上侧,使第二外层与该层未硬化的反应混合物(R2)接触,最后使两种硬质聚氨酯泡沫体系(R1)和(R2)硬化,以得到复合元件。本发明还涉及由此可获得的复合元件,以及涉及本发明的复合元件或通过本发明的方法可获得的复合元件作为制冷设备的部件或作为建筑材料的用途。
用于隔热目的的真空隔热单元(又称为真空隔热板)的使用在增加。它们尤其用于制冷设备壳体、冷藏车集装箱、冷藏箱、冷藏库或区域供热管道。它们较低的热导率使得它们比常规隔热材料具有优势:与闭孔硬质聚氨酯泡沫相比节能潜力通常超过40%。这些真空隔热单元通常由隔热芯材组成,例如开孔硬质聚氨酯(PUR)泡沫、开孔挤出聚苯乙烯泡沫、硅胶、玻璃纤维、松散塑料颗粒、由硬质PUR泡沫或半硬质PUR泡沫制成的压缩再研磨物,或珍珠岩,所述隔热芯材包裹在气密薄膜中,所述气密薄膜被抽真空并通过气密性焊接而密封。真空度应低于100mbar。在这样的真空度的情况下,依芯材的结构和孔径,板的热导率可小于10mW/(m*K)。
为隔热目的,通常将真空隔热板引入需要隔热的组件中,并固定在其中。上述隔热组件大部分是具有两个致密层的组件,优选金属薄板或塑料,例如聚苯乙烯。
通常,在生产制冷器过程中,将用于硬质PUR泡沫的液体反应混合物注射到通常由金属外壁、塑料制成或纸板基多层复合材料制成的后壁、以及塑料内衬构成的空腔中。如果将VIP引入制冷器外壳或门内,必须在引入反应混合物之前将它们固定,以防止在腔中泡沫形成期间元件不受控制地移动。常见的固定方法是使用双面胶带,此处VIP被粘结结合至外部金属薄板的内侧(JP 2005-076966)或粘结结合至内衬(EP A-0434225)。如果VIP被固定在了金属外壁的内侧上,则用于硬质PUR泡沫的反应混合物,随着其反应,在空腔的泡沫填充期间围绕所述VIP流动。由用于硬质PUR泡沫的反应混合物所产生的反应热导致了设备中泡沫的非常显著的升温。在随后的冷却过程中,由于VIP和硬质PUR泡沫的膨胀系数不同,可能会发生不期望的壳体变形。变形所产生的差异尤其在侧壁处可察觉。当使用不锈钢表面并使用双面胶带来固定VIP时尤其如此,因为由于光泽表面此处的缺陷特别容易辨别,并且出于成本原因需要低的金属厚度。
排除对表面质量的不利影响的一种方法是使用额外厚的金属薄板以用于增强。该解决方案成本高且复杂,因为在将金属薄板结合在一起时必须避免产生空腔等。另一缺点在于制冷设备的重量显著增加。
DE-A 199 48 361记载了一种通过由隔热材料制成的中间层而将VIP固定在制冷设备的壳体和门的内包层上的方法。该中间层可以是模制品或隔热泡沫,并没有任何更加详细的说明,其以液体形式被施用于内部包层,并在此状态下在其上放置VIP。要提及的事实是隔热泡沫通常基于聚氨酯。EP-A 0 822 379记载了通过常用于制冷设备结构中的硬质PUR泡沫的反应混合物,或者优选通过单组分PUR泡沫(如来自Henkel的),而将VIP固定在刚性板上。刚性板为例如金属板或塑料板,优选金属盒。在一个实施方案中,可以首先将用于泡沫的反应混合物施于板上,并在其仍为液体时将VIP置于该反应混合物中。
单组分PUR泡沫(例如来自Henkel的)通常具有20g/l至30g/l的自由包封密度,且为包含加压物理发泡剂的异氰酸酯预聚物。这些体系的缺点在于,它们暴露于大气压力而硬化且为此目的需要数个小时。对于制冷器生产来说,出于经济原因这种长的硬化时间是不期望的,因为此处通常要达到几分钟的周期时间。
用于制冷设备生产中的PUR泡沫的常规反应混合物的自由发泡密度通常为25g/l至45g/l。在一个合适的实施例(EP-A 0 822 379)中,使用由聚醚多元醇(OH值400)和聚合二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯制成含环戊烷的用于PUR泡沫的反应混合物。该实施例中的制剂不含泡沫稳定剂。因此不利地,泡沫结构不能保持,相反泡沫塌陷成密度约60g/l(根据DIN ENISO 845确定)。由于泡沫结构是极粗孔且开孔的类型,因此VIP粘结结合后获得的泡沫表面的特征为区域高度不均匀,被认为是缩孔。由于金属外壁薄,这些缩孔在外部清晰可辨,从而降低了表面质量。为了确保用于PUR泡沫的反应混合物在设备的壁上或VIP下面的良好区域分布,必须使每单位面积的所引入的反应混合物的质量(g/m2)保持在某一最小值。在密度为25g/l至45g/l的常规体系情况下,只有通过在高压实度(压实度=发泡模制品的密度/自由包封密度)下进行才能获得足够的每单位面积的质量。但是,采用高压实度意味着需要使用闭合模具。那么在实践中就必须针对每种类型的制冷装置使用不同的适当调整的闭合模具。这导致生产成本高。高压实度(例如高于3)也难以工业实现,因为在压力下所得的PUR泡沫漏出并引起问题。
WO 2005/026605记载了包含至少一个真空隔热板的由硬质致密聚氨酯或由具有致密外皮和多孔芯的硬质聚氨酯泡沫(=硬质整体式聚氨酯泡沫)制成的模制品,它们用于生产制冷设备。将VIP引入模具中,向所述模具中插入VIP,然后加入用于PUR泡沫的反应混合物。闭合模具,一旦PUR泡沫已经硬化,就移除模制品。模具是自支撑的,在金属壳体或塑料壳体中不需要任何的围封,与常规制冷容器一样。但是,模制品的一侧可能是由金属或塑料制成的一层,该层同时插入至模具中。硬质整体式聚氨酯泡沫的自由泡沫密度为200kg/m3至800kg/m3;硬质致密聚氨酯的自由泡沫密度在700kg/m3至1200kg/m3范围内。硬质致密聚氨酯定义为在制剂中不包含发泡剂。由于致密外皮,这类体系比硬质PUR泡沫具有更高的λ值。致密体系也具有高的λ值,这对于应用而言是不利的。
WO 2012/038215 A1公开了使用特定的聚氨酯(PUR)泡沫反应体系将真空隔热板(VIP)相当大表面区域地固定在制冷装置的壁上的用途,还公开了一种用于制备包括制冷装置的壁、PUR泡沫层和至少一个VIP的复合制品的方法。
DE 10 2008 026 528 A1记载了一种使用用于PUR泡沫的液体反应混合物来制备由真空隔热板和制冷设备的外壁制成的复合制品的方法。将用于PUR泡沫的反应混合物作为可硬化粘合层相当大面积地施用至制冷装置外壁的内侧和/或制冷装置内部容器壁的外侧,并将VIP插入其中。发泡在闭合的模具中进行,直到反应混合物达到完全硬化为止。据说可处理具有较高密度的泡沫体系。用于PUR泡沫的反应混合物优选是缓慢地膨胀且特征仅在于纤维时间为约3分钟的泡沫体系。
由现有技术已知的方法的常见缺点是需要用泡沫填充既定空腔,因此难以制造没有缺陷的薄层。此外,必须有各种支撑结构,以便保护脆弱的VIP在制备过程中免受压力和负荷。
本发明的目的之一是提供稳定的复合元件以及其简化的制备方法。本发明的目的之一是提供具有良好隔热的复合元件,以及其简化的制备方法。
在本发明中,所述目的通过一种用于制备复合元件的方法实现,所述复合元件包括第一外层和第二外层、两外层之间的真空隔热板、与第一外层和真空隔热板下侧接触的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,以及与第二外层和真空隔热板上侧接触的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(i)将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R1)施加至第一外层上,
(ii)使真空隔热板下侧与未硬化的反应混合物(R1)接触,
(iii)将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R2)施加至真空隔热板上侧,
(iv)使第二外层与该层未硬化的反应混合物(R2)接触,
(v)使两种硬质聚氨酯泡沫体系(R1)和(R2)硬化,以得到复合元件。
为本发明的目的,术语“未硬化”意指纤维时间尚未达到。在本文中,硬质泡沫体系的纤维时间是可用玻璃棒从泡沫拉出纤维的时刻之前经过的时间。确定纤维时间的方法在实施例中定义。
本发明方法的优点在于通过分层构建体系提供一种简单的制造方法。不需要空腔的泡沫填充,因此获得始终具有良好隔热性能的层,即不具有会削弱隔热效果的缺陷。
本发明的方法通过将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R1)施加到第一外层上而开始。然后使真空隔热板下侧与未硬化的反应混合物(R1)接触,并将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R2)施加到真空隔热板上侧。最后,使第二外层与该层未硬化的反应混合物(R2)接触,然后使两种硬质聚氨酯泡沫体系(R1)和(R2)硬化,以得到复合元件。
因此,本发明方法的另一优点在于,将VIP放置于未硬化的反应混合物(R1)中,因此在泡沫形成期间,该层也在VIP边缘形成,由此具有良好的保护。
在本发明中使用的第一外层和第二外层可由极不相同的材料组成,例如金属、塑料或木材。对于建筑应用,也可以使用由石制品、混凝土或陶瓷材料制成的外层。在本文中,外层可以是光滑的或者可以具有形状,只要确保反应混合物良好粘附即可。在本发明中,优选由金属制成的外层。
因此,在本发明中优选如上所述的方法,其中制备复合元件无需向第一外层和第二外层之间的间隔空间中引入仍可流动的聚氨酯起始化合物。
本发明的方法使用了反应混合物(R1)和(R2)。本发明中的反应混合物(R1)和(R2)是用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物。反应混合物(R1)和(R2)通常包含至少一种多异氰酸酯作为组分A),以及至少一种对异氰酸酯呈反应性的多官能化合物作为组分B)。反应混合物(R1)和反应混合物(R2)优选包含用于制备聚氨酯泡沫的其它常规组分,实例为发泡剂、催化剂、泡沫稳定剂和其它助剂和/或添加物质。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了如上所述的用于制备复合元件的方法,其中反应混合物(R1)和(R2)包含以下组分:
A)至少一种多异氰酸酯,
B)至少一种对异氰酸酯呈反应性的多官能化合物,
C)至少一种发泡剂,
D)至少一种催化剂,
E)任选地泡沫稳定剂以及
F)任选地其它助剂和/或添加物质。
本发明中,反应混合物(R1)和反应混合物(R2)通过将组分以适当的混合比例混合而获得,并在混合物未硬化时施用。在本文中,合适的多元醇组分与异氰酸酯的混合比例例如在100:70至100:150、优选100:80至100:140的范围内。
在本发明中,施用反应混合物(R1)和反应混合物(R2),发泡开始。首先将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R1)施用于第一外层。然后,在达到了纤维时间之前使反应混合物(R1)与真空隔热板下侧接触,使得泡沫随着其形成会与大面积VIP接触。优选在反应混合物(R1)达到其纤维时间之前,将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R2)优选施用于真空隔热板上侧。
已经发现,在反应混合物(R1)达到其纤维时间之前施用反应混合物(R2)时,实现了反应混合物(R1)的更好分布,因此形成更少的缺陷。这样的最终结果是所得复合元件的隔热更好并且外观更好。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中在反应混合物(R1)未硬化时施用反应混合物(R2)。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中在反应混合物(R1)未硬化时进行步骤(iii)。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中选择组分A)至F),使得生成的闭孔聚氨酯泡沫的自由发泡包封密度根据DIN 53420在30g/l至400g/l范围内,优选在40g/l至300g/l范围内,特别优选在50g/l至150g/l范围内,压缩强度根据DIN ISO 844 EN DE(2014-11)大于140kPa。
优选地,反应混合物(R1)和反应混合物(R2)是用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的混合物,其优选可以施用成薄层,但具有足够的强度以稳定复合元件。用于本发明中的聚氨酯泡沫的自由发泡包封密度根据DIN 53420来测定,优选为30g/l至400g/l,特别为40g/l至300g/l,更优选50g/l至150g/l。
泡沫的压缩强度根据DIN ISO 844EN DE(2014-11)来测定。因此,用于本发明中的聚氨酯泡沫是半硬质泡沫或硬质泡沫(根据DIN 7726)。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中在复合元件中的由反应混合物(R1)获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫和由反应混合物(R2)获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫或者由反应混合物(R1)和反应混合物(R2)获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫的自由发泡包封密度根据DIN 53420在30g/l至400g/l范围内。
甚至更优选地,将反应混合物(R1)和反应混合物(R2)施用成薄层。合适的量度是每单位面积的质量。术语每单位面积的质量意指每单位面积引入的材料——即包含组分A)至G)的反应混合物——的质量。用于本发明的反应混合物(R1)和(R2)的每单位面积的质量分别为200g/m2至9600g/m2,优选230g/m2至6000g/m2,特别优选260g/m2至4500g/m2。
用于本发明的聚氨酯泡沫优选为闭孔泡沫(DIN 7726);开孔的比例至多为15%。
用于本发明的组分A)包含至少一种多异氰酸酯。使用的有机异氰酸酯可以包含任何常用的脂族、脂环族的且优选芳族的二异氰酸酯和/或多异氰酸酯。优选的可以使用的异氰酸酯包括甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)和/或二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI),优选MDI,特别优选MDI与聚合二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(PMDI)的混合物。这些特别优选的异氰酸酯可能已经被脲二酮基团、氨基甲酸酯基团、异氰脲酸酯基团、碳二亚胺基团、脲基甲酸酯基团且优选地氨基甲酸乙酯基团完全改性或者一定程度地改性。
在本发明中,特别适合的材料例如是MDI与聚合二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(PMDI)的混合物,特别是与例如以来自BASF SE的商品名为Lupranat M20可得的聚合二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(PMDI)的混合物。
使用的异氰酸酯组分还可以包含预聚物,或者上述异氰酸酯与预聚物的混合物。这些预聚物由上述异氰酸酯和下文后续阶段所述的聚醚或聚酯或聚醚和聚酯制备,它们的NCO含量通常为14重量%至32重量%,优选为22重量%至30重量%。
使用的组分B)包含至少一种对异氰酸酯呈反应性的多官能化合物,在本文中,也可以使用许多这些化合物的混合物作为组分B)。使用的具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的较高分子量的化合物可以包括任何具有至少两个对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物,所述基团例如OH-、SH-、NH-和CH-酸基团。通常使用具有2至8个、优选2至6个对异氰酸酯呈反应性的氢原子的聚醚醇和/或聚酯醇。根据DIN 53240(1971-12)测量,这些化合物的OH值通常为30mg KOH/g至850mg KOH/g,优选为100mg KOH/g至500mg KOH/g。
具有至少两个对异氰酸酯基团呈反应性的氢原子的化合物在大多数情况下为多元醇。那些具有最大工业意义的是聚酯醇和聚醚醇。
聚醚醇主要通过环氧烷(优选环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷)对多元醇和/或对多官能胺的加成反应来制备。在本文中,加成反应通常在催化剂存在下进行。
所有这些方法都是本领域技术人员已知的。制备PUR泡沫的简短概述例如已经公布于Polyurethane,Kunststoff-Handbuch Plastics handbook],卷7,第1版.1966,由Dr.R.Vieweg和Dr.A.编辑,以及第2版.1983,由Dr.Günter Oertel编辑,CarlHanser Verlag Munich,Vienna中。
聚醚醇通过已知方法制备,例如在催化剂存在下,在加入至少一种包含2至8个、优选2至6个反应性氢原子的起始剂分子的情况下,通过环氧烷的阴离子聚合制备。可使用的催化剂包括碱金属氢氧化物如氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾,或碱金属醇盐如甲醇钠、乙醇钠或乙醇钾或异丙醇钾,或者在阳离子聚合的情况下,包括路易斯酸如五氯化锑、三氟化硼乙醚或漂白土作为催化剂。可用作催化剂的其他化合物是双金属氰化物化合物,称为DMC催化剂。也可以是胺催化,例如使用咪唑。合适的催化剂例如在EP 2 563 833 A1或EP 2 563 860A2中有所记载。
使用的环氧烷优选包含一种或多种在亚烷基部分中具有2至4个碳原子的化合物,例如环氧乙烷、1,2-环氧丙烷、四氢呋喃、1,3-环氧丙烷或者1,2-环氧丁烷或2,3-环氧丁烷,特别优选环氧乙烷和/或1,2-环氧丙烷,其在每种情况下单独或以混合物的形式。
可使用的起始物质特别是在分子中具有至少2个,优选2至8个羟基或具有至少一个伯氨基的化合物。可以使用的在分子中具有至少2个、优选2至8个羟基的起始物质例如是乙二醇、二乙二醇、丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、季戊四醇、糖衍生物如蔗糖或己糖醇衍生物(如甘露糖醇或山梨糖醇),优选三羟甲基丙烷、丙三醇、季戊四醇、糖化合物(如葡萄糖、山梨糖醇、甘露醇和蔗糖)、多元酚、甲阶酚醛树脂(如酚与甲醛的低聚缩合物),以及衍生自酚、甲醛和二烷醇胺的曼尼希缩合物(Mannich condensate);也可以使用三聚氰胺。
优选使用的在分子中具有至少一个伯氨基的起始物质是芳族二胺和/或芳族多胺,例如苯二胺以及4,4'-二氨基二苯基甲烷、2,4'-二氨基二苯基甲烷和2,2'-二氨基二苯基甲烷,还有脂族二胺和脂族多胺,例如乙二胺。乙醇胺和甲苯二胺,优选地相连-甲苯二胺(vic-tolylenediamine)也是合适的。
为本发明的目的,优选基于以下的化合物:丙三醇和环氧丙烷、蔗糖/季戊四醇/二乙二醇和环氧丙烷、单丙二醇和环氧丙烷、蔗糖/丙三醇和环氧丙烷,或甲苯二胺(TDA)和环氧乙烷和/或环氧丙烷。
所用的聚酯醇主要通过具有2至12个碳原子的多元醇与具有2至12个碳原子的多元羧酸的缩合来制备,所述多元醇例如乙二醇、二乙二醇、丁二醇、三羟甲基丙烷、丙三醇或季戊四醇,所述多元羧酸例如琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、癸二羧酸、马来酸、富马酸、邻苯二甲酸、间苯二甲酸、对苯二甲酸、萘二羧酸的异构体或所述酸的酸酐。
在聚酯制备中还可同时使用的其他原料是疏水物质。疏水物质是水不溶性物质,其包含非极性有机部分并且还具有至少一个选自羟基、羧酸、羧酸酯及其混合物的反应性基团。疏水材料的当量重量优选为130g/mol至1000g/mol。例如可以使用脂肪酸,例如硬脂酸、油酸、棕榈酸、月桂酸或亚油酸,以及脂肪和油,例如蓖麻油、玉米油、葵花油、大豆油、椰子油、橄榄油或妥尔油。
使用的聚酯醇的官能度优选为1.5至5,特别是1.8至3.5。
还可以使用其它多元醇,例如具有2至14、优选2至10个碳原子的脂族、脂环族和/或芳族二醇,如乙二醇,1,2-丙二醇,1,3-丙二醇,1,2-戊二醇,1,3-戊二醇,1,10-癸二醇,1,2-二羟基环己烷、1,3-二羟基环己烷和1,4-二羟基环己烷,二乙二醇和三乙二醇,二丙二醇和三丙二醇,1,4-丁二醇,1,6-己二醇和双(2-羟乙基)氢醌;三醇,如1,2,4-三羟基环己烷和1,3,5-三羟基环己烷、丙三醇和三羟甲基丙烷;以及基于1,2-环氧乙烷和/或1,2-环氧丙烷和基于上述作为起始分子的二醇和/或三醇的低分子量羟基化聚环氧烷。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中组分B)包含至少一种官能度为3至8且羟基数为300至500的聚醚多元醇。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中组分B)包含至少一种官能度为3至8且羟基数为130至200的聚醚多元醇。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中组分B)包含至少一种双官能的扩链剂。
如果使用的异氰酸酯包含异氰酸酯预聚物,则具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团的化合物含量的计算包括具有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团并用于制备异氰酸酯预聚物的化合物。
使用的发泡剂优选为包含水的发泡剂混合物。在本文中,水可以单独使用或与其他发泡剂组合使用。发泡剂的水含量优选大于40重量%,特别优选大于60重量%,非常特别优选大于80重量%,基于发泡剂的总重量计。
特别地,将水用作唯一的发泡剂。如果其他发泡剂与水一起使用,则可以使用的其他发泡剂的实例是氟氯碳化合物、饱和和不饱和的氟碳化合物、碳氢化合物、酸和/或液体或溶解的二氧化碳。用于不饱和碳氟化合物的另一个术语是源自氢氟烯烃一词的HFO。另一个实施方案可以使用水和甲酸和/或二氧化碳的混合物作为发泡剂。
发泡剂的含量,优选水的含量为0.05重量%至4重量%,特别是0.1重量%至3重量%,基于组分(B)至(F)的总重量计。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中将水用作唯一的发泡剂C)。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中使用的水的量在0.05重量%至4重量%的范围内,基于组分B)至F)的总重量计。
所使用的催化剂可以包含任何加速异氰酸酯-水反应或异氰酸酯-多元醇反应的化合物。这些化合物是已知的并且例如在“Kunststoffhandbuch[Plastics handbook],卷7,Polyurethane[Polyurethanes]”,Carl Hanser Verlag,第3版,1993年,第3.4.1章中有所记载。这些包括基于胺的催化剂和基于有机金属化合物的催化剂。
可以使用且基于有机金属化合物的催化剂例如为有机锡化合物,例如有机羧酸的锡(II)盐,例如乙酸锡(II)、辛酸锡(II)、乙基己酸锡(II)、和月桂酸锡(II);以及有机羧酸的二烷基锡(IV)盐,例如二乙酸二丁基锡、二月桂酸二丁基锡、马来酸二丁基锡和二乙酸二辛基锡;以及羧酸铋,例如新癸酸铋(III)、2-乙基己酸铋(II)和辛酸铋;或羧酸的碱金属盐,例如乙酸钾或甲酸钾。
使用的催化剂优选为包含至少一种叔胺的混合物。这些叔胺也可以是还带有对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团如OH基团、NH基团或NH2基团的化合物。最常使用的一些催化剂是双(2-甲基-氨基乙基)醚、N,N,N,N,N-五甲基二亚乙基三胺、N,N,N-三乙基氨基乙氧基乙醇、二甲基环己胺、二甲基苄胺、三乙胺、三亚乙基二胺、五甲基二亚丙基三胺、二甲基乙醇胺、N-甲基咪唑、N-乙基咪唑、四甲基六亚甲基二胺、三(二甲基氨基丙基)六氢三嗪、二甲基氨基丙胺、N-乙基吗啉、二氮杂二环十一烯和二氮杂二环壬烯。优选使用的催化剂(e)是包含至少两种不同的叔胺的混合物。
术语泡沫稳定剂为用于在泡沫形成期间促进形成规则的泡孔结构的物质。例如可提及以下:含硅氧烷的泡沫稳定剂,例如硅氧烷-氧亚烷基共聚物和其它有机聚硅氧烷;以及以下的烷氧基化产物:脂肪醇、羰基合成醇、脂肪胺、烷基酚、二烷基酚、烷基甲酚、烷基间苯二酚、萘酚、烷基萘酚、萘胺、苯胺、烷基苯胺、甲苯胺、双酚A、烷基化的双酚A、聚乙烯醇,此外还有以下物质的缩合物的烷氧基化产物:甲醛和烷基酚、甲醛和二烷基酚、甲醛和烷基甲酚、甲醛和烷基间苯二酚、甲醛和苯胺、甲醛和甲苯胺、甲醛和萘酚、甲醛和烷基萘酚、甲醛和双酚A,以及两种或多种这些泡沫稳定剂的混合物。
泡沫稳定剂的使用量优选为0.5重量%至4重量%,特别为1重量%至3重量%,基于组分(B)至(F)的总重量计。
可以使用的其他添加剂包括填料和其它添加物质,例如抗氧化剂。常规的添加物质是本领域技术人员已知的。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了一种如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中反应混合物(R1)和反应混合物(R2)的组成之间的差异与组分B)至F)中的至少一种有关。
然而,在本发明中反应混合物(R1)的组成与反应混合物(R2)的组成相同也是可能的。
反应混合物(R1)和反应混合物(R2)可例如在密度、多元醇组成、使用的发泡剂以及特别是纤维时间方面不同。反应混合物(R1)通常比反应混合物(R2)具有更长的纤维时间。
在本发明中使用的真空隔热板(VIP)通常由芯材组成,所述芯材例如开孔硬质聚氨酯(PUR)泡沫、开孔挤出聚苯乙烯泡沫、硅胶、玻璃纤维、松散塑料颗粒、由硬质PUR泡沫或半硬质PUR泡沫制成的压缩再研磨物、或珍珠岩,将所述芯材包裹到气密薄膜中,将所述气密薄膜抽真空并通过气密性焊接而密封。真空度优选低于100mbar。在这样的真空度的情况下,依芯材的结构和孔径,板的热导率可以小于10mW/mK。
合适的芯材的实例是Sica、玻璃纤维以及聚氨酯。
在本发明中优选的芯材是例如密度大于180g/l的耐压材料,例如聚氨酯、聚苯乙烯或者压制二氧化硅。出人意料地,已发现,在未抽真空条件下具有较高的压缩强度的芯材,特别是压缩强度大于160kPa的那些芯材,导致材料更好、更均匀的分布,从而改善工艺的进行——例如引入VIP或控制脱气——以避免缺陷以及改善模制品质量,例如表面质量。
本发明使用了第一外层和第二外层,它们可以由相同或不同的材料构成,并且可以具有不同的形状。例如可以一个外层由塑料构成,而第二个外层由金属构成。
本发明将反应混合物(R1)施用于第一外层。在本文中,方法的实施优选应当防止反应混合物逸出。例如,为此可以使用框架。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中将未硬化的反应混合物(R1)施加至设计成防止起始化合物从第一外层区域流走的装置中。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了一种如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中所述装置是压机(press)。
在一个优选的实施方案中,停留装置是压机。在这种情况下,上部界定元件起到配重的作用。在本文中,配重可以以限定的方式移动位置,以便允许设定限定的间隔。该优选装置的一个特征在于该结构在侧面开口。将第一外层置于停留装置的下部界定元件上。任选地,可以额外使用界定内侧上的填充区域的模框。然后将本发明所使用的反应混合物(R1)施用于(任选地施用于模框内)大面积的第一外层;在本文中,被证明有利的每单位面积的质量在200至9600g/m2的范围内。将至少一个VIP放置在未硬化的反应混合物(R1)上,并如上所述设置PUR泡沫的层厚度。在反应混合物(R1)硬化之前,将反应混合物(R2)施用至VIP的上侧,并最后施加第二外层。接着使泡沫体系(R1)和(R2)硬化,为此目的优选使用热处理。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了一种如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中步骤(v)在35℃至80℃的温度下进行。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了一种如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中步骤(v)在压机中进行。优选本发明方法的其它步骤也在压机中进行。
本发明的复合元件适用于各种应用。可行的应用的一个实例是作为制冷装置的组件,特别是门。在本发明中,术语制冷装置尤其是指制冷设备壳体(例如制冷器的壳体)、冷藏车集装箱、冷藏箱、冷藏库或区域供热管道。此外,复合元件还适用于建筑应用,例如作为内部装修中的隔热包层,或作为外表部分的外立面隔热。
制冷装置的壁是制冷装置的外壁的内侧或内部容器的壁的外侧。表述制冷装置的外壁还被认为包括制冷装置(例如制冷器)的门,表述内部容器的壁还被认为是包括制冷装置的门的内包层。
外壁通常由金属制成,而内部容器和内部包层,特别在制冷器的情况下,通常是由塑料材料制成。
在另一个实施方案中,复合制品也可以在冰箱构建中常见的完全闭合的模具中制备。当将VIP施用于制冷装置的内衬件的外壁或施用于制冷装置的门的内包层时,该变型是优选的。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了一种如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中所述复合元件是制冷器组件。
因此,本发明的另一个实施方案提供了一种如上所述的制备复合元件的方法,其中所述复合元件是夹层元件。
此外,本发明提供了一种通过上述方法可获得或获得的复合元件。
因此,本发明提供了一种通过用于制备复合元件的方法可获得或获得的复合元件,所述复合元件包括第一外层和第二外层、两个外层之间的真空隔热板、与第一外层和真空隔热板下侧接触的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,以及与第二外层和真空隔热板上侧接触的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(i)将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R1)施加至第一外层上,
(ii)使真空隔热板下侧与未硬化的反应混合物(R1)接触,
(iii)将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R2)施加至真空隔热板上侧,
(iv)使第二外层与该层未硬化的反应混合物(R2)接触,
(v)使两种硬质聚氨酯泡沫体系(R1)和(R2)硬化,以得到复合元件。
本发明的复合元件尺寸稳定并可用于各种应用,例如作为隔热建筑材料。本发明还提供了本发明的复合元件或通过本发明方法可获得或获得的复合元件用于制冷装置的组件或作为建筑材料的用途。可提及的实例如下:隔热板、卡车中的制冷单元、管道隔热以及用于建筑行业中隔热的特殊应用(例如窗户型材和椽隔热)。
本发明的其他实施方案可见于权利要求和实施例。本发明主题/方法/用途的上述特征及其在下文中解释的它们的特征当然不仅可以用于各自的所述组合中,而且可以用于其他组合中,并不会超出本发明的范围。例如,优选特征与特别优选特征的组合或者不进一步表征的特征与特别优选特征的组合等,也被隐含地包含,即使所述组合并未明确提及。
本发明实施方案的示例于下面列出,但是不限制本发明。特别地,本发明还包括由下述从属关系产生并因此提供组合的实施方案。
1.一种制备复合元件的方法,所述复合元件包括第一外层和第二外层、两个外层之间的真空隔热板、与第一外层和真空隔热板下侧接触的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,以及与第二外层和真空隔热板上侧接触的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(i)将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R1)施加至第一外层上,
(ii)使真空隔热板下侧与未硬化的反应混合物(R1)接触,
(iii)将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R2)施加至真空隔热板上侧,
(iv)使第二外层与该层未硬化的反应混合物(R2)接触,
(v)使两种硬质聚氨酯泡沫体系(R1)和(R2)硬化,以得到复合元件。
2.根据实施方案1所述的方法,其中反应混合物(R1)和(R2)包含以下组分:
A)至少一种多异氰酸酯,
B)至少一种对异氰酸酯呈反应性的多官能化合物,
C)至少一种发泡剂,
D)至少一种催化剂,
E)任选地泡沫稳定剂以及
F)任选地其它助剂和/或添加物质。
3.根据实施方案1或2所述的方法,其中在反应混合物(R1)未硬化时施用反应混合物(R2)。
4.根据实施方案1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中选择组分A)至F),使得生成的闭孔聚氨酯泡沫的自由发泡包封密度根据DIN 53420在30至400g/l范围内,压缩强度根据DINISO 844 EN DE(2014-11)大于140kPa。
5.根据实施方案2至4中任一项所述的方法,其中将水用作唯一的发泡剂C)。
6.根据实施方案2至5中任一项所述的方法,其中使用的水的量在0.05至4重量%范围内,基于组分B)至F)的总重量计。
7.根据实施方案1至6中任一项所述的方法,其中在复合元件中由反应混合物(R1)获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫或由反应混合物(R2)获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫或者由反应混合物(R1)和反应混合物(R2)获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫的自由发泡包封密度根据DIN 53420在30至400g/l范围内。
8.根据实施方案2至7中任一项所述的方法,其中组分B)包含官能度为3至6且羟值在300至500范围内的至少一种聚醚多元醇。
9.根据实施方案2至7中任一项所述的方法,其中组分B)包含官能度为3至6且羟值在130至200范围内的至少一种聚醚多元醇。
10.根据实施方案2至9中任一项所述的方法,其中反应混合物(R1)和反应混合物(R2)的组成之间的差异与组分B)至F)中的至少一种有关。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的方法,其中未硬化的反应混合物(R1)施加至设计成防止起始化合物从第一外层区域流走的装置中。
12.根据实施方案11所述的方法,其中所述装置是压机。
13.根据实施方案1至12中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(v)在35℃至80℃范围的温度下进行。
14.根据实施方案1至13中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(v)在压机中进行。
15.根据实施方案1至14中任一项所述的方法,其中所述复合元件为制冷器组件。
16.根据实施方案1至15中任一项所述的方法,其中所述复合元件为夹层元件。
17.通过根据实施方案1至16中任一项所述的方法可获得或获得的复合元件。
18.根据实施方案16所述的复合元件或者通过根据实施方案1至16中任一项的方法可获得或获得的复合元件作为制冷设备的组件的用途。
19.根据实施方案17的复合元件或者通过根据实施方案1至17中任一项的方法可获得或获得的复合元件作为建筑材料的用途。
以下实施例用于说明本发明,但决不是对本发明主题的限制。
实施例
1.实验说明
表1:泡沫体系的详情
首先将塑料内衬件插入模具中。然后将用于制备聚氨酯泡沫的第一反应混合物(R1)施加于第一外层。在本文中,引入的R1的量足以填充12升的体积并足以获得具有约5mm的泡沫厚度的密度为约158g/l的模制品。在R1的引入结束后(引入时间TE1,参见表2),立即使测量为1300×5600×15mm的二氧化硅VIP与尚未达到纤维时间的反应混合物R1接触。如表2中所述,在时刻TS,引入第二反应混合物(R2或R3),在本文中,引入的量足以填充71升的体积。在第二反应混合物的引入结束后(引入时间TE2或TE3,参见表2),立即叠放金属外层,并闭合模具。在整个实验期间,接近底部的模具温度为43℃,接近顶部的模具温度为41℃。20min后,打开模具,取出组件,目测评估表面的质量。如果组件目测评估是良好的,这意味着表面的质量高。
表2.实验详情
发明实施例1 | 发明实施例2 | 比较实施例 | |
第一泡沫体系 | R1 | R1 | R1 |
引入时间TE1[以s计] | 6 | 6 | 6 |
第二泡沫体系 | R2 | R3 | R2 |
引入第二泡沫体系的时刻TS[以s计] | 42 | 44 | 85 |
引入时间TE2[以s计] | 6 | - | 6 |
引入时间TE3[以s计] | - | 10 | - |
组件的目测评估 | + | + | - |
2.结果
在发明实施例1和2中,在时刻TS(42s或44s)引入第二泡沫体系(R2或R3)。R2和R3的纤维时间为50s。因此,在两种情况下,第二泡沫体系(R2或R3)的纤维时间与引入时间TS之和皆小于R1的纤维时间(115s,参见表1)。获得的复合元件在目测评估中显示没有缺陷。
在比较实施例中,在TS=85s的时刻引入R2。R2的纤维时间为50s。因此,R2的纤维时间和引入时间TS的总和为135s。这比R1的纤维时间(115s,见表1)要长20s。获得的复合元件有缺陷,因此表面差。
3.定义
3.1乳白时间[s]
乳白时间定义为搅拌开始或注射开始与由于泡沫形成引起的反应混合物体积膨胀的开始之间的间隔。
3.2纤维时间[s]
从混合开始至反应进行过程中可用玻璃棒从泡沫组合物中拉出纤维的时刻的时间。
3.3完全上升时间[s]
完全上升时间定义为搅拌开始至体积膨胀结束之间的时间间隔。其通过观察泡沫顶部上升的高度来确定。
Claims (16)
1.一种制备复合元件的方法,所述复合元件包括第一外层和第二外层、两外层之间的真空隔热板、与第一外层和真空隔热板下侧接触的硬质聚氨酯泡沫以及与第二外层和真空隔热板上侧接触的硬质聚氨酯泡沫,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(i)将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R1)施加至第一外层上,
(ii)使真空隔热板下侧与未硬化的反应混合物(R1)接触,
(iii)将用于制备硬质聚氨酯泡沫的反应混合物(R2)施加至真空隔热板上侧,
(iv)使第二外层与该层未硬化的反应混合物(R2)接触,
(v)使两种硬质聚氨酯泡沫体系(R1)和(R2)硬化,以得到复合元件。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中反应混合物(R1)和(R2)包含以下组分:
A)至少一种多异氰酸酯,
B)至少一种对异氰酸酯呈反应性的多官能化合物,
C)至少一种发泡剂,
D)至少一种催化剂,
E)任选地泡沫稳定剂以及
F)任选地其它助剂和/或添加物质。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中在反应混合物(R1)未硬化时施用反应混合物(R2)。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其中选择组分A)至F),使得生成的闭孔聚氨酯泡沫的自由发泡包封密度根据DIN 53420在30g/l至400g/l范围内,压缩强度根据DINISO 844EN DE(2014-11)大于140kPa。
5.根据权利要求2至4中任一项所述的方法,其中将水用作唯一的发泡剂C)。
6.根据权利要求2至5中任一项所述的方法,其中使用的水的量在0.05重量%至4重量%范围内,基于组分B)至F)的总重量计。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法,其中在复合元件中由反应混合物(R1)获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫或由反应混合物(R2)获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫或者由反应混合物(R1)和反应混合物(R2)获得的硬质聚氨酯泡沫的自由发泡包封密度根据DIN 53420在30g/l至400g/l范围内。
8.根据权利要求2至9中任一项所述的方法,其中组分B)包含官能度为3至6且羟值在300至500范围内的至少一种聚醚多元醇。
9.根据权利要求2至8中任一项所述的方法,其中反应混合物(R1)和反应混合物(R2)的组成之间的差异与组分B)至F)中的至少一种有关。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的方法,其中未硬化的反应混合物(R1)施加至设计成防止起始化合物从第一外层区域流走的装置中。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述装置是压机。
12.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(v)在35℃至80℃范围的温度下进行。
13.根据权利要求1至12中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(v)在压机中进行。
14.根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的方法,其中所述复合元件为制冷器组件或夹层元件。
15.通过根据权利要求1至14中任一项所述的方法可获得或获得的复合元件。
16.根据权利要求15所述的复合元件或者通过根据权利要求1至14中任一项所述的方法可获得或获得的复合元件作为制冷设备的组件或作为建筑材料的用途。
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